chinese classical style

1. The usage of the word "one" in classical Chinese is 1. It is used as a preposition. There are mainly the following situations: (1) The word "one" indicates the tools, methods and others used or relied on in actions and behaviors, which can be translated as "use", "that" rely on "and" what identity is used (relied on)? (Cao Gui Debate) The other ships are inferior to each other. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Dazhong Cheng Fu Wu is the private property of Wei ... (Inscription on the Tomb of Five People) (2) The word "one" serves as a guest and can be translated as "ba". For example, Qin did not give Zhao Chengchi, and Zhao did not give Qin Bi. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) No way. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) When he was in command of the army, he suffered from famine and plague, and half of the dead died. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (4) The word "one" is used to introduce the action and the time and place where the action occurs, which can be translated as "in" and "from". For example, in December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, there was a snowstorm in Beijing ... (5) The word "one" indicates the object of action, which, like "harmony", can be translated as "he" and "heel"; Sometimes it can be translated as "lead" and "lead". For example, the world has changed, and the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. (childe) wanted to be a guest, Zhao died. (Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao) 2. The word "to" is used as a conjunction. There are many similarities between usage and "he", but it can't be used for turning relations. (1) The word "to" indicates a coordinate or progressive relationship, and is often used to connect verbs and adjectives (including verbs and adjectives). Then there are many tourists ... (You Shan) (2) The word "one" indicates an inheritance relationship, and the action before "one" is often a means or way of the latter action. It can be translated as "Er" or omitted. For example, I waited for four people to enter ... (Travel Notes of Baochan) ③ The word "Yi" indicates the purpose relationship. It is often the purpose or result of previous actions. It can be translated into "le", "lai", "habit", "so that" and so on. For example, writing Shi Shuo makes it last forever. (Shi Shuo) Make money and send it away. (Monument to the Tomb of the Five) It is not appropriate to belittle yourself ... to block the road of loyalty and advice. Dare not add soldiers to ask Wei for more than ten years. The ancients ... were everywhere because of their profound thinking. (Bao Chan Shan Jutu) (5) The word "one" indicates a modifying relationship and connects the adverbial and the head word, which can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example, the trees are flourishing and the flowers are blooming in spring. (Tao Yuan) It leads to the development of things or the result of inference. For example, many people regard books as false surpluses ... (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang) Earnings are recorded, sighing the simplicity of Li Yuan and laughing at Li Bo's ugliness. (Shi Zhongshan period) is based on 19 years, and the blade is new. ("Knowing Cows")

2. The classical Chinese "The Preface of Residual Ions" tests residual ions, which are gloomy and literary; Li, one of the gossip, represents fire; Depression means civilization, which means that if the future generations of the world use four words, they will certainly reach the rule of civilization.

The ideological content is based on Tao and combined with Confucianism. The vagaries of conception and writing have won the essence of Zhuangzi.

Jiajing Chen Bing and Song Lian's "Men Zi Ning Dao Ji" were jointly engraved in Kaifeng. Liu Ji believes that everything has a way and the way is irreversible; Second, things have two poles and unity of opposites; Third, manage a difference and explore its essence; Fourth, wisdom is better than strength, and what is known is unknown; Fifth, reason with things and think in images.

Thinking has gained the essence of Taoist thinking. "Residual ion" is Liu Bowen's excuse. When Liu wrote Jade Ion, he was at the peak of his life at the age of 47-50. He was depressed for the first half of his life and was unable to display his ambition. Later, he was deprived of military power, so he abandoned his official position and retired to his hometown of Qingtian Mountain, where he wrote Yu Ion with indignation.

Soon after writing, he ran away from home and became Zhu Yuanzhang's confidant, helping Zhu Yuanzhang to establish a unified Ming Dynasty. Liu Ji (1311July1375 April 16), Han nationality, is a native of Nantian Township, qingtian county.

In nine years, Wu Zongzhengde posthumously awarded a surname, Wencheng, and later generations also called him Liu Wencheng and Wenchenggong. Military strategists, politicians and poets at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty were familiar with classics and history, were familiar with astronomy and made good use of the method of selecting soldiers.

He assisted Zhu Yuanzhang to complete the imperial industry, founded the Ming Dynasty, and tried his best to maintain the stability of the country, so he became famous all over the world and was compared to Zhuge Wuhou by later generations. Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly called Liu Ji: "My ovary is also.

In the history of literature, Liu Ji, Song Lian and Gao Qi are called "the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty". Jade Ion is a famous collection of satirical political essays, which is generally believed to be written by Liu Ji, who lived in seclusion in Qingtian's hometown because of his complete disappointment with the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties.

As Liu Ji's immortal masterpiece, Yu Ion, as far as its creative motivation and academic system are concerned, Wu's Preface to Yu Ion says: "He is depressed and literary; Liang Ming, from also; It is also called civilization for depressed people. If you don't clear your name, that is to say, if future generations use slang, they can rule their ears with civilization! " [23] Xu Yikui, the brother of Liu Ji, said, "What is depression?" Separation is fire, the image of civilization, and the use of it is gloomy, which is the rule of prosperous civilization, so it is called Yu Ion.

..... This is based on benevolence, righteousness and morality, with good fortune and bad luck clearly defined, and judged by success or failure in ancient and modern times. It is probably to correct the shortcomings of the meta-room, and it is also exciting. Liu Ji finally mentioned Yu Ion: "I do." Talk about Yao and Shun, Tang and Wu, learn from Yi Lu, learn from Wang Dian, discuss the politics of saving the world, understand the statutes, be happy with the ceremony, and be happy for you.

"[24]" Yu Ion "is indeed a famous masterpiece of later generations! [25] The allegorical style of Liu Ji's Jade Ion can be described as "the cage is full of sinks, the hole is full of doubts, and the strange argument is skillful in metaphor without losing truth." [26] At this point, it is quite similar to the language style of Zhuangzi, that is, Wang Yang is unrestrained, imaginative, rich in words, magnificent and infectious.

More importantly, Yu also absorbed and adapted some fables in Zhuangzi to make them practical. Here are a few examples to illustrate: In Zhuangzi's Theory of Everything, there is a fable of "chop and change": "It is criticized by many people, saying: chop and change.

All the snipers are angry. Say: However, it is changeable.

Everyone is very happy. [27] "The Thief of Heaven and Earth" denounced Dr. Ai's political skill of "serving the people" and advocated the idea of "collecting what he wants without being hated by him". Liu Ji believes that Dr. Ai's technology "has changed three times" and there is no substantial change.

[28] Liu Ji rewrote the fable of "being killed by the public, giving hair" in the article "Li Yuzi's Tour to Qin", aiming at explaining the justice and rationality of the people's rebellion and uprising against exploitation and oppression. In fact, it is an eulogy and praise of the Tang and Wu Dynasties' theory of "there is no way to cut down": Chu raised and killed the living, and Chu people called it being killed by the public. On the day of death, some people will be killed in court, so that the old people can seek the truth about the vegetation in the mountains and give themselves something.

Still not giving it, then whip it. All the attacked people are afraid of suffering, but dare to violate it.

One day, a little spy said to many spies, "The fruit of the mountain, the tree of the office?" "No, it's natural." He said, "You can't take it without making it public?" He said, "If you don't do this, you will get what you want.

Yue: "But why should I work for him?" "If you don't say it, all people will be killed. At night, spies are sleeping, breaking fences and destroying pestles, taking their products and carrying them back into the forest.

The dead soldier died of hunger. Li Yu said, "Some people use skills to make people feel helpless. As fair as being killed? Only when he was unconscious, once he opened it, his skills were poor.

"? [29] It is not difficult to see that Zhuangzi's "public sniper" is uncivilized and in a state of ignorance. "Public Sniper" and "Public Sniper" are a kind of relationship between feeding and being fed; Liu Ji's Countless Snipers got rid of ignorance and demanded freedom and rebirth, which is an affirmation of the revolutionary spirit of resisting oppression and resistance. "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour" has an example of "I don't know the Spring and Autumn Period", [30] which means that life is too short to always miss the good things.

The article "Jade-Ion Mayfly" says that Mayfly is "unknown in winter and spring", and [3 1] obviously originated in Zhuangzi, because "Mayfly" is "Mayfly", that is, a kind of life. There is a saying in Zhuangzi Qiushui that "an owl catches a rotten mouse" [32], and there is a saying in Li Yu Fairy that "an owl is afraid when it sees people" [33].

Zhuangzi roaming: "Keiko said to Zhuangzi,' I have a big tree, which people call a dead tree. Its big book is swollen but not in the rope ink, and its twigs are curled but not in the rules, which the craftsmen ignore.

This son's words are too big and useless, so everyone follows. Zhuangzi said, "... there are big trees today, and it's no use. Why not plant them in a land with nothing, in a wild land with nothing, wandering around doing nothing and sleeping under them, which is harmless?

Nothing, I finally lived a quiet life! ""[34] The dialogue between Zhuangzi and Hui Shi explained to us the truth of "useless wood" and "don't kill an axe". Liu Ji also quoted "killing evil without cutting, eating bitter gourd without cooking" in Yu Ion [35].

Besides Yu, there are many traces of Zhuangzi in many of Liu Ji's poems. "Dapeng Flourishing and Flying with Laughter" in Miscellaneous Poem No.41 borrows the story of Dapeng, flies and flies in "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour".

Liu Ji's Qiao Yu Zi Dui borrowed "Hermit".

3. Rehearsal of ancient Chinese (modern Chinese)

Xuanyi (ancient Chinese)

"you" Y √.

◎ study, practice: drop out of school. study

(1) learning; practise

Soldiers and officials all participated in Sun Wu's Art of War. -"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty"

(2) Another example: dropping out of school (attending Kyoto school)

(3) Review and check. For example, Yi Yi (the ancient king held a sacrifice for something and needed to preview his prestige, which was called "Yi Yi")

(Excerpted from Han Dian)

4. Translation of ancient Chinese, under the Book of Rites Quli: Jun Ming, doctor and scholar, in Mandarin, literal translation;

The monarch has orders, and doctors and scholars should study them. Layout documents should be discussed in the place of layout documents; Treasure wealth should be discussed in the treasure wealth department; We should discuss chariots, horses and armored soldiers, in front of chariots and armored soldiers; Political behavior should be discussed in the place where the monarch and the minister discuss the matter. The discussion of political affairs should not involve dogs and horses. Don't appear in court. When you go home separately, look back. There is no digression, there must be some improper ideas. Therefore, it is impolite for a gentleman to "look away". Be polite everywhere in court, and be polite when answering questions.

Simplify translation;

Doctors and scholars should study the orders given by the monarch. What topic to discuss can only be said to be related to this topic. Say where you are.

You can't talk about lowly things in an elegant and solemn place. Looking back, I either have an unusual opinion that I didn't say, or I have an unusual worry. In court, everything you say and do should be reasonable.

5. Classical Chinese is a biography of Tao Yuanming (Xiao Tong) with distinctive characters.

Or words are hidden in the clouds. Xunyang chaisang people are also.

Great grandfather Kan, Jin Sima. Yuan Ming is very interested, knowledgeable and good at writing. Smart Ren Zhen is complacent.

The article "Biography of Mr. Wu Liu" is a true record. Pro-poor hometown, drinking for the country; The official position can't stand it, and I will return to China in a few days.

The country is called the master book, not just. I worked hard at my own expense, so I got sick.

Jiangzhou secretariat Tandaoji is waiting, and it must be the day of Tongzhi. Dao Ji said, "The sage is alive. There is no way in the world, so hide it. There is a way. " This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer from it? "Yes, I said," I dare not look at sages if I dive, but I don't have as big ambition as I do. "

Knife Ji gave Liang meat and left. Later, Zhenjun and Wei Jian joined the army and said to their relatives and friends, "It's okay to talk about string songs and think they are the capital of three roads." The deacon heard about it and thought it was ordered by Peng.

Instead of being tired at home, I gave my son a hand. The book says, "It's hard for you to support yourself. Now I send this hand to help you pay your salary. This is also the son of man, so you can meet him. "

When Gong Tian learned that officials were sowing seeds, he said, "I've had enough!" " My wife invited me to plant japonica rice, so I planted 20 hectares and 50 acres of japonica rice. At the end of the year, Hui county sent Du You, and the county official asked, "You should see its area."

Yuan Ming sighed, "How can I bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice?" On the same day, I was relieved of my post and assigned to "come back". If you want to be A Lang, don't you?

Jiangzhou secretariat Wang Hong wants to know, but he can't. Yuanming tasted Lushan Mountain, ordered Yuanming's old friend Pang Tong to drink and invited him to his chest.

Yuan Ming has a foot disease, which makes a student have two children. When I arrived, I was happy to have a drink. After a while, there is no room.

First, Yan Yanzhi is the hero of Liu Liu's post-army. He fell in love with Yuan Ming in Dangyang and later in Shi 'an County. After Xunyang, take a deep drink. I get drunk every time I go.

Hiro wants to ask him to sit down for a while, but he can't wait. When you leave, leave 20 thousand yuan for Yuanming; Yuan Ming was sent to the restaurant and later took the wine.

Try sitting in the chrysanthemum bushes by the house on September 9, holding chrysanthemums for a long time, and suddenly sending wine to Hong. Even if you just drink, you will go home drunk. Yuan Ming doesn't know the melody, but he keeps a stringed piano. Every wine is suitable, so he needs to fondle it to convey his meaning.

The expensive and the cheap have wine. If Yuanming gets drunk first, he will say to the guests, "I'm drunk and sleepy, so go!" " "This is the truth rate.

Wait in the county, it's worth brewing. Take a towel from your head and pour the wine, then pour it. Zhou Xu entered Lushan Mountain and released Hui Yuan; The adherents of Liu Pengcheng also fled Kuangshan, while Yuanming did not apply for life. This is the so-called Xunyang Yin San.

After that, Tan Shao, the secretariat, was invited to stay in Dengzhou, and he gave lectures in the north of the city and the trial school with his bachelor's ancestors, Qihe and * * *. I live in a hotel, which is close to the cavalry.

Therefore, Yuan made it clear that his poem was like this: "Narrating Confucius' career, his ancestors thanked him for it;" "The cavalry is not a problem, and the school books have been diligent." His wife Zhai can also work hard with his comrades.

Since his great-grandfather, Wang Ye, the great-grandfather of the Song Dynasty, gradually made his fortune, he was no longer willing to be an official. Yuan Jia will be reinstated in four years and die.

At the age of 63. Mr Shi Hao.

Tao Yuanming has a distinctive character. Some people say his name is Tao Qian.

Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangsu) was born. His great-grandfather Tao Kan was a fu in the Jin Dynasty.

Tao Yuanming was ambitious, knowledgeable and good at writing articles when he was a teenager. Smart and free and easy, outstanding, willful and frank, lofty and conceited. He once wrote Biography of Mr. May 6th to amuse himself. People called this book a record at that time.

Filial piety to the elderly, the family is very poor, was appointed as a state drink offering (official name), can not stand the trivial matters of officialdom, and soon abandoned the official and went home. States and counties call him the main book and don't accept it.

Self-sufficient in farming and raising diseases. Jiangzhou secretariat (official name) Tan Daoji went to visit him. Tao Yuanming has been hungry in bed for several days.

Tan Daoji said: "A wise man lives in seclusion when the imperial court has no choice, and comes out as an official when he is politically conscious. Now that you were born in an enlightened event, why do you want to spoil yourself so much? " Tao Yuanming replied, "How dare I pretend to be a saint? My ambition is not comparable to theirs. " He threw away all the food and meat that Tan Daoji gave him.

Later, he served as the town army and Jianwei joined the army (official name). Tao Yuanming said to his relatives and friends, "I'm going to live in seclusion and play the piano and sing, ok?" When the governor heard about it, he was transferred to Pengze County Magistrate.

He took office alone without family and sent a laborer to his son. He wrote: "Be self-sufficient in daily expenses. Now I'll send a servant to help you cut wood and draw water. He is also someone else's son, so you should be good to him. "

Sorghum is planted in the government's public land, saying, "I can get drunk often." My wife and son insisted on growing grain, so they ordered two hectares and fifty mu of land to grow sorghum and fifty mu of grain.

At the end of the year, it happened that Zhou County sent Du You (official name) to pengze county, and his subordinates found Tao Yuanming and said, "You saw him in official clothes because of this neat costume." Tao Yuanming sighed and said, "How can I bend down for five buckets of rice and imitate the people in the village!" " "On the same day, he took off his official seal, resigned from his official position, and wrote an essay entitled" Go and Come Again ".

The court recruited him as a writer (official name) and refused to accept him. Jiangzhou secretariat Wang Hong intends to make friends with him, but he can't be invited.

Tao Yuanming has been to Lushan Mountain. Wang Hong asked Tao Yuanming's old friend Pang Tongzhi to prepare a banquet and invited him to nakata. Tao Yuanming was sick on his feet, so one of his students and his two sons took turns sitting in a sedan chair. When he arrived, he was happy to have a drink with a Ponton.

Soon Ms. Wang arrived, and Tao Yuanming didn't get up. At first, Yan Yanzhi (name) served as an official (official name) of Liu Liu's rear army. He has a friendship with Tao Yuanming in Xunyang. Later, he came to Shi 'an County to be an official. After passing through the dirty sun (place name), I often go to Tao Yuanming's residence to drink.

Every time I go, I get drunk. Wang hong intended to invite Yan Yanzhi to dinner, but she couldn't find it all day.

When Yan Yanzhi was transferred, he left Tao Yuanming twenty thousand yuan. Tao Yuanming gave them all to the hotel so that he could drink from now on. I used to sit idly in the chrysanthemums beside my house on September 9. After a long time, I picked chrysanthemums and suddenly caught up with wang hong to deliver wine. I drank it immediately and went back drunk.

Tao Yuanming doesn't know the melody, but he keeps a stringed piano. Every time he drinks, he pulls it out and gives it new meaning. No matter who comes to visit, as long as there is wine, it's a treat.

If Tao Yuanming got drunk first, he said to the guests, "I'm drunk and want to sleep." You can go now. " His innocence and frankness have reached this point.

The county general (official name) once visited him, and it happened that the distiller's grains he brewed were ripe. Tao Yuanming sifted the wine with a towel on his head and tied a headscarf on his head after screening. At that time.