Little knowledge about drinking by ancient people (what are the particularities of drinking in ancient times)

1. What are the particularities of drinking in ancient times?

1. Time

The time for drinking has been strictly regulated since the Western Zhou Dynasty - it can only be done during the crown ceremony, It is against etiquette to drink on occasions such as weddings, funerals, sacrifices or celebrations, and drinking out of season. If you are addicted to alcohol and want to take the opportunity to steal some alcohol in advance to satisfy your craving, you may be caught and kicked out of the venue.

(Formal banquets in ancient times, especially royal banquets, would have a wine official who would specially supervise the drinking etiquette. There are many positions for this wine official, including wine supervisor, wine official, wine order, Mingfu... Their duty is generally to monitor the order of the banquet and drive out those who violate the etiquette)

2. Order

When entering the banquet, the host sits on the right after entering and the guests sit on the left. , the host goes to the east step, and the guest goes to the west step. "Book of Rites: The Righteousness of Drinking in the Countryside" mentioned that sitting in the north enjoys the energy of heaven and earth, while facing the virtues of the south. In short, this is what people often call "sitting north and facing south."

The Hongmen Banquet is one of the most famous banquets in Chinese history. Sima Qian deliberately described the seating arrangements at this banquet: "King Xiang and Xiang Bo sit facing east; Yafu sits facing south - Yafu, Fan Zengye; Peigong sat facing north, and Zhang Liang waited on the west. " During the banquet, King Xiang and Bo Xiang sat facing east, and Yafu sat facing south. Liu Bang sat facing north, and Zhang Liang waited on the west. Usually when the host invites the guests, they should sit in the north seat with the respect of the guests. However, Yafu (Fan Zeng) is the eldest, so it is reasonable to sit in the north seat in the order of honor and inferiority. King Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the northwest to assist the host, and Zhang Liang and Fan Kuai sit in the north seat. In the southeast, as an auxiliary guest.

In addition to the orientation, the ancients also had different arrangements of seats from head to tail, up and down.

3. Toast

The ancients advocated "Wenke" when drinking, which means that although they drink a lot, they must be able to control themselves and ensure that they do not make a mistake or lose their composure. Teach people not to be "ignorant of the three nobles" and people who drink endlessly.

The so-called "Ignorance of the Three Lords" refers to the lack of understanding of the etiquette limited to the three Lords. "Book of Rites Tamamo" mentions the etiquette of the three nobles: "When a gentleman drinks wine, he will look as if he is drinking from one noble. When speaking to the second noble, he will say this. After the three nobles, the ceremony will be oily. When he retreats, he will sit down. "That is to say, a gentleman should stop drinking after three drinks. After three drinks, he should consciously put down his cup and withdraw from the banquet. Therefore, although this wine is good, you cannot drink as much as you want.

During the prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, famous wines appeared in large numbers, and drinking became a common phenomenon. In the Song Dynasty, it began to emphasize festive drinking and ritual drinking. During the Qing Dynasty, literati wrote books stating the rules of etiquette and drinking one by one, to restrain themselves and to advise the world.

There is this sentence in "Jiu De" by Zhang Jinshou of the Qing Dynasty: "The quantity is small and the guests are all happy, and they are both lenient and strict. Everyone suits their own needs, and don't force what is difficult." This is probably what we are doing now. I guess it means "a thousand cups of wine is too little when you meet a close friend, drink as much as you can, and run away if you can't drink anymore".

4. Persuading people to drink

Use sweet words when persuading people to drink, and treat them as bold words when drinking. Drinking and punching, the person cheating on the wine table is not only the fake wine, but also a new friend. But don’t think that the ancients didn’t have such troubles. In addition to abiding by the “three cups or less” rule, sometimes you also have to worry about drinking what you are told to drink. The person with such domineering power is the wine official mentioned above.

The cupbearer is a god-like existence at the banquet, because the guests at the banquet must obey the will of the cupbearer. Sometimes the cupbearer will kick you out of the banquet if you drink some secretly, and sometimes their duties are different. It is to force people to drink, and they specifically look for people who will not drink even if they are drunk, or who will drink a lot but are not very drunk. The drinking order is used as a military order. It is really impossible for you not to obey. This may even cause death. Therefore, those attending the banquet cannot do whatever they want, and it will be considered a violation of etiquette if they disobey.

2. What did the ancients pay attention to when drinking?

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of schools of thought came to dominate the world. By the Qin Dynasty, they advocated Legalism and burned books to enslave Confucianism. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was promoted , popularizing etiquette and going through hundreds of years. The deep-rooted etiquette culture during this period has already been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and constrained the words and deeds of the world.

When it comes to drinking, the ancients were also bound by etiquette and had established rules.

Confucianism pays attention to the word "drinking virtue".

The word "jiu de" was first seen in "Shang Shu" and "The Book of Songs". Its meaning is that drinkers must be virtuous and cannot be like King Zhou of Xia who "overturned their virtues and drank in desolation". This is reflected in "Shang Shu. Jiu Gao" According to the Confucian virtues of wine, this is: "Drink only for sacrifice", you can only drink alcohol when offering sacrifices; "No Yi wine", don't drink alcohol often, drink less in ordinary times to save food, and drink alcohol only when you are sick; "Zhi group drinking" prohibits people from gathering in groups to drink; "ban indulgence" prohibits excessive drinking. Confucianism does not object to drinking. Using wine to worship gods, provide for the elderly, and serve guests are all virtues.

Many of the requirements here are similar to modern drinking customs, such as advising to drink less and prohibiting excessive drinking. However, it is more suitable to drink alcohol when you are sick. Modern medicine shows that drinking alcohol is not suitable even for a mild cold.

Drinking, as a food culture, has been a etiquette that everyone must abide by in ancient times. This etiquette may be simple or complicated, but if it is not followed on some important occasions, it will be considered as not knowing the rules. And because people who drink too much can lose control of themselves and can easily get into trouble, it is important to establish drinking etiquette. Yuan Hongdao of the Ming Dynasty saw drunkards not observing drinking etiquette when drinking, and felt deeply that his elders had the responsibility, so he collected a large amount of information from ancient books and wrote a special article "Zhang Zheng". Although this is written for those who drink alcohol, it also has certain meanings for ordinary drinkers.

There were some drinking etiquettes in ancient my country that have been handed down: when the host and guests drink together, they must kneel to each other. When younger people drink in front of their elders, they are called serving drinkers. They usually have to kneel down first and then sit down at the second table. Only when the elders order the younger ones to drink, the younger ones can raise their glasses; the younger ones cannot finish the wine before the elders have finished drinking it. This is completely formulated in accordance with the ancient three cardinal principles and five constant principles and ethical order.

In addition, there are four steps in ancient drinking etiquette, namely: worship, sacrifice, spitting, and death. That is to first make a bowing gesture to show respect, then pour a little wine on the ground to offer thanks for the earth's fertility; then taste the wine and its flavor, and praise it to make the owner happy; and finally drink it up. This set of complicated actions is no longer seen today. When modern people drink, they either drink slowly in a small cup or drink it all in one gulp.

In ancient times, there were some special names for drinking, which were divided according to different drinking objects. At a banquet, the host should propose a toast to the guests, and the guests should greet the host with a toast in return. They should also say a few words of toast during the toast. Guests can also toast each other, which is called travel fare. Sometimes you have to toast to people in turn, which is called drinking wine. When toasting, both the person toasting and the person being toasted must "avoid the table" and stand up. A typical toast is served in three glasses.

It can be seen that the ancients were very particular about drinking. Perhaps what they valued more was not the drinking, but the process of drinking and who they drank with. However, such emphasis on etiquette and ethics should be in plain areas, and these areas prefer soft wine, which may be related to personality.

3. What did ancient people pay attention to when drinking?

Confucianism pays attention to the word "drinking virtue". The word "jiu de" was first seen in "Shang Shu" and "The Book of Songs". Its meaning is that drinkers must be virtuous and cannot be like King Zhou of Xia who "overturned their virtues and drank in desolation". This is reflected in "Shang Shu. Jiu Gao" According to the Confucian virtues of wine, this is: "Drink only for sacrifice", you can only drink alcohol when offering sacrifices; "No Yi wine", don't drink alcohol often, drink less in ordinary times to save food, and drink alcohol only when you are sick; "Zhi group drinking" prohibits people from gathering in groups to drink; "ban indulgence" prohibits excessive drinking. Confucianism does not object to drinking. Using wine to worship gods, provide for the elderly, and serve guests are all virtues.

Drinking, as a food culture, has formed a etiquette that everyone must abide by in ancient times. Sometimes this etiquette is very cumbersome. But if you fail to comply on some important occasions, you will be suspected of committing rebellion. And because people who drink too much can lose control of themselves and can easily get into trouble, it is important to establish drinking etiquette. Yuan Hongdao of the Ming Dynasty saw drunkards not observing drinking etiquette when drinking, and felt deeply that his elders had the responsibility, so he collected a large amount of information from ancient books and wrote a special article "Zhang Zheng". Although this is written for those who drink alcohol, it also has certain meanings for ordinary drinkers.

Drinking etiquette in ancient my country included the following: When the host and guests drink together, they must kneel to each other. When younger people drink in front of their elders, they are called serving drinkers. They usually have to kneel down first and then sit down at the second table. Only when the elders order the younger ones to drink, the younger ones can raise their glasses; the younger ones cannot finish the wine before the elders have finished drinking it.

The ancient drinking etiquette consisted of four steps: worship, sacrifice, spitting, and mourning. That is to first make a bowing gesture to show respect, then pour a little wine on the ground to offer thanks for the earth's fertility; then taste the wine and its flavor, and praise it to make the owner happy; and finally drink it up.

At a banquet, the host should toast to the guests, and the guests should greet the host in return, and also say a few words of toast during the toast. Guests can also toast each other, which is called travel fare. Sometimes you have to toast to people in turn, which is called drinking wine. When toasting, both the person toasting and the person being toasted must "avoid the table" and stand up. A typical toast is served in three glasses.

4. How did people drink in ancient times?

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, our country has established a relatively standardized set of drinking etiquette, which became one of the important etiquette in that etiquette society. . The drinking etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be summarized in four words: time, sequence, effect, and order. Time refers to strictly controlling the time for drinking. Drinking can only be done on occasions such as crown ceremonies, weddings, funerals, sacrifices or wedding ceremonies. Violation of the time is regarded as a violation of etiquette. Order means that when drinking, follow the order of heaven, earth, ghosts, gods, eldest, young, respect and inferiority. Violation of the order is also considered a violation of etiquette. Effect means that you should not go crazy when drinking, and only drink it in moderation. It will stop when you drink it. Overdosage is also considered a violation of etiquette. Order refers to obeying the will of the wine official at a drinking banquet and not doing whatever you want. Failure to obey is also considered a violation of etiquette.

For formal banquets, especially royal banquets, there must be a wine official who specializes in supervising drinking etiquette, and has the names of wine supervisor, wine official, wine order, and Mingfu. Their duty is generally to monitor the order of banquets and drive out those who violate etiquette. However, sometimes their duty is to force people to drink. Instead, they have to punish those who drink without getting drunk or get drunk without drinking. They use the drinking order as a military order and even cause death. As "Shuo Yuan" says, during the Warring States Period, Marquis Wen of Wei drank with the officials and ordered the public to be unkind and called him "Zhangzheng", who was the drinking officer. Gongcheng Buren was very conscientious in his work, and made an appointment with the emperor and his ministers: "Those who fail to drink will be exposed." That is to say, if anyone does not finish his cup, he will be punished with another big cup. Unexpectedly, Marquis Wei Wen was the first to violate this rule and drink more than he could finish. So he held up a large cup to punish his lord. Wei Wenhou looked at the glass of wine and ignored it. The waiter said at the side: "Bu Ren, hurry up and step aside. Your Majesty is already drunk." Not only did Gongcheng Bu Ren not retreat, he also cited scriptures to explain why it is not easy to be a minister and it is not easy to be a king. He said confidently: " Today, your Majesty agreed to set up such a drinking order, but it is not allowed. How can this be done?" After hearing this, Marquis Wei Wen said "Shan", picked up the cup and drank it all. After drinking, he said, "I'm sorry." "Cheng Buren is a guest" and praised him.

When drinking, the ancients advocated "Wenke", which means that even if you drink a lot, you must be able to control yourself and make sure not to lose your words or lose your composure. Teach people not to be "ignorant of the three nobles" and people who drink endlessly.

The so-called "Ignorance of the Three Lords" refers to the lack of understanding of the etiquette limited to the three Lords. "Book of Rites Tamamo" mentions the etiquette of the three nobles: "When a gentleman drinks wine, he will look as if he is drinking from one noble. When speaking to the second noble, he will say this. After the three nobles, the ceremony will be oily. When he retreats, he will sit down. "That is to say, a gentleman should stop drinking after three drinks. After three drinks, he should consciously put down his cup and withdraw from the banquet. The so-called Sanjue refers to the right amount, until the amount is enough, which is what "The Analects of Confucius·Xiangdang" said "but the limitless wine is not as good as the chaos".

People in the Tang Dynasty seldom drank in moderation. Probably starting from the Song Dynasty, people put more emphasis on festive drinking and ceremonial drinking. By the Qing Dynasty, literati wrote books stating the rules of etiquette and drinking one by one to restrain themselves and advise the world, such as: "Wine Admonitions", "Wine Administration", "Shangzheng", "Wine Commentary", etc. There is this sentence in "Jiu De" by Zhang Jinshou of the Qing Dynasty: The quantity is small and casual, all guests enjoy themselves, and both leniency and strictness are used. Everyone does what he wants, don't force yourself to do anything. From this we can see the specific content of the etiquette and drinking regulations pursued in the Qing Dynasty.

5. What was the way the ancients drank?

The way the ancients drank was probably nothing more than drinking alone or in groups.

The so-called drinking alone means drinking alone. "Drinking alone in Nanxuan, listening to the piano alone", "A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without a blind date", "Drinking alone under the plum blossoms", "Drinking alone with a ladle", it can be seen that drinking alone is a common thing for the ancients.

The so-called group drinking, as the name suggests, does not mean drinking alone, such as gatherings of relatives and friends, welcoming guests, and various banquets. Although people have different states of mind when drinking alone, it can be summed up as being happy or sad.

When something happy happens, or after a tiring day and a certain task is completed, it is a pleasure to drink some wine between reciting poems and painting to feel comfortable, eliminate fatigue, and refresh yourself. Such drinking alone can still be seen everywhere today.

But when encountering sad things, such as difficulty in fulfilling one's ambitions, frustration in officialdom, business failure, loss of relatives and friends, etc., and it is difficult to talk to others, they often want to use alcohol to numb their nerves and gain temporary relief. The so-called "drinking to relieve one's sorrows" is the calmness. This kind of drinking alone is customarily called "drinking alone" today. Not only does it not relieve sorrow, it is also seriously harmful to health. Although almost everyone understands this truth, it is indeed regrettable that some people still do it.

The ancients also had some strange ways of drinking, such as "drinking naked" without clothes, "drinking with makeup" dressed in weird clothes, "drinking upside down" with the head down and feet up, and "drinking without burning a candle at night" "Ghost Drinking", "Prison Drinking" without a hat, no shoes, handcuffed and shackled, "Drinking in the Nest" sitting in a tree, "Drinking" with sudden elegies and tears, and immediately climbing up the tree after drinking a cup The "Crane Drink", the "Turtle Drink" with the grass wrapped around the head stretched out to drink wine, etc. It is undeniable that some literati drank in this way, which did contain elements of contempt for "etiquette and law", but it was not enough to become the law. Therefore, although some people "initiated" it, no one "inherited it".

6. What are the rules of drinking in ancient China? It is best to provide clear historical records

1. Ancient Chinese literati paid great attention to the person, place, duration and time of drinking. Fun, drinking ban, drinking lan.

The person who drinks with others should be a close friend and old friend with elegant demeanor, forthright temperament and forthrightness. As the saying goes, "When you meet a close friend, a thousand cups are too little."

The best places to drink are under flowers, bamboo forests, high pavilions, painted boats, secluded pavilions, Pingchou, famous mountains, lotus pavilions and other places.

Choose the most poetic and picturesque time to drink in harmony with the place where you drink, such as clear autumn, fresh green rain, rain, snow, new moon, cool evening, etc.

Drinking pleasures include chanting, drinking, burning incense, passing flowers, singing songs, and surrounding the stove to enhance the atmosphere and improve the mood.

Drinking prohibitions include teasing, teasing, filthy remarks, etc. to avoid unpleasant things happening while drinking.

When the wine is almost gone, you can compose poems according to the rhyme of each other, or invite each other to take a walk, or relax on the pillow, or climb high, or go fishing. Zheng Banqiao has a couplet that says: "Drink with discretion; recite poems boldly." □Li Fu

2. Drinking etiquette: worship, offer sacrifices, spit, and die. That is to first make a gesture of worship to show respect, then pour a little wine on the ground to offer thanks for the earth's fertility, then taste the wine, praise it to make the owner happy, and finally drink it up. Remuneration - the host should toast to the guest, Xu - the guest should return the toast to the host and say a few words of toast when toasting, travel reward - the guests can also toast each other, Xingjiu - toast to each other in turn, avoid Banquet - When toasting, both the person toasting and the person being toasted must stand up. Generally, three cups are considered as the measure of a toast.

I didn’t expect that the ancients paid so much attention to drinking. No wonder there are so many details on the wine table now. It’s embarrassing for people who don’t understand. Now we have not only inherited many ancient drinking etiquette, but also enriched them. If you have the opportunity, ask someone who drinks regularly for advice.

7. What were the rules for drinking at home in ancient times?

Drinking at home had a very strong utilitarian purpose, and sometimes one would not hesitate to let one’s favorite concubine serve the guests in person. Use the cup to encourage wine. However, there are also people who entertain friends at home purely for the sake of friendship. Bai Juyi wrote in "Ask Liu Nineteenth": "Green ants have newly brewed wine, and they have a small red clay stove. It's snowing in the evening, can I have a cup of water?" When the snow is about to come, I have a newly brewed wine. , can friends come to my home? We guarded the warm red clay stove, slowly tasted the warm wine on the stove, and talked casually together. How fun it would be! Such a warm scene, such a beautiful friendship, listening to the wind and snow outside, makes the warmth in the house and the mellowness of the wine even more evident.

When drinking at home, there is no noise in the hotel, no taboos about inappropriate words in the hotel, and no formality and formality in the hotel. At home, you can enjoy a hearty meal with plenty of food and wine, or you can have a couple of vegetarian dishes and a pot of old wine. As long as a few people are in the same mood, you can have fun over the cup or talk over the wine.

Sometimes after a long day’s work, exhausted physically and mentally, I return home and sit on the kang, while my wife serves hot meals. If I can pour a glass of my favorite wine and slowly taste it, I will feel better. Get rid of fatigue and fall into sleep in a tipsy state.

Sometimes when I see the flowers blooming and the moon is full, the couple gazes at the moon, they suddenly fall in love. A glass of wine, the couple sip slowly and affectionately, and they feel that a spring night is worth a thousand dollars.

When entertaining relatives and friends at home, you can freely customize the dishes according to your own tastes, and the host or guests can also cook them themselves to show off their skills. Especially if at this time the host brings out the wine that has been collected for many years, or some brings out the home-brewed wine, or has rare dishes to share with everyone, while everyone tastes the delicious food together, they will also leave a lasting impression on such a gathering. Make great memories. Famous and aristocratic families in ancient China sometimes valued their status and refused to go to restaurants and tea shops. They often had professional chefs in their own homes to entertain distinguished guests with family banquets.

8. Break your historical common sense and see why alcohol was banned in ancient times

In fact, drinking was not encouraged in ancient China. There are many reasons behind this.

In fact, drinking alcohol has been discouraged in ancient China. There are many reasons behind this. In ancient times, because grain production was unstable, wine production was greatly affected by grain output.

Moreover, in ancient society, those who were eligible to drink were the upper class. And for a long time, wine was an exclusive product of the upper class, so it was not a commodity circulating in the market. It was not until the Han Dynasty that wine became a drink circulating in the market.

But this does not mean that ancient society had an open attitude towards alcohol. The ancients had already started making wine a long time ago. It is said that Yi Di invented wine making during the Xia Yu period.

"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" mentioned: "Yidi makes wine", while the records in "Warring States Policy" are more detailed, and there are records in "Lu *** Gong's Choices" to this story about winemaking. But the story records exactly how Xia Yu alienated Yidi. "In the past, the emperor's daughter ordered Yidi to make wine to make it beautiful. When Yu came to drink it, Yu drank it and liked it. Then she left Yidi and ordered the wine, saying: "There will be something in the future generations. Those who use wine to destroy their country.

" And the facts proved that Xia Yu's prediction was correct. The last two generations of Xia and Shang kings were killed because of drinking, which led to the destruction of the country.

Judging from historical records and the large number of unearthed drinking vessels, drinking was very popular among the rulers of the Xia and Shang dynasties. After overthrowing the rule of the Shang Dynasty, it is said that Duke Zhou issued China's earliest alcohol prohibition, the "Jiu Gao".

Among them, there are reflections on the demise of the previous dynasty due to excessive drinking, emphasizing that drinking should not be done frequently, and drinking can only be done during sacrifices. This can be proved by the reduced proportion of wine vessels among the unearthed artifacts.

The main views on wine in "Jiu Gao" are: no Yi wine, drink in groups, and avoid Burmese wine. It can be seen that since the Zhou Dynasty, wine has been considered to be the root cause of chaos, loss of morality and the destruction of the country.

This constitutes one of the leading ideas of prohibition on alcohol in China, and "Jiu Gao" has become a model for later generations to refer to. So later generations basically have policies on drinking or making wine.

The specific form and degree of cupbearer implementation varied from dynasty to dynasty, but there were basically three main measures: banning wine, banning wine and taxing wine. The so-called prohibition of alcohol, as the name suggests, means that the production, circulation and consumption of alcohol are prohibited by the order of the Communist Party.

Prohibition has two main purposes: to reduce food consumption and to prevent people from drinking alcohol. The grain consumed in brewing actually puts a huge burden on agricultural production. Once the country needs to prepare for war, or the harvest is not good, people will be prohibited from using grain to brew.

Preventing people from drinking alcohol is a moral consideration. Excessive drinking can damage one's moral character, or even talk arrogantly while drunk, which may lead to a fight in a crowd, so banning drinking also has this aspect in mind.

Sometimes the prohibition on alcohol also prohibits group drinking. In the early Western Han Dynasty, a "forbidden group drinking" system was implemented. The law formulated by Prime Minister Xiao He stipulated: "Three or more people drinking in groups without reason will be fined four taels." Ganjiu is actually a liquor monopoly system, also known as Ganfen and Jiuguan.

It began in the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The government controlled the production and circulation of wine, monopolized the profits of wine, and did not allow private individuals to brew wine freely. This kind of alcohol prohibition measure is mainly based on economic considerations. It is often because the government sees huge profits from alcohol and decides to monopolize the market.

However, there are many different practices in practice. In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the government setting up special stores to sell wine, the government also sold liquor, or licensed wine merchants paid half of the wine price to the ***. , or allocate the wine money on the local tax and other different methods. In the Song Dynasty, the tax farming system was implemented. The tax farming party purchased the winery, sold the wine, and no other people were allowed to intervene. It was a commissioned monopoly.

Taxing wine is the simplest method and has a long history. Qin State's Shang Martingale Reform imposed heavy taxes to suppress business, and the price of wine was ten times the cost.

"Qin Law" prohibits the use of surplus grain to make wine and sell it for profit. In the early Jin Dynasty, private brewing was strictly prohibited. Later, the government recruited brewers to make brews and levied taxes based on output.

In the early Yuan Dynasty, the wine and vinegar service workshop was set up to handle the wine tax. Later, the wine class was set up to raise the tax, and the officials were responsible for the bad housing. The official selling price is five taels per stone, while the private brewing price is ten taels per stone.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the wine tax was even divided into ethnic groups. The wine tax of the *** was one-tenth, but the wine made by the Semu people was charged one-thirtieth. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the sale of home brewing was legally prohibited, but in practice it was banned repeatedly.

The Qing Dynasty once simply levied taxes directly on winemakers and wine shops in some areas, making the prohibition system a mere formality. The Qing government stipulated that wine merchants should pay taxes to the police on a monthly and quarterly basis, and wine vendors set up checkpoints to check taxes. If a wine jar was found without a tax-paid "pot invoice", he would be severely fined.

It can be seen from these policies that China has always been wary of alcohol throughout its history, but it has been unable to completely ban alcohol in life. Therefore, the history of prohibition is as long as the history of alcohol.

9. Ancient ways of drinking

There are more than just these four!

A form of drinking. Generally, drinking is done while sitting on a stool or chair at the table, with a cup, bowl, or pot being poured and tasted. There are basically no other forms of drinking for modern people.

There are many strange forms in history. Drinking through the nose is popular in Guangdong and Guangxi areas (it was popular from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty). Weird moves include turtle drink, crane drink, old drink, nest drink, etc. (originally created by poets Su Shunqin, Shi Yannian and others in the Song Dynasty to show their outstanding personalities when they gathered for drinking). Strange drinking methods in ancient times include setting up ghost drinking, drinking by holding the ghost, etc. Because the style is really weird, a few people did it by chance, and it is difficult to spread and promote it. Therefore, its specific form cannot be investigated today.

In ancient times, people not only paid attention to the quality of wine and emphasized drinking moderation, but also paid great attention to the environment and methods of drinking, such as when to drink, when not to drink, where to drink, and what to drink. , how to drink, etc., there are many rules and considerations. For example, regarding the ideal environment for drinking, Hao Bin once made the following summary:

Drinking people: elegant, chivalrous, straightforward, forgetful, confidant, old friend, beautiful person, and lovely person.

Drinking places: under flowers, bamboo groves, high rooms, painted boats, secluded pavilions, between curved rocks, Pingxi, and lotus pavilions. In addition, drinking in the garden in spring is suitable, drinking in summer is suitable for drinking water, drinking in autumn is suitable for boats, drinking in winter is suitable for indoors, and drinking at night is suitable for the moon.

Drinking weather: spring effect, flower time, autumn mood, green petals, mist, snow, new moon, late cool.

Drinking pleasures: light, wonderful, couplet chanting, burning incense, passing flowers, singing songs, returning to the cup, and surrounding the stove.

Drinking prohibitions: birthdays, sitting at night, persuading, arguing, avoiding alcohol, delirium, filthy drinking, and pretending to be drunk.

Drinking lantern: walking, singing pillows, perching on rocks, dividing beauties, fishing, shore, boiling springs, and throwing pots (Hao Bin's "Three Rules of Wine Administration" in the second volume of "The Complete Works of Tanji Series").

Attachment: Qu Shui Shui Shang

On the third day of March in the ninth year of Yonghe (353), Wang Xizhi, the famous calligrapher and internal history of Kuaiji in the Jin Dynasty, together with his relatives and friends Xie An and Sun Chuo and other 42 people held the "Qushui Shang Shang" activity of drinking wine and composing poems after the solitude of the Lanting Pavilion, which has become a legend throughout the ages. This Confucianism and elegance have been passed down to this day. At that time, Wang Xizhi and others sat on the ground on both sides of the clear stream in Orchid Pavilion after holding a ceremony to repair the evil spirits. They placed the wine glasses in the stream and slowly floated down from the upstream. After passing through the winding stream, the glasses were swirling in front of someone. Or stop, whoever will compose an impromptu poem and drink wine. According to historical records, in this game, eleven people each wrote two poems, fifteen people each wrote one poem, and sixteen people failed to write a poem, and each was punished with three drinks of wine. Wang Xizhi collected everyone's poems, wrote a preface with silkworm cocoon paper and a whisker pen, and took advantage of his excitement to write the world-famous "Preface to the Lanting Anthology", which was praised by later generations as "the best running script in the world". He is revered as the "Sage of Calligraphy". The "Preface to the Lanting Collection" is also known as "Yie Tie".