Who has the introduction and information of Qin Terracotta Warriors?

Introduction of Qin terracotta warriors and horses

1974, the burial pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was discovered in xiyang village, Yanzhai Commune, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and the pit site was about 1.5 km away from Dongcheng Beach, the outer city of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum.

In 247 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only thirteen years old, became the king of Qin. He successively pacified the Six Kingdoms and established the Qin Dynasty in 22 1 BC, calling himself the first emperor. Qin Shihuang did many important things in his life that were conducive to reunification. He abolished feudalism, established counties, unified laws, unified measurement, unified writing, and so on.

At the beginning of Qin Shihuang's rule, he began to build cemeteries. After the reunification of the country, he recruited more than 700,000 civilian workers to build the Lishan cemetery. Until his death at the age of 50, the cemetery was not completely completed, and Qin Ershi Hu Hai continued to build for two years, which took nearly 39 years. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died and was buried in Lishan Mountain. In 206 BC, Xiang Yu entered the customs and set fire to the Qin palaces such as Epang Palace, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was also burned. Although the original building has been destroyed, the remains can still be seen. There are many sites around the cemetery, and now we know: buried tomb, stable pit, stone processing factory, immigrant cemetery, martyrs pit, terracotta warriors pit and Guo Tongma pit.

1in the spring of 974, local people dug up large pottery figurines while drilling wells. After drilling and trial excavation by archaeologists, a huge Terracotta Warriors pit was discovered and named as Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1.. Later, the No.2 and No.3 Terracotta Warriors pits were discovered one after another. The No.1 Terracotta Warriors Pit is 230 meters long from east to west and 62 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 14.260 square meters. To the east of the pit is a corridor 60 meters long from north to south and 3.45 meters wide from east to west. There are three rows of pottery figurines, 68 in each row, forming a horizontal team. Ten partition walls were rammed behind the horizontal line to divide the pit into eleven east-west holes. The south and north tunnels are relatively narrow, with two rows of figurines at each station. There are four rows of figurines in each of the nine holes in the middle, all of which are columns facing east. Pottery figurines can be divided into armor figurines and battle dress figurines according to different costumes. There is a wooden chariot (decayed) among the terracotta figures. There are four war horses in front of each chariot, and three armored figurines stand side by side behind the chariot. They are the first, riders and chariot riders. These terracotta figures are 1.75- 1.97 meters tall and are armed with weapons such as ge, spear, sword, bow and halberd. Ma Taogao 1.5 meters, 2 meters long. In recent years, five exploration sites have been excavated in No.1 pit, covering an area of about 2,000 square meters. A total of 65,438 0.087 pottery figurines, 32 pottery horses, 8 chariots and 3 drums have been unearthed. According to the arrangement density, more than 6,000 pottery figurines and horse figurines can be unearthed after the No.1 pit is fully excavated. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.2 is about 20 meters east of Pit No.1, and its plane is curved. The longest point from east to west 124 meters, the widest point from north to south is 98 meters, the depth is 5 meters and the area is about 6000 square meters. Divide the pit into four units with a partition wall. The second pit is dominated by chariots, and there are about 1.500 chariots, pottery horses and pottery figurines in the pit. Terracotta Warriors Pit No.3 is concave in plane, with a length of17.6m from east to west and a width of 4.8m from north to south, covering an area of about 520m. There are 68 terracotta figures and a chariot in the pit.

The arrangement of soldiers and figures in the pit of the terracotta warriors reflects the military establishment of China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially during the Qin Dynasty. The first pit is dominated by chariots, and vehicles and infantry appear alternately: the second pit has more chariots and a certain number of riding, forming a joint formation of vehicles, walking and riding; The third pit seems to be the command organ.

The unearthed pottery figurines were shaped in the image of Qin Jun. Many pottery figurines give people the impression that they are tall, well-proportioned, lifelike and lifelike. Infantry figurines are mostly arranged separately, often in front of each military unit. Some people follow cars and bicycles, that is, "migrant workers". They listened attentively with bows and arrows, dressed in battle robes, and looked calm and alert. The armored terracotta warriors and horses riding in the same car all carry long weapons, so they are not tied, and their image is terrible. Cavalry figurines hold the reins in one hand and the bows in the other. They wore a small bun hat with colorful plum blossom-shaped scattered flowers on it, and hat bands were tied under their chins on both sides. Wearing short armor, tight pants and boots, he is brave and brave. The chariot is one of the ancient arms, and the Qin chariot is a single-axle convertible chariot. The ruler is in the middle. He is wearing heavy armor, his arms are protected by arm armor, he holds the reins, looks straight ahead, bends his back to support his legs, and looks absorbed and skilled in riding. The driver is divided into two sides, with one hand pressing the vehicle and the other holding the weapon. The crossbowman is an independent unit of migration and paddling, which occupies a prominent position in the Qin army. The crouching armor figure holds a bow and arrow, looks straight ahead and has a serious expression. It is a well-trained warrior image. The general's head is wearing a long swallow's tail crown, and his armor is fine, firm, calm and resolute, which fully embodies the general's demeanor of being battle-hardened and not afraid of strong enemies. Ma Tao is tall and energetic. Fat but not bloated, thin legs but not thin. Whether riding a horse or riding a horse, you should open your mouth, cut your mane and tie your tail, and lean your ears forward. It shows that they are alert, keen and strong horses.

The production technology of pottery figurines is also unique. Pottery makers and sculptors in Qin Dynasty fired these large-scale pottery figurines and horses by the methods of taking molds as the main method, combining molds, making them piece by piece, nesting them step by step, winding them in the kiln and painting them in the kiln. Most of the heads of pottery figurines are made of closed molds, the legs and bodies of pottery figurines are made of molded or clay strips, and the arms and hands are made of molded or handmade. For the production of every detail, it is carved one by one by means of molding, molding, kneading, pasting, engraving and painting. For example, the heads of pottery figurines are first molded into heads, then made into embryos, and then re-muddied to make eyes, noses, ears, mouths and beards. The tire body is also muddied again after the first tire is paved, made into clothes by hand, carved with a knife and stamped into nails. Ma Tao is also made by the method of clamping and folding. After the parts are made, they are fitted with sleeves, bonded with mud, fired in a kiln and painted after firing. The hands and faces of pottery figurines are pink, and their clothes are pink green, pink purple, dark green and ochre. The words "Gongjiang", "Xianyang", "Ducang", "Gong Xi", "Twenty" and "De" are also engraved on the pottery figurines. Some are the names of craftsmen under the management of the central pottery workshop, and some are the numbers.

The chariot in the pit is made of wood, which has decayed due to age, but the shaft, balance, chariot, wheel, stone and wheel hub all left clear traces in the soil. The copper parts of the car were preserved. Judging from the track in the pit, the car is a single axle with a length of 3.70-3.96 meters. The front end is raised and the rear end is pressed flat under the car. There is a horizontal rectangle with a poem in front and a door at the back. The height of the wheel is1.35m. There is a scale in front of the axle, and a double yoke is tied on the scale. There are four horses driving in front, and the driving equipment is complete. The whole body is painted, and in some places there are painted patterns. According to the size and decoration of the car body, it can be roughly divided into command car, auxiliary car, bus and general chariot.

A large number of metal weapons, including bronze swords, spears, halberds, beryllium, cymbals, Wu Gou, crossbows, arrows, arrowheads and arrowheads, were also unearthed in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, most of which were practical products at that time. These weapons are well-made, and some of them are extremely sharp, which shows that China's metallurgical manufacturing technology has reached a very high level more than 2,000 years ago.

Brief introduction to the exhibition hall of pit 1

The first pit is an east-west rectangular pit, 230 meters long and 62 meters wide, surrounded by five doorways. There are cloisters at the east and west ends of the pit, a cloister at the north and south sides, and nine east-west holes in the middle, which are separated by rammed earth walls. Chariots are the main body of this pit, and vehicles and infantry form a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the military array faces east, and there are rows of warriors facing outward in the south, north and west corridors, serving as wings and guards; Three rows of warriors in the east are pioneers. Inside the nine tunnels, there are huge chariots and infantry main forces. There are four rows of warriors in each tunnel, some in robes, some in armor, and chariots in the middle. There is a charioteer and two riders behind each chariot.

Yihaokeng exhibition hall

Shortly after the completion of the No.1 pit, the lower part of the earth partition beam softened, and the reason why the partition wall of No.1 pit is lower than the pottery figurines is precisely because of the water inflow.

The first Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit Ruins Museum started construction on 1976 and was completed and opened to the public on 1979 10. The hall is an arched steel frame structure, which is 230 meters long from east to west and 70 meters wide from north to south. The top of the main hall is 22 meters high from the bottom of the figurine pit, with a total construction area of 1.6 million square meters. Covering all the Terracotta Warriors and Horses No.1 in the ruins hall. There are good ventilation, lighting, temperature and humidity detection, fire prevention and anti-theft facilities to ensure the safety of cultural relics and relics.

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