How to talk about foreign ancient paintings.

China's Song Dynasty lasted for 300 years, and his paintings continued to develop on the basis of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Folk painting, palace painting and literati painting are all systems, influencing, absorbing and infiltrating each other, forming the face of painting in Song Dynasty.

The prosperity of painting in the Northern Song Dynasty unified the division of labor and alienation caused by feudalism, maintained a relatively stable society for a period of time, developed rapidly in commercial handicrafts, and broke the strict boundaries between squares and cities in urban layout, achieving unprecedented prosperity. During the Southern Song Dynasty, although Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, rich in Jiangnan attributes, migrated from north to south, a large number of southerners and northerners developed together in Guangzhou and continued to develop. The capital city of Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), Lin 'an City of Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) prospered in commerce, except for the gathering of nobles. A large number of businessmen and craftsmen also live in the public sector. The cultural life of the city is more active than ever before, and the demand of customers who paint this painting has increased significantly, which has also expanded the material conditions and mass base for the development and prosperity of painting.

The ranks of painting art and handicraft enterprises in Song Dynasty established close ties with the people. A group of highly skilled professional painters are sold as commodities in the market, Bianjing and Lin 'an painting and paper industry. Bianjing Suoguo Temple holds temple fairs five times a month, and department stores gather, among which the best-selling books and drawings are the main ones. During the Southern Song Dynasty, exquisite calligraphy and painting fans and plum bamboo fans were sold in the night market, and restaurants in Bianjing and Lin 'an also hung calligraphy to beautify their shops as a means to attract customers. When holding a festival banquet, citizens need accounts, paintings, screens and painting furniture, which can be rented. To meet the demand of Chinese New Year, other door gods, Zhong Kui's seasonal paintings sold wildly in the city at the end of the year. Zong Dao, a painter who was good at painting in the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianjing, every time he released "Pot-based Baby" innovatively, it would attract hundreds of websites that had been sold in the market, so as to prevent others from imitating Zhao Tower and painting Du Fu and damaging Bianjing's reputation. Yan Wengui, a machine soldier from Xing Wu, frequented, and his paintings were sold by overseas Chinese in Bianjing. Yang Wei, a native of Jiangzhou, Shanxi, is a painter in Dengaku. Every businessman and Bianjing businessman buy paintings. He once asked that if he sold it in front of the Academy of Fine Arts, he could get a higher price. The active painting of professional painters needed by society is an important factor to promote the development of painting in Song Dynasty. Handicraft was developed in Song Dynasty. Up to Bianjing, Lin 'an, Pingyang, Chengdu and Jianyang Sculpture Centers, there were many books, prints and illustrations printed by Buddhist scriptures, and the existing Maitreya relief in Jin Song contributed to the development and popularization of Dalagni's incantation. The Manjusri Buddhist Zen Master's Praise Guide and Zhao Chengji are finely carved.

On the basis of the Southern Tang Dynasty and Xishu Painting Academy in the Five Dynasties, the continued establishment of the Cultural Palace of Hanlin Painting Academy in the Song Dynasty needed painting talents. Once the Huizong School of Painting in the Northern Song Dynasty was established. Most emperors in Song Dynasty, such as Song Renzong, Zongshen, Hui Zong, Gaozong, Guangzong and Ningzong, showed different degrees of interest in painting to decorate palaces, temples and other needs, and attached great importance to the construction of art colleges. Song Huizong Evonne, who has a high accomplishment and skills in painting, pays attention to attracting painters, expanding and perfecting the Palace Academy of Fine Arts, and constantly looking for visiting paintings to enrich his love, which leads to the rise of palace painting. In order to maintain a certain social connection, the painters in the Academy of Painting are all subject to the obvious characteristics of imperial, court painting and aristocratic art, which are precise and serious, but in some works, the lovely taste is low. The College of Art has concentrated outstanding painters, which embodies a high level, such as Guo's Early Spring, Guan Shan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, Wang Ximeng's Landscape Scene at a Thousand Miles, Tang's Flower Picking Scene, Several Pine Scenes, Walking Songs and Water.

Query: "Maitreya Bodhisattva"

A huge artistic trend of literati painting from the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was a common practice to collect, evaluate and expand literati's paintings to satisfy painters. Many literati personally participate in painting practice, such as poetry-chanting, poetry-sending, and poetry-sending. They all have their own unique requirements in theme selection, image processing, aesthetic taste and so on. Their inscriptions on the picture frame gradually increased, which opened up a new world of calligraphy inscriptions and consciously introduced the expression forms of painting and calligraphy art, greatly enriching and improving the expressive force of painting art. In the Song Dynasty, literati Ren and Yang endangered Mo Mei, and literati painters such as Su Shi, Mi Fei, Mi Youren, Yunshan and Zhao Shuixian appeared one after another, which became a model for learning. In addition, there are famous Lin Mingda, Song Tao, Zhao, Shunmin, etc. Many achievements in the theory of literati painting are suggested by Ouyang Xiu, who feels that Michael Chen's just opinion "means that he doesn't have enough color to look for paintings like his predecessors Ma Jiufang and Su Shi". A series of opinions represent the influence of the development of literati painting in Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

On this basis, painting is highly prosperous, and a large number of theoretical works of painting emerge. Appreciation of historical books, collection and recording of painting theories, and the spread of many works have become important documents for the study of ancient painting today.

Generally speaking, there are four stages in the development of painting:

① Early Northern Song Dynasty 100 years, generally following the painting tradition of the Five Dynasties. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianjing area became the center of painting art, concentrated in Huangzhi of Xishu Palace Painting Academy, while Xiahou Che extended to Zhao Jiuyuan, Jin, Nan Dongyu, Cai Yun, Xu Chongsi and so on. Painters Wang Meiling and Zhao Guangdou, middle school, efficient Central Plains. In order to recuperate his body, Huang Jiafu, the greatest landscape painter outside the hospital, achieved the highest influence of Taoist and Buddhist painting. Lin Pingyuan, Li Chengshan painted the cold, Fan Kuan painted the mountain and the Xu Road, the Ning Leaning Tower was well painted, and the wild Shui Mu was far away. The three of them developed and enriched Hao Jing and Guan Tong from different aspects. Represented by Dong Yuan and Ju Ran, they were quite influential in the Southern School of Painting in this period. Zhai Yanwen's Academy is famous for its landscape paintings inside and outside the Academy. Li Zongcheng specializes in religious murals such as inscriptions on bronze, Wu Zongyuan, birds, Zhao Chang and friends of Yi Yuanji. The artist's creative practice is brewing new changes in the painting style of the Northern Song Dynasty.

(2) Xining City, Qinghai Province, on the occasion of the portrait of pommel horse represented by Li and Yuan Feng, and the flower-and-bird painting represented by scenery. They show a new style, content and art, with exquisite skills and profound cultivation. Li's pure and simple line drawing, accurate performance characteristics, and the vividness and interest of literati images of different classes, races and regions have all achieved great success. Cui and Guo lack drafting and free hand drawing. Cui's description of the seasonal climate change of bird morphology is good, which beats the situation that geese are in short supply and the charm of Dutch countryside. Breaking through the hospitalization of painting is more natural and vivid because of the standardized system of Huang in the early Song Dynasty. Guo's landscape painting depicts scenery, seasons and climate, showing that Linquan is beautiful, and Li Cheng's landscape painting school by going up one flight of stairs started in the north. The trend of Su Shi's literati painting was formed here. The architectural treasure house is a collection of famous calligraphy, paintings and poems by the team leader in the mansion painted by poets and painters in Xiyuan. Wang Zhaoling's room rang again. What elegant and poetic landscape, painting and calligraphy activities have been carried out. During this period, Mifei has shown positive first-class artistic activities. During this period, Guo, Guo and his son, Lin, Su Shi and others made new achievements in painting theory.

Li Di's Return from the Storm, Pasturing.

(3) Evonne, Song Huizong, the most prosperous period of Zhao Gou's reign, was the Palace Painting Academy in the Song Dynasty. In Song Huizong, there is a fairly complete system of painting academies, which improve the artistic level of community folk painters and deliver a large number of outstanding painters. Masters from the Academy gathered to draw hundreds of horses, geese and horses running, which opened the landscape painting of the Southern Song Dynasty, New tang style, a young landscape painter, who was good at painting talents related to Zhang Zeduan, flowers, birds, fish, insects, Meng, Han nationality, Ruoqian, Bangladeshi, Mann, a baby vendor, Liu Jixie and others. Their paintings are exquisite and extraordinary. House calligraphy and painting collection * * * Many scholars and collectors have told me that he painted a magnificent palace collection. The humiliation changed, Bianjing and Nomads were looted, and some painters were plundered to the north. Many palace paintings scattered in the north developed into influential paintings in the Jin Dynasty. In addition, a large number of painters fled to Jiangnan and became the backbone of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, which promoted the development of Jiangnan painting.

(4) After Xiaozong, in the Southern Song Dynasty, especially during Guangzong and Ningzong periods, landscape painting and the soup after it showed obvious changes in the painting styles of representative painters such as Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui. They attach importance to cutting skills and skillfully use large blank pictures to highlight distinctive images. The picture effect is implicit, concise, concise and poetic, showing a beautiful artistic conception and improving pen and ink skills. Historical story paintings and genre paintings have developed more. Throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Li was a painter worthy of special attention. Songjiang has 36 portraits to serve him. Four Fan Diagram and Concept Tide Diagram, most of which have far-reaching significance. The brushwork of Kai Liang, Muxidi and Wenriguan opened the freehand brushwork of Yuan and Ming culture.

Painting in Song Dynasty is divided into more detailed and professional subjects. During the period of Song Huizong, the school of painting was divided into six families: Buddhist figures, landscapes, birds, animals, flowers and bamboo houses. A collection of sentences and pictures recorded by scores, divided into 10 Taoism and Buddhism? Religious figures, palaces, Jia Fan, arowana, landscapes, animals, beasts, flowers and birds, bamboo, fruits and vegetables. Three years after the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival (1 167), this book shows people by painting, and spreads the Buddhist spirit, which is widely circulated. Remember, in the forest and stone landscape, flowers and bamboo feathers, livestock, wild animals, insects, fish, houses, canoes, fruits and vegetables, medicinal herbs, small landscape paintings and so on. These phenomena reflect the refinement and in-depth expansion of the scope and theme of painting performance.

Portrait, reflecting the real life has made substantial progress. Painting mainly starts from the major historical events and aristocratic life in the Tang Dynasty, and extends to all aspects of civilian life, depicting urban and rural fairs: Wei Xian (the same door) driving, Wang Fangche, Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, and Autumn Garden Play Baby Picture? The discovery of Song Li's map of merchants, Julie's map of ox carts, Yan Ciping's map of herding cattle, the map of weaving with an anonymous person, the map of ploughing fields, the map of Yin Steer in Liu Yin and the pavilion on the river promoted the arrival of the two armies in Taiwan, while Yan Wengui's Tanabata Night Market showed the expansion and enthusiasm of the painter's interest field. The theme years such as "North Korea", "Nuo Tu" and "Watching Lights" depicted in the Four Seasons Paintings also appeared. The description of the life of noble literati is still very popular, and the plots of portrait oil paintings, such as "Listening to the Piano" and (Children) by Li Yaji of Xiyuan, also have high artistic achievements. It is often integrated into folk paintings, historical stories and political twists and turns. Describing the unyielding behavior of the characters, the complete omen of Zhang Zhijian's struggle, and the threshold of the Zhu era, Yuan Yangshao's sitting statue and remonstrance image are reflected in the correct helmet statue, the strategy of solving ethnic problems and the map of the temporary bridge alliance. It is particularly noteworthy that depicting unfortunate grief is complicated because war and ethnic relations are very popular. When you hear ridicule, you will return to Hantu. Like folk stories, Princess Ming's Runner-up Picture shows obvious patriotism and anxiety. In the Song Dynasty, Taoism was promoted and temples and Taoist and Buddhist murals were built. Although the Tang Dynasty was magnificent, it still maintained a considerable scale. The concepts of Tokyo Temple Fair, Qing Yu Zhaoying Palace, Jingling Palace and wuyue, Baogong Palace and the Southern Song Dynasty Wisdom, the Western Empress Dowager Palace, Wusheng Temple and other murals are mostly written by famous artists in the Art College. Zhao Yinggong, the true ancestor of Yu Qing, recruited painters from all over the world, with more than 3,000 candidates. Song Huizong's idea of building wuyue is a huge collection of world-famous artists, and Britain has found hundreds of them, which shows the gathering of talents. The religious paintings in Song Dynasty attracted the audience with more distinctive secularization tendency, lively scenes and interesting plots, and created a large number of Taoist painting images, many of which were based on real figure paintings. From the existing murals, we can see the absolute position of Wu Daozi murals in the early Song Dynasty, showing the pink artistic style of "Yuan Chao Xian Teng". The quantity and quality of mural tombs in Song Dynasty are incomparable in Han and Tang Dynasties. The murals of Gaoping Temple in Shanxi Province, Jingzhi Temple Tower, Taki Digong, a representative of Jingfang House of Representatives, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in Song Dynasty, and important cultural relics of Song Tombs in Henan and other regions.

Evonne's "Listening to Music"

Landscape flowers and birds advanced by leaps and bounds in the Song Dynasty. Far beyond the art of the Tang Dynasty. The Song family focused on shaping the image of animal and plant love to raise flowers and birds. In the morning, Zhao Changqing sketched the toner for the beak and tail of poultry around Ade. Yi Yuanji went deep into Beijing-Shanghai Mountain and observed that apes love to draw feathers like Han Zhuo. It is enough to have a name for each section, and they are familiar with the anatomical structure. Song family flowers and grasses are painted in four seasons, yin and yang or reverse, bamboo shoots are old and tender, and buds are early calyx to keep vivid. Therefore, the evaluation of the painting is based on the vertical line of the cat's pupil, and it is pointed out that it is the noon king climate of the peony civet cat painting. The farmer pointed out that the bull's-tail painting is "suitable for drooping, not for misoperation, and the peacock pier in Evonne must be lifted first. The Left Foot Expo is a truly reasonable image. In the Song Dynasty, the delicate and rich performance of the luteal body of rare birds in the palace was described with simple ink and light and shadow, which knocked out the charm of the lotus geese. The bodies of Cui and Wuyuan Yu also directly express the pleasure of literati, writing about the bodies of bamboo and ink plum.

The most wonderful thing in the painting is the landscape. Due to social concern, landscape painting gradually began to draw. Many landscape painters go deep into the natural landscape and observe and experience repeatedly day and night, thus accurately describing the characteristics, different regions, seasons and climates and pursuing a beautiful artistic conception. In short, a high degree of skill comes from panoramic mountains and rivers, turquoise, a pen and the king of cutting corners to show the perfection of creation in different periods? . The landscape is not only the scenery of the nobles' gardens in the pavilion of Xianshan, the seclusion of literati, but also the natural beauty of rural north and south houses and mountains and rivers, interspersed with fixtures, water mills, ferries, shipping, fisheries, firewood collection, mules and horses, ordinary living plots, temples, temples, temples, temples and hotels. It has a strong flavor of life and a description of real scenes, which embodies a beautiful imagination and creates a poetic artistic conception.

The achievement of this painting, Song Dynasty painting, is the peak of the development of China painting art. In the history of ancient painting in China, it widely reflected the real life. The ability is very outstanding. It is much more expensive to use a beautiful art form, which has created many artistic expressions and is closely related to society. Combining the painting styles and theories of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can find that the performance of painting in Song Dynasty is mainly based on the high prosperity of mature Chinese painting.

There are many important creations in the art of painting in Song Dynasty. Pay attention to excavating the eternal scenery and touching plots of spiritual figures, and pay attention to shaping the artistic image with distinctive personality. Beautiful flower-and-bird paintings and landscape paintings pursue the pleasure of artistic conception, pay attention to real ingenious artistic expression, strive for exquisite images and have a high degree of realism. The prosperity, improvement and promotion of literati painting art, especially the exploration of subjective expression and pen and ink effect, have contributed greatly. Palace painting is based on highly developed artistic achievements, and the prosperity of the whole society can not be ignored.

(Bo Songnian)

"encyclopedia"

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