Is this really in the national law? Will the Ming Dynasty spread to the Qing Dynasty?

There used to be, but by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it had been lost and could not reach the Qing Dynasty.

Guo Chuan Xi or Guo Chuan Yu Xi are the keepsakes of ancient emperors in China. According to legend, after Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified China, he got the Choi of Harmony (lantian jade, not Choi of Harmony), which was engraved as the national seal, and ordered Prime Minister Li Si to write eight insect and bird seals on the Choi of Harmony (lantian jade), which was carved by Yu Gong Sun Shou. Later, it was a symbol of orthodoxy in past dynasties.

The basis for the adoption of national laws and regulations is "harmony". According to the History of Han Feizi He Zi, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian He, a Chu man, got a rough jade in Jingshan, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, and presented it to Li, the king of Chu. Li, the king of Chu, made Yugong realize that clouds are stones. Li was furious and gouged out Bian He's left foot because he cheated Li. After Chu Wuwang acceded to the throne, Bian He offered jade again, and still cut off his right foot for deceiving the monarch. King Chu acceded to the throne, and Bian He sat at the foot of Jingshan with jade in his arms and cried. King Wen sent someone to inquire and said, "I'm not sad. I am sorry for Baoyu, but I am named after him. " King Wen ordered Liang to mow the grass, and the fruit was Baoyu, which was named Heshibi. Chu Weiwang, make Yin Zhaoyang break more active, and choi, give up on it. Xuanzhaoyang was having a big banquet on the water bank when someone shouted, "There are big fish in the water!" " "They left the room and watched it from the depths, but when they returned to the table, Cui was gone. At that time, it was suspected that the master Zhang Yi had stolen it, so it was fruitless to arrest and torture it. Zhang Yi was humiliated and resentful. In a rage, she left Chu for Wei and then entered Qin. Empress Qin Huiwen was in office for ten years (365,438+05 BC), and was worshipped as a lobbyist for countries to unite with the State of Qin, and later joined Chu as an envoy to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance. After detaining Chu Huaiwang, Ke Ying Du Cheng, and seizing the land of Chu and Hanzhong, they finally avenged themselves.

Since then, it was acquired by Miao Xian, an official of Zhao State, and was appropriated by the Zhao Haoqi Society. Hearing this, the king of Qin said, "I wrote a suicide note to the king of Zhao, inviting Ebi in fifteen cities." At that time, both Zhao Wei and Zhao Wei were weak, and Zhao Wang was afraid of offering sacrifices to his city instead of offering sacrifices, and was in a dilemma. Lin Xiangru invited Feng Bi to come to Qin. After offering Bi, he saw that the king of Qin had no intention of paying for the city, so he fought for it. He would rather die than disgrace his mission, and threatened to lose Bi, which eventually led to the compromise of the king of Qin, and he was able to "all belong to Zhao".

In the 19th year of King Qin (228 BC), Qin defeated Zhao and won the He Shen. The world was unified, and the king of Qin was renamed emperor. Li Si's seal script was ordered to "live forever" and was polished and carved into seal script by Sun Shou, a jade worker in Xianyang. Adopt national decrees. According to legend, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang crossed Dongting Lake by dragon boat, and the wind and waves suddenly broke out, and the dragon boat was about to capsize. Qin Shihuang hurriedly threw the imperial seal into the lake and prayed to the gods to calm the waves. The decree was lost. Eight years later, someone gave this national seal to Pingshu Road in Huayin. Naturally, it changed hands with the country for more than a dozen times and tasted the pain of rough displacement.

In the winter of the first year of Prince Ying of Qin Dynasty (207 BC), Pei Gong Liu Bangjun ascended the throne, Zi Ying knelt down and presented the imperial seal on the left of Xianyang Road, and Qin died. Pass the national seal to Han. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, consort Wang Mang usurped power. When the child was young, the seal was hidden in the Queen Mother of Changle Palace. Wang Mang sent his younger brother Wang Shun to ask for it. The queen mother was angry, scolded it, threw a seal on the ground and broke its corner. Wang Mang ordered craftsmen to make up for it with gold. The barbarian soldiers were defeated and died. The satrap Gong Bin handed the national seal to Wan and presented it to Mao. In the third year (AD 25), the Red Eyebrow Army killed Liu Xuan and established Liu Penzi. After Liu Pengzi defeated Yiyang, he handed the national seal to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs were authoritarian. In the sixth year of Xi Ping, Yuan Shao entered the palace to kill eunuchs, Duan Gui fled with the emperor, and the decree disappeared.

In Xian Di, Dong Zhuo made an insurrection. Sun Jian led the army into Luoyang. One morning, the soldiers saw colorful clouds in a well in Zhen Palace in the south of the city, so they sent people down to see a small box tied around the neck of the maid-in-waiting, who jumped into the well. The box contains the country's national seal. If Sun Jian got the treasure, he hid it with his wife Wu. After Yuan Shu arrested Wu and seized the seal. Yuan Shu died, and Xu Ying, the secretariat of Jingzhou, went to Xuchang with a seal, while Cao Cao took Xian Di and ordered him to be a vassal. At this point, the official seal was returned to the Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Han Yankang (AD 220), he was forced to "abdicate" and Cao Pi built Wei and changed it. It is to let people engrave "David was handed the official seal by the Han Dynasty" on the shoulder of the official seal to prove that it is not "usurping the Han Dynasty", but actually shattered glass. In the second year of Cao Huan, Emperor of Wei Yuan (AD 265), he followed suit, calling himself Emperor Wu of Jin, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Taishi, and the national seal was passed to Jin. In the fifth year of Jin Yongjia (AD 3 1 1), Liu Cong, a former Zhao, captured Sima Chi, the Emperor of Jin Huai, and returned the national seal to the former Zhao. Nineteen years later, the post-Zhao destroyed the former Zhao and won the national seal. What is even more ingenious is the inscription "Destiny Stone" on the right. After another 20 years, it spread to Wei Ran, and later Wei Ran begged the rescue of the Eastern Jin army. The official seal was deceived by the generals of the Jin army and sent to the capital Jiankang (now Nanjing) overnight with 300 elite riders. As a result, the official seal was returned to the Sima family of the rulers.

During the Southern Dynasties, the national seal was changed by Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. In the ninth year of Huang Kai (AD 589), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified China and sent the national seal to Sui Palace. In March of the 14th year of Daye (AD 6 18), Yang Di was imprisoned in Jiangdu and died in Sui Dynasty. After Xiao, Zhengdao, fled to Mobei Turkic.

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, masturbated by carving several jade seals such as "Dingbao" and "Dingbao".

In the fourth year of Zhenguan (AD 630), Li Jing led an army to crusade against the Turks. In the same year, Emperor Xiao Hou and Emperor Sun Zhengdao returned to the Central Plains, and the national seal was given to Li Tang, which was a great joy to Emperor Taizong.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (AD 907), Zhu Quanzhong abolished Tang Aidi, seized the national seal and built a back beam. Sixteen years later, Li destroyed the back beam, built the later Tang Dynasty and passed the national seal to the later Tang Dynasty. Thirteen years later, Shi Jingtang led the Qidan army to Luoyang. At the end of his reign, Emperor Li Congke set himself on fire in Xuanwu Building with the national seal, and the national seal disappeared.

According to the textual research of Tong Guanwen, who was then the magistrate of Lantian County and was fond of jade collection during the Republic of China, it is possible that the imperial seal of this country was privately kept by Feng Dao in the Five Dynasties.

Feng Dao was a minister of the later Tang, Jin, Han, Zhou and Liao Dynasties. Words can be said. Yingzhou Jingcheng (now Cangzhou West, Hebei Province) was born. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Feng Dao joined the army in Youzhou Liu Shouguang. After the defeat of Liu Shouguang, Feng Dao was in charge of Hedong Li Keyong. Li acceded to the throne, taking Feng Dao as a bachelor of Hanlin. Mingzong is the prime minister. Feng Daoli lived in the Five Dynasties and Eleven Emperors. He never left the high position of general, minister and official, and kept his position without admonition. In his later years, he claimed to be Changle Lao.

Li Congke, the master of the later Tang Dynasty, and Liu, the Empress Dowager Cao, boarded the Xuanwu Tower and set themselves on fire at the time of national subjugation. When they died, Feng Dao was an important official at that time. When Tang Gaozong Li Congke was abolished, Feng Dao was one of the three public officials, and Li Congke set himself on fire in Xuanwu Tower and died. Since then, national laws have disappeared. Could it be that the national law was collected by Feng? At this time, a bolder idea shocked him (that is, Tong Guanwen-author's note). Will the national law be in Feng Dao's tomb? At this thought, the doubts in his mind dispersed little by little, and he immediately felt the clouds rising and suddenly enlightened. It seems that the national seal is probably in Feng Dao's tomb.

It turns out that Feng Dao is not only a big bureaucrat who is good at sizing up the situation, but also a wily person who hides national treasures. He hid the jade seal from others, probably for this reason. Maybe even if he provides it, he can't be a bigger official. Knowing that his official position was high enough, it was useless to give a treasure to take credit, so he hid it. However, after his death, this rare treasure accompanied his ugly body and became a mystery for thousands of years.

Guo Weishi, the late Zhou Taizu, tried to spread the national seal all over the world, but in desperation, he could only carve two seals, such as "Dibao", and spread it to the Northern Song Dynasty. In the north of Song Zhezong, a farmer named Duan Yi discovered the national seal while plowing the land and sent it to the imperial court. According to the records of the previous dynasty, the 13th University found that it was the official seal made by the first emperor. And people of insight in the ruling and opposition parties all doubt their falsity. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Hui Zong was personable and added ten seals. At that time, he was ridiculed for gilding the lily. In fact, Hui Zong seems to have played down the status of the national seal.

In the first year of Song Jingkang (A.D. 1 126), the nomads from the capital of song dynasty attacked the capital of song dynasty, and Emperor Hui and Qin were captured, while "Guo Chuan Xi" was captured by the state of Da Jin, and then disappeared.

In the 31st year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1294), the ancestor Kublai Khan died. "Guo Chuan Yu Xi" suddenly appeared in Dadu, peddled in the city, and was ordered to buy by the powerful minister Bo Yan. Bo Yan once polished all the seals collected by Meng Yuan from various countries and distributed them to princes and ministers for engraving private seals. I'm afraid of being involved when I pass on national laws.

In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang, renamed Daming, and renamed Hongwu in Yuan Dynasty. Then the Northern Expedition, Meng Yuan abandoned the Central Plains and went to Mobei, continuing to gallop in northern Wan Li. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Maoist Xu went to Mobei to hunt down Yuan's remnants, the main purpose of which was to obtain the imperial seal, but it failed in the end.

Jade seal is the wrong name of jade seal, and the correct and professional name is Baoxi. As far as materials are concerned, the treasures of the Ming Dynasty are basically white stone, Qingtian stone and Shoushan stone. Precious seals in Qing Dynasty are made of jade, sandalwood, gold-plated, bone, crystal, stone, bamboo and porcelain. Twenty-five national treasures of the Qing Dynasty, they are: the treasures ordered by the Qing Dynasty, the treasures of the emperor in heaven, the treasures of the Qing Dynasty, the treasures of the Manchu emperor, the treasures of the sandalwood emperor, the treasures of the emperor's relatives, the treasures of the emperor's deeds and the treasures of the emperor. Treasure of Virtue, Seal of Qin Wen, Treasure of Chapter History, Treasure of Touring the World, Treasure of Punishing the People, Treasure of Controlling Six Departments, Treasure of All Nations, Treasure of All Peoples and Treasure of Wide Clouds.

For the protection of cultural relics, exhibits are generally imitations. The Palace Museum authorized 100 workshops to copy 25 seals, which can communicate with the public at zero distance. One set was collected by Mr. Stanley Ho, a Macao industrialist, and displayed on the L floor of the West Building of the Old Portuguese Hotel in Macau.

Since the Song Dynasty, because the rulers of past dynasties strongly advocated that obtaining the national seal was a "destiny's return" and a "auspicious sign", the true and false national seal was repeatedly found. For example, in the third year of Song Shaosheng (A.D. 1096), Duan Yi, a native of Xianyang, claimed that the jade seal of "green as blue, moist and shiny" and the jade seal of "five buttons on the back" were dug up from the ground, which were verified by officials such as Cai Jing, a bachelor of Hanlin, and so on 13, and were identified as "real Qin-made" jade seals. However, according to later research, it was a trick played by Cai Jing and others to deceive the emperor. In the 13th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1500), Mao Zhixue in Huxian County got a seal in the Nihe River, which was given to Emperor Xiaozong by Xiong Yuzhong, the governor of Shaanxi Province. According to legend, the official seal brought into the desert at the end of Yuan Dynasty was personally visited by Emperor Taizong of the late Jin Dynasty, and Huang Taiji changed the title of "Jin" to "Qing". However, in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, there were 39 jade seals in the Forbidden City, and one of them was regarded as a fake by Emperor Qianlong. It can be seen that the authenticity of the national seal is difficult to determine. It is said that the real national seal was brought to Mobei by the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Is the real national seal made by Cui? Where does it flow? So far, there are different opinions, and no one can agree.

The attitude of people in Ming and Qing dynasties towards "passing the seal" is different from before. According to "Shi Ming Yufuzhi Dibao", Fu Han, the minister of rites, commented on the official seal sent by the local government: "lantian jade thought it was the seal of Qin Shihuang, but Han later used it. Nature is a clever struggle for power and profit. It is enough to say that this is enough. I have already ordered it, but I don't know that I was ordered to do good, not to seal the Hou. Therefore, if you can't get it, you can fake it to deceive people; If you get it, the monarch and ministers will be happy to show it to the world. All this has been absurd for thousands of years. "The noble imperial system" Legend of Treasures in the State Dynasty "also said:" Those who are not included in the ceremony have the seal of' I was ordered to live forever in heaven', but I don't know when to attach it to the temple and put it in the middle. According to its words, Qin Xi has been handed down from ancient times, but the seal script is not as old as Li Si's Insect Birds ... If the treasure is concerned, it is nothing more than Qin Xi, which is both true and expensive! After three years of Qianlong, when he was in charge of the river, he played the Baoying River Jade Seal, which was lovely and consistent with Cai Shu's "Dropping out of Farming". I put this kind of imitation of what I did in a different temple, which is regarded as playing with old things. Father Xi simmered and the ancients discussed it in detail. Even if it still exists, how can politics and political things be stored with the treasures handed down from this dynasty? Yu Yi has not done so. "

Guo Chuan ·Xi· Wen said, "I am destined to live forever." "Hanshu" said that "Heaven's destiny makes the emperor live long". The two are different, generally referring to the first statement. In addition, it is suspected that Zhang Dun and Cai Jing forged official seals when they were in North Song Zhezong. Also: fake seals appeared from time to time in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ming Xiaozong once received the so-called national seal, which Xiaozong thought was false at that time. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were thirty-nine jade seals of various colors in the palace, one of which was considered to be the national seal made in Qin Dynasty. It was made by Emperor Qianlong in A.D. 1746 and proved to be an imitation. 1924 165438+ In October, when the last emperor Puyi was expelled from the palace, Zhang Qian, Lu and others were still pursuing the imperial seal. In addition, Liao history is recorded as "Great Wei handed down as a treasure", which I thought should be "Great Wei handed down as a seal", and Tang Wu changed the seal to "treasure" at that time, which should be changed at that time. "Liao History" notes: "Passing on the national treasure was made by Qin Shihuang, with aquamarine, stinging new buttons, six sides, and its text is" ordered by heaven, longevity is yongchang ",with the seal of fish and birds, and the word is superior to that of Emperor Gaozu. Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, and Empress Ping was cast on the temple steps, with a slightly concave corner. Loss, Sun Jian harvest in Fangshan, spread to Sun Quan, spread to Wei. Wei Wendi patted his shoulder and said, "Great Wei Naihan passed on the national treasure. ".Tang changed its name to" the treasure of longevity ". Jin died and returned to Liao. Since the Three Kingdoms, usurping countries have often imitated private ownership, and the treasures of the past dynasties are different, so it is impossible to distinguish the authenticity. In the tenth year of Emperor Taizong's reign, Chiyi took the imperial seal from Jin Shi College in Beijing. After seven years of prosperity, he tried to be a scholar with "those who pass on national treasures as orthodox fu" When he was a sophomore, Tianzuobao inherited the national seal from Sanggan River. "History of the Song Dynasty": "Treasure. Qin system, the son of heaven has six seals and a national seal, which has been the truth for generations. Tang dynasty changed to treasure, and its system has eight. Five Dynasties Rebellion, or more deaths. It is recorded in Wei Benji that Yu II was acquired in a destroyed clay sculpture, and all its words read: "I am destined by heaven to live forever. After a while, he said, "Han handed the national seal to Wei." . "