Wu Zetian, the first empress in the history of China, has ever had a queen in all countries in modern history. Who was the leader of which country and who?

A female emperor is a female emperor. In Japan, it is called the female emperor (Japanese: female emperor), which is the title when the nominal supreme ruler of a monarchy with an emperor is a woman. It is generally referred to as the empress, and can also be referred to as the female emperor in China and Japan. The female emperor Tuigu, who founded asuka period in Japan (ascended the throne in 592 AD), is the first female emperor in the world history (this is controversial, because Japan began to be renamed Emperor since Emperor Tianwu, and before that, its official title should be King), but only 19 female emperors are generally recognized in the whole world history, far less than male emperors, which is directly related to the idea of "men are superior to women" that has prevailed all over the world since the establishment of the patriarchal society.

Strictly speaking, only the female monarch with the title of "emperor", that is, the female head of the empire, can be called "female emperor", but it is an exception in the British Empire; The female monarch of the British Empire is a queen in a strict sense, not a queen. Only in the Victorian era did she have the title of "Queen of India", but she was still not the queen of the whole British Empire, but only the queen of British India, a colony of the British Empire, and there was only one queen of India. She was also the only monarch with the title of "Queen" in British history. Nowadays, many media (including the official) and individuals refer to Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of England", which is actually not rigorous, because for one thing, she has not won this title, and for another, the British Empire has disintegrated, even if she wants to be a queen, there is no empire. Now Britain is only a kingdom, and female monarchs can only be "queens" rather than "queens". However, due to the usage habits, it can still be called "Queen of England". This article describes the female emperor in the strict sense.

China Wu Zhou Dynasty

(***1)

Emperors of the Great Zhou Dynasty (Wu Zhao and Wu Zetian) (reigned from 69 to 75)

Year number: Divine Grant, Wishes, Longevity, Prolongation, Certification, Long Live the Book of Heaven, Long Live the Seal, Long Live the Heaven, Magic, Saint.

Byzantine Empire

(namely, the Eastern Roman Empire, ***3)

Empress Irina (reigned from 797 to 82):

Emperor Leo IV of the Byzantine Empire, the biological mother of Constantine VI, the first empress of Byzantine Empire and the last empress of the Isurian Dynasty; In 78, after his husband Leo IV died, he made his son Constantine VI emperor and empress dowager, holding the actual power; In 797, he abolished his son and became a queen. Deposed in 82, the Isurian dynasty ended. She is the only female emperor in the history of Byzantine Empire who used masculine (Greek: β α σ ι λ ε, English: Emperor) instead of feminine (Greek: β α σ? λ ι σ α, English: empress).

Zoe the Macedonian (reigned from 142 to 15):

Also known as "orthodox lineal Zoe", the daughter of Macedonian emperor Constantine VIII and Queen Helena of Byzantine Empire, Emperor Luo Menas III, and the second queen of Byzantine Empire; After the death of her father, Flo Menas III ascended the throne. She conspired with confidant eunuch John * * * to kill her husband in 134. In the same year, she married michel, a man from Pavre, Gogna, who was born in humble origins, and helped him ascend to the throne as Mikhail IV. In 141, when Mihail IV died, she made Mihail V, a nephew and adopted son, emperor. Mihaier V attempted to exclude her, but she was established by the citizens of Constantinople, the capital loyal to the Macedonian dynasty, and abolished Mihaier V. As the orthodox clique of the Macedonian dynasty, she was in the same position as her sister Theodora in 142. In the same year, he married Dante Of nine in his sixties, and the three emperors were in power together.

Empress Theodora (reigned from 142 to 156):

Daughter of Constantine VIII and Helena, the Macedonian Emperor of Byzantine Empire, sister of Zoe the Macedonian, the third and last empress of Byzantine Empire, and the last emperor of Macedonian Dynasty; Since 142, he and his sister Zoe and brother-in-law Dante Of nine have been the lords of the Byzantine Empire, and the three emperors have been in power together; In 152, his sister Zoe the Macedonian died and he and his brother-in-law Dante Of nine were in power. In 154, Dante Of nine died as a separate queen; Without heirs, Mihail VI was appointed to the throne before his death in 156, and the Macedonian dynasty ended.

Vietnam

(***1)

Li Zhaohuang (reigned from 1224 to 1225):

Li Tianxin, whose real name was Li Fojin, was the only female emperor in Vietnamese history, the ninth and last emperor of the Li Dynasty in Vietnam, and the second daughter of Li Huizong, who was first called Princess Zhao Sheng; In 1224, Princess Shuntian, the eldest daughter of Hui Zong, was married and had no male heirs, so she was appointed as the emperor's wife. In the same year, Chen Shoudu, a powerful minister, abolished Hui Zong and made him emperor. At the age of seven, the actual power was in Shoudu's hands. In 1225, he married Chen Ri-tong, the nephew of Shoudu (namely Chen Taizong). In the same year, Zen was located in the husband and was reduced to the queen of Zhao Sheng, and the Li Dynasty was replaced by the Chen Dynasty. Because he had no children, he was forced by Chen Shoudu in 1237 to abolish Taizong's position and be called Princess Zhaosheng again. In 1258, Emperor Taizong meditated on Prince Chen Huang for the sake of Chen Shengzong, who married Princess Zhao Shengzong as the queen, which was an act of incest and gave birth to Chen Yun (later Chen Renzong) in the same year. After his death, he posthumously proclaimed the Emperor Zhao. She was a queen, and later became the queen of two generations of emperors, and her son was also an emperor, a legendary woman in Vietnamese history.

Russian Empire

Romanov Dynasty (***4)

Catherine I (reigned from 1725 to 1727):

yekaterina I? Alekseevna, the second queen of Peter I, the first emperor of Russian Empire, the second emperor and the first queen of Russian Empire; Originally the daughter of a Lithuanian farmer, she was captured by the Russian army in the Great Northern War and was favored by Peter I and became his mistress. In 1712, she officially became the queen of Peter I; In 1725, after her husband Peter I died, she was supported by the Guards and became a queen. Short reign, no political achievements; She had two sons and five daughters with Peter I, of whom two sons and three daughters all died young, and the second daughter grew up with this woman, the later Queen Elizabeth; After his death, there was no male heir, and his stepson Peter Alekseyevich Romanov succeeded to the throne.

Anna I (reigned from 173 to 174):

Anna? Ivanovna, daughter of Russian Tsar Ivan V of Russia, niece of Emperor Peter I of Russian Empire, aunt Peter Alekseyevich Romanov, fourth emperor and second queen of Russian Empire; In 171, she married the Duke of Kurland, but her husband died less than three months later, so she became the Duchess of Kurland as a widow and never married. In 174, his nephew, Emperor Peter Alekseyevich Romanov, died childless, so he became queen. During his reign, he used foreign troops for a long time. In the war of succession to the throne in Poland, he joined forces with Carl V, the holy Roman emperor of Habsburg family (that is, King Carlos I of Spain) against Louis XV of the French bourbon family and won, but he was frustrated in the war of attacking the Ottoman Empire in the south (the fourth Russian-Turkish war). Known for his romantic life, he succeeded his nephew Ivan VI without a queen.

Elizabeth I (reigned from 1741 to 1762):

Elizabeth? Petrovna, daughter of Emperor Peter I and Empress Catherine I of the Russian Empire, great-aunt of Emperor Ivan VI, sixth emperor and third empress of the Russian Empire; In 1741, he launched a palace coup, overthrew his nephew Ivan VI, and became the queen, posing as the legitimate heir of Peter the Great. During his reign, he encouraged business development and revived the Russian economy. Funding literary and artistic creation, establishing Moscow University and Art Academy; Participated in the Seven-Year War, allied with the French and Austrian empires, and won many battles against Prussia. However, she gave privileges to the nobles, which < P > made the situation of the serfs more difficult. Also known for his dissoluteness, he was unmarried for life and had no heirs after his death, which made his nephew Peter III succeed to the throne.

Catherine II (reigned from 1762 to 1796):

That is, Catherine the Great, whose full name is yekaterina II? Alekseevna, Emperor Peter III of the Russian Empire, the eighth emperor, the fourth and the last queen of the Russian Empire; Originally the daughter of a Duke of Germany, she married Peter III in 1745. In 1762, Queen Elizabeth died, and her husband Peter III ascended the throne as the queen. In the same year, a palace coup was launched, and her husband Peter III was deposed and she became the queen herself. During his reign, he launched the fifth and sixth Russian-Turkish wars and won, defeated the Ottoman Empire, annexed the Crimean Khanate and gained access to the Black Sea. Divide Poland with Prussia and Austrian Empire three times, which made Russia's status unprecedented and became the largest empire in the world across Eurasia, so it was honored as "the Great" and was one of only two "Great" in Russian history (the other was Peter the Great); He had close contacts with the French enlightenment thinker Voltaire, but his thoughts were still conservative and opposed to the French Revolution. Also known for her romantic life, Toy Boy is numerous, and her two sons (including Paul I who later succeeded to the throne) may be the sons of her and Toy Boy (because her husband Peter III is infertile).

Japan

(***8, 1th generation)

(This is controversial, because Japan changed its name from Emperor Tianwu, before that, its official title should be King, so Emperor Tuigu and Emperor Huang should not be included. )

Emperor Tugu (reigned from 592 to 628):

Daughter of Emperor Qin Ming, sister of Emperor Minda and Empress, sister of Emperor Chongjun, the 33rd generation emperor and the first female emperor in Japanese history; In 592, his brother, Emperor Chongshen, was made emperor after being killed by Su Muzi. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he established my nephew Shoto Kutaishi as the Crown Prince and carried out reforms; During his reign, he restricted aristocratic power, respected Buddhism, and sent envoys to visit the Sui Dynasty in China for four times to create asuka period. Repeatedly sent troops to the Korean peninsula to crusade against Silla, but failed.

Emperor Huang (reigned from 642 to 645, especially Qi Ming, reigned from 655 to 661):

Empress Shu Ming, sister Emperor Kotoku, the 35th and 37th generation emperor and the second female emperor in Japanese history; In 642, after the death of Emperor Shu Ming, her husband was immediately taken over by the powerful minister Su Yi and Xia Yi. In 645, his eldest brother, the Prince (later Emperor Tianzhi), launched a palace coup to destroy the Soviet Union and enter the deer, which was a meditation on his brother Emperor Kotoku; After the death of Emperor Kotoku in 654, he was reunited in the following year, and the real power was in the hands of his son, the eldest brother, the prince; In the late period of rule, he was extravagant and extravagant, and he was widely engaged in the palace; In the last year of his reign, he sent troops to the Korean peninsula to support Baekje and fight against Silla and Datang Coalition forces, and died before fighting. Two years later (663), the Japanese and Baekje allied forces were defeated in the battle of Baijiangkou.

Emperor Zhi (reigned from 69 to 697):

Daughter of Emperor Tianzhi, niece and empress of Emperor Tianwu, the 41st generation emperor and the third female emperor in Japanese history; In 686, after the death of Emperor Tianwu, his uncle and husband, he was called the imperial court. In 689, his son, Prince Caobi, died and formally acceded to the throne in the following year. In 697, he meditated on his grandson, Emperor Wenwu, and was called Taishang Emperor. During the reign, Japanese culture developed greatly and the Baifeng era began.

Emperor Yuanming (reigned from 77 to 715):

The daughter of Emperor Tianzhi, the younger sister and daughter-in-law, the aunt and princess of Emperor Kushibi, the grandmother and mother of Emperor Wenwu, the 43rd generation emperor and the fourth female emperor in Japanese history; In 77, after the death of Emperor Wenwu, his nephew and son, he acceded to the throne because of the early death of his nephew and husband, Prince Caobi. In 715, he became the emperor of Tai Shang by meditating on his female Yuan Zheng female emperor. In 71, the capital was moved to Pingchengjing, which created the "Nara era" in Japanese history; In 715, he became the supreme emperor by meditating on his daughter Yuan Zheng.

Emperor Yuanzheng (reigned from 715 to 724):

Daughter of Emperor Kushibi and Empress Yuan Ming, the 44th generation emperor and the fifth female emperor in Japanese history; In 715, his mother, the female emperor of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, went to the throne. In 724, he meditated on his nephew, Emperor Shengwu, and became the supreme emperor.

Kejsarinnan Koken (reigned from 749 to 758, renamed as the German female emperor, reigned from 764 to 77):

Daughter of Emperor Shengwu and Empress Guangming, the 46th and 48th generation emperors and the sixth female emperor in Japanese history; In 749, his father, Emperor Shengwu, went to the throne. In 758, the distant cousin, Emperor Chunren, was the Tai Shang Emperor and still held the actual power. In 764, due to the chaos in Fujiwara Nakama, Emperor Chunren was deposed and re-established; During his reign, he sent Tang envoys to China many times, which was the heyday of the Nara era. In his later years, he favored the Taoist mirror and the French king, which caused many malpractices.

Emperor Mingzheng (reigned from 1629 to 1643):

Daughter of Emperor Mizuho and Kazuko Tokugawa, the 19th generation emperor and the seventh female emperor in Japanese history; In 1629, after his father's death, Emperor Shuiwei's inner meditation was in the throne. In 1643, he meditated in The Concubine, his half-brother, and became the emperor of Tai Shang.

Emperor Sakuramachi (reigned from 1762 to 177):

Daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi, Sister Emperor Momozono, the 117th generation emperor in Japanese history, the eighth and the last female emperor; In 1762, his brother Emperor Momozono died, and because Emperor Momozono's son Yingren (later Emperor Houtaoyuan) was still young, he acceded to the throne. In 177, he went to Zen with his nephew Emperor Houtaoyuan, and continued to be the emperor of Tai Shang.

Indian Empire

(***1)

Alexandrina? Victoria (reigned from 1877 to 191),

Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (reigned from 1837 to 191), the first British Indian emperor, the only queen of British India, and the only monarch who won the title of "Queen" in British history, the niece of King William IV of England; In 1837, his uncle William IV became Queen of England after his death. In 184, he launched the Opium War, defeated the Qing Empire, and signed the treaty of nanking, which was the first time that western powers signed an unequal treaty with China. In 1877, he accepted the title of "Queen of India"; During his reign, Britain was unprecedentedly strong, with great development in economy, science, literature and art, especially in colonial rule, which made the British Empire enter its heyday and become the second "empire whose sun never sets" (the first was the Spanish Empire), known as the "Victorian Age"; Nowadays, many rivers, lakes, deserts, waterfalls and cities in the world are named after her. With many children, she is married to the royal families of European countries and is known as the "grandmother of Europe".

Abyssinia

Salomon Dynasty (now Ethiopia, ***1)

Zuo Tito (reigned from 1916 to 193):

The illegitimate daughter of Abyssinia Emperor Sahle Miriam, the only queen in Ethiopian history (officially titled "Queen of Kings"); In 1913, his father Sahle Miriam died, and his half-sister son Eyasu V succeeded him. In 1916, Eyasu V was abolished, so he became queen, with his cousin Tafari? Prince Makonnen was regent and established as Crown Prince; Later, he disagreed with the Regent on the issue of reform or conservatism, secretly instigated his ex-husband to launch a local rebellion, but was suppressed by the Regent; In April 193, in panic,