Sheng Haizhou's Character Career

Victory ship at sea is a taboo meaning, commonly known as Rintaro, the sea ship. After the Meiji Restoration, it was renamed Anfang. At the end of the curtain, it was the official position of the Wu family as a scenic spot. Later, in order to avoid the homophonic sound of Anfang, it was changed to Anfang. His father, Katsumoto Koji, was a subordinate minister of Pu Qiu Group 4 1 Shi in Sakamoto, the flag of the Edo shogunate, and he lived a mediocre life. One of the three musketeers at the end of the curtain, Noguchi's subordinate brother. Family mode, pills, sword diamonds.

Zheng Wen was born on June 30th, 65438 (June 65438+March 0823) in Kanazawa-CHO, Edo College. Born in his father's real family, a male family. Gu Yinben, a great-grandfather male, was blind and came from a poor peasant family in Nomura, Mishima County, Vietnam. He fell in front of the Austrian doctor (medical officer of the Edo shogunate) on a snowy night and was rescued by him. Yi Yin is good at financial management. He started with the money of 1.22 cents lent to him by Zongzhe, and successfully became a rich man in the Edo usury field, becoming the landlord of room 17 in Edo Prefecture. Known as "Mi Shan Inspection School", he became a famous lender (wealthy businessmen and tycoons in Osaka, Kyoto and Edo, in the name of imperial money, provided financing for prominent families in financial difficulties, that is, today's financiers who provided political contributions to politicians). Yi Yin's eldest son Tadao bought the surname of the royal family, the grandson of Noguchi Tadao, and the father of Noguchi's third son Katsumoto, and adopted him as his son-in-law.

Shengjia is the flag book of the youth corps. Shengjia is a royal family since the third year of Tianzheng (1575), and his great-grandfather is a Shanghai ship, which is quite dazzling. In the second year of Bao Li (1752), his status was gradually added to the list of flag books, and he was a senior curtain minister. In his early years, Sheng Haizhou traveled to Edo City with Sun Chucheng, the grandson of1/Tokugawa Kazuo, the acting general (Tokugawa Qingchuang, later the leader of the first bridge of Sanqing in Tokugawa, so it was also called the first bridge Qingchuang). It is possible to become a vassal of Joey's family, but this wish was dismissed because Qingchuang died young at the age of 14. Sheng Haizhou lived in Noguchi's family until he was 7 years old, and moved to Akasaka Bensuo to enter Edo-CHO (now Green 4-24, Motian District). During Sheng Haizhou's 77-year career, he studied hard by himself and persisted in physical and mental exercise until he was found by the shogunate at the age of 33. /Kloc-When he was 0/6 years old, he studied fencing with his brother Kenichiro Kotani (Shinichi Kotani) in his biological father's own family, and then he studied fencing with Teru Shimada Birsuke, a disciple of Kenichiro Kotani. With the help of birds, he studied Zen at Hongfu Temple in Niudao, Edo. He also studied Amber Liu Bing with Ruoshan Butang, Ruotian Yinqing's favorite pupil. 184 1 year, Akifan Takashima, a western artillery expert from the Edo shogunate, conducted western artillery shooting and artillery array military exercises in Tokuhara, Wuzhou. Rintaro, only 65,438+09 years old, was inspired by his rear view. He realized that fencing could no longer meet the needs of today's group operations, so he gave up fencing and learned military knowledge such as western weapons and warships. In the study of orchids, he wanted to learn from the Edo orchidist Yoshizo Ranfu, but failed to do so, so he went to Keina Kiyoshi of Fukuoka Prefecture in Akasaka to study orchids as a teacher. In the 3rd year of Honghua (1846), 24-year-old Sheng Haizhou married Amin and moved to Edo Akasaka-CHO.

Sheng Haizhou first studied the art of war by studying grammar, and engaged in technical practice such as the design and manufacture of firearms and batteries. The superhuman perseverance, indomitable spirit and strong physique cultivated by studying swordsmanship and Zen in adolescence have fully played a role in learning Lan Xue. For example, he copied two multi-volume Lanri dictionaries in a year and a half. One is reserved for personal use, and the other is priced at 320, which is used for renting books and buying stationery. Another example is that he once found a military book in a bookstore, but it was later bought by a man living in Gu Si. With the consent of the man, he walked eight kilometers back and forth every night and copied the whole book while the owner was resting at night.

During this period, he was instructed by the orchid scholar Sasaki Xiangshan. Under the persuasion of Xiangshan, he majored in western military science, set up a private school in Tancho, and taught orchid science and western military science. He also hired forgers to design and manufacture rifles according to the blue book, and various princes came to order. In the 6th year of Yongjia (1853), American Perry Fleet came to sail (black ship came to sail), demanding the founding of Japan. Japan is at a loss at home. China's first veteran, Akie Abe, was very cautious when the shogunate decided to break the closed-door policy, and solicited the opinions of the shogunate, governors and even the townspeople on the issue of coastal defense. At the suggestion of Okubo Zhongkuan, the head of the Edo shogunate and the clothes rack for coastal defense, Katsuya put forward the coastal defense opinions to Muge. The opinion is the defense plan of Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay), including specific strategies, and it is pointed out that building the navy is a top priority for Japan. This opinion was obviously written by a western military expert. Abe Zhaohui appreciates this very much. Regardless of his family background, he hired Sheng Haizhou as a foreign country, belonging to the Blue Book Translation Department, which is responsible for the translation of foreign books (western books). Under the recommendation of Okubo Zhongkuan and the promotion of Abe Zheng Hong, Sheng Haizhou keenly grasped his life opportunity.

At the beginning of the second year of Anzheng (1855), Sheng Haizhou participated in a coastal defense expedition to inspect the defense system from Yi Shi to Osaka Bay. In the same year, he entered Nagasaki Naval Training Institute and served as a cadet in Ren Haijun (equivalent to the cadet captain of the Naval Military Academy). He studied navigation under Dutch professors William Katendake and Pailes Ruijiken. As he was proficient in Dutch, he served as the supervisor of the training institute and was responsible for the communication between the cadets (cadets) and Dutch instructors. His students include Yatabori Jingzang, Yongzhi Kyojiro and others. From the first phase to the third phase, I spent five years in the Naval Training Academy. After graduation, I returned to Edo to be a teacher in the warship training institute (equivalent to the director of the professor department of the Naval NCO School). At that time, Tsushima Ji Bin, one of the "Four Sages" at the end of the curtain, also admired him very much.

During his five years in Nagasaki, Sheng Haizhou studied artillery, navigation and shipbuilding under the guidance of Dutch officers and became a naval expert. More importantly, in the process of direct contact with foreigners, he gradually established the concept of the so-called modern country. At the end of the shogunate, Japan was in a state of separatism and its national defense capability was weak. At that time, the Japanese regarded their vassal as a country. For example, the country under the Satsuma vassal was Satsuma, and the whole of Japan was generally called "the world".

In his book, a Dutch vice admiral who works in Nagasaki Naval Training Institute once pointed out that once the country is in trouble, the citizens must have the obligation to jointly defend the motherland. However, he believes that the Japanese concept of obligation seems to be very weak. He once asked a Japanese businessman, "If Nagasaki is invaded by foreigners, can you defend your city?" The merchant replied, "I don't know, that's the shogunate's business." When the lieutenant heard this, he thought that it was true. The captain of a Dutch warship landed with an officer and 45 marines, and he could easily occupy all the key points of Nagasaki. He also believes that the sharp political opposition between Samoa and other powerful southwestern vassal States and the shogunate is an opportunity that can be used.

Sheng Haizhou believes that a Dutch vice admiral made such an analysis of Japan's national conditions, and it goes without saying that diplomats from major countries such as Russia, Britain, France and the United States are paying close attention to Japan's trends according to detailed information. Therefore, he deeply felt that the shogunate should consider the position of Kyoto imperial court and governors for the overall interests of Japan, implement the policy of "returning to major policies" at an appropriate time, establish a unified country, and avoid the tragic fate of becoming a semi-colony. At that time, Takayama Shinzo, Five Dynasties Youhou and others all expressed their understanding and support for this idea. Most of them have been to China, the Netherlands, Britain, the United States, Russia and other countries, had contact with foreigners, and are familiar with Lan Xue studies. After the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Trade between Japan and the United States, the edo shogunate sent envoys to the United States in June+10/0 of the first year of Wanyan (1860)5438 in exchange for the ratification of the Treaty. According to the original sailing plan, Ichibashi sent shogunate general Tadashi Iwase as the ambassador. However, due to the influence of "Anzheng Prison", Naoki Iwase retired, so he chose Masayoshi Shinto as the ambassador, Zheng Fan Murakami as the deputy ambassador, and Nakamura as the purpose to form an envoy to cross the Pacific Ocean to the United States on the USS Bohatan. Hamurimaru, a warship of the Shogunate Navy, is a convoy. Sheng Haizhou's request to be accompanied by Xianlin Pill was approved. Sheng Haizhou was appointed as the captain and commander, and Yi Xi Kimura chased the warship. There are warships chasing Yi Xi Kimura, Professor Fang Tou of the warship training institute wins the boat, Professor Fang Zuo Shiori Sakura Tong Taro, Ryujiro Suzuki, and there are five Lang Sayers. Captain John Mersel Brooke is the captain of the U.S. Navy's research ship Cooper, and he is the actual commander of the salty pill. Kimura's entourage are translators Nakahama Manjiro and Fukuzawa Yukichi. Xianlin Maru bought only 400 tons of warships from the Netherlands, which was caused by concentrating the most advanced science and technology at that time. However, as a shogunate, warships still follow feudal conventions and old habits in management and use, and people in high positions know nothing about it. The American officer who accompanied him to eat salty pills laughed at the Japanese naval officer's lack of naval knowledge, and Haizhou was extremely indignant. He believes that modern warships must be manipulated by people who master modern science and technology, and the relationship between people must also be adapted to it, so that advanced warships can play their due role.

Xianlin Pill overcame the stormy waves in the Pacific Ocean and arrived in San Francisco in 37 days. This is the first time that the Japanese have successfully crossed the Pacific Ocean. There, Haizhou personally contacted and observed the American society under the capitalist system. What he saw and heard made him more convinced to break the feudal barriers and shackles regardless of family and identity and provide opportunities for talented people to play their roles.

After returning to China, Sheng Haizhou was appointed as a shooting professor at the headquarters of Shu Fan College and Wushu College. In the second year of literature (1862), he returned to the navy with the shogunate reform, and Sheng Haizhou was appointed as the head office of Tsukiji Warship Training Institute (president of the shogunate Naval Academy). In August of the same year 17, he was promoted to warship pursuit and became a senior bureaucrat in the administrative department of Muge. In 1993 (1864), the shogunate decided to build forts in Hyogo and Nishimiya, with Sheng Haizhou as the commander-in-chief. In April of the same year (1863), with 14 generation general Tokugawa Jiamao, he visited Osaka Bay and landed at the mouth of Lany River (Kobe Village). With the approval of General Tokugawa Jiamao, a navy was established here. In February, 1994 (1864), Sheng Haizhou established Kobe Naval Training Institute, with the goal of establishing a "sea bureau" for the shogunate and the southwestern vassal States, trying to ensure the establishment of a strategic stronghold against further invasion of East Asia by Europe and the United States, and to train seafarers for the shogunate and the vassal States. His disciples include Ryoma Sakamoto, Yukihiro Ito and Lu. /kloc-In May of 0/4, in the first year of Yuan Zhi, he served as a warship with a salary of 2,000 stone. He was promoted to a banner book, was awarded the post of Wu Jia from five places, and became an important minister of the shogunate.

Although Sheng Haizhou was a shogunate minister and loyal to the shogunate, he was very disgusted with the conformism, corruption and incompetence of shogunate officials, and often made fierce remarks, which aroused criticism from the world and was envied by conservatives. In the first year of Yuan Zhi (1864), after the change of the forbidden door in July, it clashed with the conservative line of the shogunate, and opposed the shogunate's expedition to Changzhou (the first expedition to Changzhou). Subsequently, it was dismissed from the warship in June 65438 +065438+10/0, and even suffered from "seclusion" During his seclusion, Sheng Haizhou read widely and had contacts with Hiroyuki and Saigō Takamori. In the first year of Yuanji (1964), in September 1 1, Sheng Haizhou and Saigō Takamori met for the first time in Osaka. At that time, Xixiang was very worried about the delayed opening of Kobe Port, and Sheng Haizhou explained the countermeasures to him. Xixiang praised Sheng in his letter to Kubo Junyi. All these can be said that Sheng Haizhou is an enlightened faction in the shogunate system.

In the second year of Keio (1866), the second Changzhou conquest failed, and he was reinstated as a warship. He was appointed by Tokugawa Yoshinobu to mediate between Huijin and Samoa and negotiate with Changzhou. Sheng Haizhou went to Dayuan Temple in Miyajima alone to negotiate and successfully persuaded Changzhou to stop fighting, but Qingxi put the truce in the drawer. Angry Katsuya submitted his resignation and returned to Edo.

At the end of 1866, Emperor Xiaoming, who had been suppressing the anti-curtain faction, died, and Emperor Meiji, who was only 14 years old, acceded to the throne, and the situation became favorable to the anti-curtain faction. In the name of the emperor, they ordered Changzhou and Satsuma to crusade against the shogunate. At this time, urban riots and peasant uprisings broke out in various places, and the shogunate had completely lost the hearts of the people. General Tokugawa Yoshinobu accepted Tosa's former vassal Toyoji Yamauchi's suggestion, trying to make the emperor formally take power, but the real power was in his own hands. In the third year of Keio (1867) and in June of 10, the policy of "returning the major government" was implemented. However, the Tokugawa family was still the big lords with 4 million mangokus, and Tokugawa Yoshinobu tried to continue to exert his influence by serving as the speaker of the newly established Governor's Council. Iwakura Tomomi, Saigō Takamori, Samoan Kubo Junyi, officials of the Suomu Sect, led the meeting of the imperial edict and the small imperial palace (the coup of the ancient imperial palace) in June+early February, 5438, and thought that Qingxi must be called upon to "resign and accept the land", deprive its territory and destroy its economic foundation, otherwise it could not be said that it really overthrew the shogunate.

In the 4th year of Keio (1868), 65438+1October 3-6, the old shogunate army finally clashed with the crusade army (new government army) with Saskatchewan and Nagano as the main forces in the suburbs of Kyoto, which was called the Battle of Niaoyu Fujian. Although the strength of the shogunate is three times that of the government army, its main infantry has no fighting spirit and is finally defeated. Qingxi fled to Edo, and the governors west of Feng Jingen immediately swore allegiance to the new government.

In the 4th year of Keio (1868) 65438+1October 7th, the new government issued an imperial edict in the name of the emperor to crusade against the shogunate. The new government troops marched into Edo along Tokaido and surrounded Edo. During the civil war between the emperor's government and the general's government, countries declared neutrality. The shogunate has a high say in choosing the commander-in-chief. On October 23rd, 65438/kloc-0, Sheng Haizhou was appointed as the president of the army (equivalent to the secretary of the army) at Ren Dechuan's home, and Keio was appointed as the military president (equivalent to the supreme commander of the shogunate) and the plenipotentiary of the old shogunate on April 25th.

At this time, the main battle and the main and the two factions appeared inside the shogunate. The former includes Xiao Su Zhongshun, Woody Wuyang and Big Bird Keisuke, while the latter is represented by Sheng Haizhou and Okubo Zhongkuan. Campaigners advocate accepting French aid and fighting to the death with the army (official army). However, when Sheng Haizhou and others explained that the shogunate army had collapsed and the people of Edo hated the shogunate and the people's uprising in kanto region, Tokugawa Yoshinobu gave up his attempt to resist. On the other hand, the new government and the British ministers who influenced it were equally afraid of the people's uprising.

On March 9, 2004, Sheng Haizhou sent Yamaoka Zhou Tie to Fujun City to meet with Mu Mujun's staff officer Saigō Takamori, and agreed on seven terms of reconciliation. However, the scheduled date of the general attack on Edo on March 15 (April 7 1868) in Keio 4 remained unchanged, and the army continued to approach Edo. On March 3, before the general attack from 13 to 14, Sheng held talks with in Haizhou. In view of the situation at that time, Sheng Haizhou, then the president of the shogunate military, was ready for the breakdown of the negotiations at the same time. Once the talks break down, first, let the general celebrate desperate Britain; Second, edo practiced scorched earth tactics, which made it impossible for the begging army to enter edo; Third, escort the general's family and Edo residents to the general manager's office. So as to force Saigō Takamori to decide whether to fight or make peace.

Katsumi's battle plan refers to Kutuzov's tactics in the Russian-French war in 18 12. In order to carry out the battle plan, Edo fire officer Shimonoseki Jiro prepared a large amount of gunpowder to set fire to the city, mobilized large and small ships around Edo to evacuate Edo residents, and made preparations to ensure food supply for refugees. In order to cut off the retreat and route for providing foodstuff for the new government forces, the Shogunate Fleet is going to bomb Tokaido with warships and guns, and arrange Qingxi to flee to the British fleet stationed in Yokohama Port for political asylum.

After negotiation, an agreement was reached on the condition that General Qingxi's life and Tokugawa's surname were preserved. In this way,1in April, 868, Edo City surrendered without a fight and was given to Pingjun. The territory of the shogunate completely fell into the hands of the new government and the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown. Japan has taken a big step to complete national reunification and eliminate feudalism.

After the talks, the war in Chen Wu continued, and Sheng Haizhou, as an important official of the old shogunate, opposed resistance to the new government forces. He foresaw that even a tactical victory would be difficult to achieve a strategic victory, and the protracted civil war would inevitably lead to the split of Japan between the new government supported by Britain and the old shogunate supported by France. Compared with the shogunate, Japan's national unity is more important in the concept of winning seagoing ships.

After the Meiji Restoration, Sheng Haizhou once rejected the invitation of the new Meiji government and retired to the Shizuoka Fanjun House with the Tokugawa family. In Meiji 2, he joined the Meiji government as a representative of the old shogunate minister. 1868 was appointed as the governor of Fu Jiang Town on May 22nd (April 2nd, the first year of Meiji) and was banned. In February, 1868, 18 (in the first year of Meiji, 1 1.5), he was appointed as the chief executive. 1August 25th, 869 (June 2nd, Meiji18th) served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was dismissed as expected on September 8th, Meiji 2nd (June 3rd, Meiji 2nd). 1869 65438+February 25th (Meiji 2165438+1October 23rd) was appointed as the Minister of War. 1870 10 July (June, Meiji 3 12) was removed as expected. 1872 June 15 (Meiji May 10) Ren Haijun Navy Jing Daole. After the coup in Meiji six years, 1873 (Meiji six years) from March 3 to 1875 (Meiji eight years) on April 25, he served as senator and minister of the navy (equivalent to minister of the navy). 1875 (Meiji 8) from April 25th to 1875 (Meiji 8) from June 25th,165438+1October 29th, served as a member of the Senate. 1887 (20th year of Meiji) On May 9th, he was specially listed as a native of China, and was awarded the title of Earl for his meritorious political reform. 1April 30, 888 (Meiji 2 1 year) to1April 30, 899 (Meiji 32).

During the chaotic period at the end of the curtain, Tokugawa Yoshinobu alienated Sheng Haizhou because of many objections, but Sheng Haizhou tried his best to win the Meiji government's pardon for Tokugawa Yoshinobu. With his efforts, Tokugawa Kei won the Meiji Emperor, was awarded the title of Duke by special decree, and established the Tokugawa Yoshinobu family (Tokugawa Duke family) outside Tokugawa Zongjia. In addition, in order to take care of the employment in old Mu Chen, provide economic assistance and living security, and minimize the chaos and anti-chaos caused by the collapse of the shogunate, Sheng Haizhou tried to use his title authority and contacts in the new government for more than 30 years after the reform to continue this work.

In the sixth year of Meiji (1873), he went south to Kagoshima as an envoy and went north to Tokyo. During the constitutional stage of the Great Japanese Empire, he participated in the deliberations of the Privy Council as an adviser to the Privy Council and remained silent. Sheng Haizhou likes to discuss. Compared with Saigō Takamori, Kubo Junyi and the new government officials, he is more open to his opinions. On the other hand, his own political stance was severely criticized by the media such as Tuan Tuan Yuan Yuan.

In the seventh year of Meiji (1874), Sheng Haizhou resigned for opposing the government's occupation of Taiwan Province Province (1874 Japanese occupation of Taiwan Province Province), and was completely dismissed after Meiji (1877). Sheng Haizhou initiated the Restoration Movement of Saigō Takamori, and was the central figure of the bloodless Kaicheng and Meiji Restoration in Edo. Later, Saigō Takamori, the former enemy camp leader accused of being a traitor in the name of the Southwest War, actively rehabilitated himself. With the efforts of him and Kuroda Kiyotaka, in the 22nd year of Meiji (1889), with the promulgation of the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire, Saigō Takamori was rehabilitated, and was posthumously awarded the title of Marquise for restoration, which was cut off by the Emperor.

Sheng Haizhou is considered to be the founder of the Japanese navy. He criticized the Meiji government's policy of leaving Asia and entering Europe, advocated supporting China and Japan, and opposed the Japanese-Qing War (Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895). After the defeat of the prefect Ding in beiyang fleet, China, Sheng Haizhou wrote the paper and published it in the newspaper. Sheng Haizhou believes that it is foolish for people to overcome high motivation by themselves and simply follow the colonial policies of Europe and the United States. He explained the real situation in Chinese mainland and China, instead of belittling or competing with each other, and advocated that China and Japan should unite against Europe and the United States. Sanlian's intervention in Japan's high-pressure situation is also within the scope of Sheng Haizhou's early prediction. He severely criticized the tailings poisoning incident and supported Tanaka in resisting public hazards and safeguarding people's rights and interests.

Sheng Haizhou, who retired from politics, wrote poems and painted in a mansion in Akasaka Glacier-CHO, Tokyo. He participated in the revision of the Meiji government's history, received financial support from the government, and wrote, dictated and compiled the Record of Blowing Dust (the outline of the economic system in the Edo era), the history of the navy, the history of the army, the origin of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), and the Shuichuan Huaqing, etc. He organized the old curtain ministers to compile the Record of Tokugawa, but failed due to political factors. Sheng Haizhou experienced the early death of his eldest son and the scandal of his grandson in his later years, and spent it in loneliness. 1899 (meiji 32) 65438+1October 19 died of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 77.