In 29, the introduction of Jiangsu Chinese classics with additional questions.

a cautionary tale returns to the directory

a collection of stories. Feng Menglong compiled in the late Ming Dynasty. It is called "Sanyan" together with another collection of Feng's novels, Yu Shimingyan (Ancient and Modern Novels) and Awakening the World. According to Jinling Jianshantang's engraving of Yu Zhang, the preface written by the layman was "Apocalypse Jiazi", which was engraved in the fourth year of Apocalypse (1624). There is no need to write this book, just the title "It can be evaluated by a master, which does not hinder the layman's comparison (school)". At the beginning of Ling's Preface to Surprise, he said, "Yu Shi and other books compiled by Du Longzi Youshi are quite elegant and well-regulated ..." The preface to the Wonders of the Present and Ancient Times by the owner of Laughing Flower said: "Mo Hanzhai supplemented Ping Yao, and the poor workers changed greatly ... until the three words of Yu Shi, Jing Shi and Awakening Shi were compiled, which was very similar to the differences between human feelings and the world ..." Longziyou and Mohanzhai are Feng Menglong's nicknames, so it can be seen that "Jing Shi Tong Yan" and other two words were compiled by Feng Menglong.

Feng Menglong compiled "Sanyan", which included the story books of Song and Yuan Dynasties and the story books of Ming Dynasty. They are all vernacular short stories. Among the 4 works collected in Warning to the World, the old works of Song and Yuan Dynasties account for nearly half, such as Chen Ke's Immortalization, Cui Daizhao's Life and Death Enemies and so on. But they are all sorted and processed by Feng Menglong. The story of "White Niangzi Yongzhen Leifeng Pagoda" comes from an earlier time, and its writing is similar to that of the Song Dynasty, but some of its place names and customs are from the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, some parodies were written according to ancient books. For example, in Wang Anshi's Three Difficulties, Su Xueshi, the story of singing chrysanthemums came from Gao Zhai Man Lu, and the story of taking river water came from the story of Li Zanhuang in China and North Korea. Others are adapted from folk rap, for example, at the end of an article entitled "Reunion of Luo Shirts in Su Zhi County", it is pointed out that "the legendary" Su Zhi County's Revenge "has been sung so far". In the Ming Dynasty, many of the imitations were written by Feng Menglong himself, but they have not been verified. Feng Menglong prefaced the legend of Three Gratifications, saying that "Yu Xiang wrote the novel" The Old Pupil ",and ... the comic house Wan Houshi took it as the legend of" Three Gratifications ",thus knowing that the article" The Old Pupil III Gratitude "was written by Feng Menglong. Other articles such as Song Xiaoguan's Reunion and Broken Felt Hat, Jade Tang Chun's Misfortune, Tang Jieyuan's Smile Marriage, Zhao Chuner's Rejuvenation of Caojiazhuang, Du Shiniang's Angry Treasure Chest, Wang Jiaoluan's Hundred Years of Hate, etc. Some people think that it is probably Feng Menglong's handwriting, which is based on Song Maocheng's Nine Collected Articles. After Feng Menglong's compilation, the 4 articles of Jingshi Tongyan are similar in style. As a collection of storytelling novels, although they are not related to each other, and their generation times include the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, after hundreds of years, they have developed along a system and still have similar characteristics.

The excellent works in A Tale of Warning to the World describe the life of citizens, showing their persecution under the rule of feudal dark forces and their resistance struggle. Xiu Xiu in Cui Daizhao's Life and Death Enemies was originally the daughter of a paperhanger. Because she was good at embroidery, she was ordered by the king of Xian 'an County to "offer it to the mansion" to act as a foster mother. She fell in love with Cui Ning, a jade grinder, and took the advantage of the fire in the county palace to take the initiative to find Cui Ning. * * * fled to other places and lived a normal husband and wife life of self-reliance. Later, he was captured by the king of Xian 'an County and killed alive. She became a ghost, but still refused to give in, and continued to find Cui Ning as husband and wife. Through the love tragedy of this pair of craftsmen, the work reveals the ferocity of the feudal rulers and also shows the rebellious spirit of the oppressed.

The description of love accounts for a considerable proportion in the works of A Story of Warning to the World, which can generally reflect the common social problems at that time, especially the unfortunate experiences of women. "Little Lady gives money to the young" and "The White Lady's Leifeng Pagoda in Yongzhen" also show women's bold pursuit of personal freedom and happiness in feudal society regardless of the constraints of ethics and proprieties through love tragedies. My little lady used to be a concubine in Wang Zhaoxuan's house. "Later, she lost her master's heart just because of one sentence," so she was thrown out and "married", and as a result, she was deceived into marrying an old man who was 6 years old. Unwilling to be dominated by others, she took a fancy to John Zhang, a 3-year-old store manager, and boldly expressed her love to John Zhang. Because she took a string of beads from Wang Zhaoxuan's mansion, she was taken back to the mansion, so she was tortured and hanged herself. After her death, the ghost still went to John Zhang. However, just like Xiu Xiu in Cui Daizhao's Life and Death Enemies, even if she became a ghost, the feudal ruling forces would not allow her to enjoy the rights of free love and normal life. The White Snake is a woman who changes with the white snake and goes to the world to seek happiness. The story about her genie has been circulating for a long time, and she gradually changed from a harmful genie to a kind and affectionate woman. Although there are still some horror colors in The White Snake's Leifeng Pagoda in Yongzheng, she sincerely loves Xu Xuan. The husband and wife opened a pharmacy and lived a happy well-off life. Once she was interfered and destroyed by Fahai, a representative of feudal forces, she dared to fight and was unyielding until she was suppressed under the Leifeng Tower. The fate of prostitutes described in "Warning to the World" is even more tragic. Su San in Yu Tang Chun is in trouble, but fortunately she met Wang Jinglong and fell in love with each other. The madam dumped Wang Jinglong, who ran out of money, with a "house-dumping scheme". Su San was also cheated and sold to a businessman from other provinces as a concubine, falsely imprisoned and almost executed. Thanks to Wang Jinglong, who was an official in high school, she was rescued. Du Shiniang's experience in Ten Niangs' Furious Chest is similar to that of Susan. When she saw Li Buzheng's son Li Jia's "faithfulness and honesty", she made up her mind to commit herself to each other and * * * tried to jump out of the pit of fire. She wholeheartedly pursues sincere love and yearns for a free and happy life in the future. However, in feudal society, it is impossible for a prostitute with a very humble status to marry Li Jia, who was born in an official family. She was finally betrayed by Li Jia, so she threw herself into the river in anger and sent the strongest complaint and protest to the cannibal society with her death. The works reflect the evil function of money, expose the philistinism of feudal forces, and accurately shape a new female image like Du Shiniang, who is confident, calm and resolutely defends her personal dignity. This is based on "Yu Tang Chun is in trouble and meets her husband". Du Shiniang's Furious Treasure Box represents the highest achievement of the Ming Dynasty's parody in terms of ideology and artistry.

There are other good works describing love in JingShi Tongyan, such as Le Xiao She □ Life Finding a Spouse, Song Xiaoguan's Reunion Breaking the Felt Hat, etc. They praise the faithfulness and singleness of love and criticize the concept of family status on marriage issues. Qian Sheren's Poem The Yanzilou and Su Xiangting's Zhang Hao Meets Yingying evolved from legends. Although they have certain social significance, they have not got rid of the stereotype of the story of talented people and beautiful women. As for the love affair of the literati in Tang Jieyuan Yixiao Marriage, there is nothing to recommend it in Zhao Chuner's Rejuvenation of Caojiazhuang to write the story of prostitutes helping landlords' children to revive their family business.

There are also some works promoting loyalty in Jingshi Tongyan, such as Lu Dalang's Return of Gold to Finish the Bone and Blood, which emphasizes being scrupulous about money, Zhao Taizu's sending Jingniang a thousand miles away to help others, and another example, Gui Yuan's Repentance of Being Poor, which criticizes the ungrateful behavior from the opposite side and reflects the moral concept of the citizens. In addition, Li Chenxian's Drunken Grass and Man's Book and Wang Anshi's Three Difficult Su Xueshi praise Li Bai and Wang Anshi's literary talents and knowledge, and they are also worth reading.

However, there are many works in Warning to the World, such as Old Pupil III's Repaying His Grace and Chen Ke's Chang Duan Yang Zuo Hua, which advocate feudal morality and religious superstition. This shows that even some excellent works are often mixed with some backward ideological elements, showing considerable limitations.

The book "A General Statement of Warning to the World", which is also a good hall in Jinling, is now in Japan, and there is a copy of "World Library" in China. Yan Qingtang's department's "Two Moments Supplemented Warning General Words" is incomplete, with two missing articles, eight copied and supplemented, and four mixed with "Ancient and Modern Novels". There are only 36 articles in Sanguitang, and volume 24 is Zhuo Wenjun's Insight, and the volume 24 of Shantang was originally Jade Hall Spring's Victim. Yanqing Tangben and Sangui Tangben are different from the original edition in terms of titles, titles and order, and they are changed by booksellers. The proofreading edition published by Writers Publishing House in 1956 was abridged according to the World Library.

"Awakening the World" returns to the directory

A collection of stories. Feng Menglong compiled in the late Ming Dynasty. It is called "Sanyan" together with another collection of Feng's novels, Yu Shiming Yan (Ancient and Modern Novels) and Jing Shi Tong Yan. According to Ye Jingchi's engraving "Ding Mao of the Apocalypse" written by a Buddhist in Longxi, it was engraved in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627). The preface says that Xing Shi Heng Yan is "carved after Ming Yan and Tong Yan", and that those who are "bright" can learn from it to guide fools, those who are "proficient" can learn from it to suit the customs, while those who are "constant" will never tire of it in Xi Zhi, and it will last a long time. Three carved unique names, its meaning is also one. " Originally, there was no need to write people, only the title was "Can be evaluated by one master, and the master of Molang is better (school)". At the beginning of Ling□' s Preface to Surprise, he said, "Yu Shi and other books compiled by Du Longzi Youshi are quite elegant and well-regulated ...". The preface to the wonders of the present and ancient times, the owner of Xiaohua, said, "Mo Hanzhai supplemented Ping Yao, and the poor workers changed greatly ... till the three words of Yu Shi, Jing Shi and Awakening Shi were compiled, which was very similar to the differences between human feelings and the world ...". Longziyou and Mohanzhai are Feng Menglong's nicknames. It can be seen that Xing Shi Heng Yan and other two words are compiled by Feng Menglong.

The cover title of Ye Jingchi's block-printed Awakening the World's Constant Words is Painting Ancient and Modern Novels to Awakening the World's Constant Words. Don't have Ye Jingxi's engraving. The drawings, sequence and lines are the same as Ye Jingchi's engraving. There are two kinds of popular Yan Qing Tang reprints, one is 4 full-length editions; One is 39 books, that is, deleting Jin Hailing's Indulge in Death, and analyzing Zhang Tingxiu's Escape to Save His Father into two books, making up 4 books. In 1956, Gu Xueying's proofreading edition published by People's Literature Publishing House was based on Ye Jingchi's reprinted edition of World Library, and some pornographic descriptions were deleted, but all the obscene articles of Jin Hailing's Indulge in Death were deleted.

The compilation time of Xing Shi Heng Yan was later than Yu Shi Ming Yan and Jing Shi Tong Yan, and the collection of old works in Song and Yuan Dynasties was also less than the previous "Er Yan", accounting for only about one sixth. Known as the old works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there are tian hu Yi Shu in Xiaoshuiwan, Erlang Shen in the Documentary of Boots, Zhou Shengxian in Fan Lou, Jin Hailing's Indulging in Death, Zheng Jie's Making Meritorious Contributions, and Fifteen Passes of Joking into a Clever Disaster. Zhou Shengxian in Affectionate Zhou Shengxian in Fan Lou fell in love with Fan Erlang who runs a hotel at home, so he "talked to him and asked him if he had ever married" under the pretext of drinking sugar water in the tea house, completely ignoring what "humiliated the family", and his bold initiative was in line with Mi Xiu Xiu in Cui Daizhao's Life and Death Enemy and Little Lady's Money for Youth, which was collected in Jingshi Tongyan. The joke of fifteen passes into a clever disaster belongs to another kind of "case-solving" theme, which exposes the cruelty and fatuity of feudal officials through the innocent and tragic death of a pair of young men and women. These two works are excellent in the whole Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Feng Menglong's compilation of the old works of Song and Yuan Dynasties has been sorted out and processed, and most of the works proposed by Ming people in Awakening the World are even more polished. Some people think that seeing off a righteous tiger at Dashupo, Chen Duoshou's Life and Death, Fo Yin's Four Tunes of the Qin Niang, He Daqing's Resentment of Yuanyang Tae-taek, Baiyu Niang's Endure of Suffering to Be a Husband, Zhang Tingxiu's Escape to Save His Father, Emperor Yangdi's Escape to Call for a Task, Wu Yanzi's Neighboring Boat for an Appointment, and Lu Taixue's Poems are proud of princes.

Many of the Ming Dynasty's proposed works are based on unofficial history's miscellaneous notes of the previous generation. Although they also exposed the emperor's dissoluteness, such as "Emperor Yangdi's Wandering and Calling on the Task"; Criticized the mutual sinking and ungrateful behavior of feudal bureaucrats, such as "Li Gong's poor mansion meets chivalrous man"; But generally it doesn't have much social significance. For example, "Madang Shenfeng sends Tengwang Pavilion" only shows the talent and "immortal roots" of the literati. And works that advocate feudal morality and beautify the ruling class, such as "Two County Magistrates Competing for Righteousness and Marrying an Orphan" and "Three Filial Pieties Make Property Stand High"; The works promoting religious superstition and karma, such as Fo Yin Shi Si Diao Qin Niang and Xue Lu Shi Yu Fu Zheng Xian, are totally feudal dross.

Ming people plan to draw more valuable materials from real life or folklore stories. Although Xu Laofu became a family with indignation and Shi Runze met a friend in the beach, they advocated feudal morality and karma, but they mainly showed the spirit of saving the weak and helping each other in times of trouble. In addition, there is "White Jade Niang Endures Suffering and Becomes a Husband" that reflects ethnic contradictions, and there is "The Fairy Meets the Night in the Garden" that reflects class oppression. In particular, "A penny makes a strange injustice" vividly reflects the life and ideological situation of urban craftsmen in the late Ming Dynasty. There is also a true description of their cruel persecution by feudal forces. He Daqing's Hatred of Yuanyang Taenia and Wang Dayin's Fire Burning Baolian Temple also exposed the evil of religious forces at that time from the promiscuous life of the monks in the temple.

in the Ming dynasty's work, the description of love, marriage and family also occupies a prominent position. Wu Yan's official's son goes to an appointment with a neighboring boat, which describes the free combination of Wu Yan and He Xiue in a praising style, and expresses the good wish that lovers shall be well. Chen Duoshou's Life and Death Couple focuses on the persistence and faithfulness of love. The work is mixed with some superstitious elements, and it is intended to show that virtuous woman, the wife of Chen and Zhu, has a heart. However, after wiping away the feudal dust, it can still be seen that the author praises loyal and single-minded love. Qian Xiucai's Wrong Occupation of Phoenix, Joe's Satrap misfits and other articles mocked the unreasonable feudal marriage system that stifled the love and happiness of young men and women by farce. This kind of works in Awakening the World, with the oil peddler monopolizing the flower base as the most outstanding achievement. Qin Zhong, a small oil seller, saw Wang Meiniang, a famous prostitute, as "beautiful in appearance", so he spent more than a year and worked hard to accumulate twelve taels of silver as a "flower and willow fee" for one night. This was not enough training at first, but when he learned that Wang Meiniang was also a person who fled from Bianjing to Lin 'an, he did not feel "touched by the thought of a village" and felt "pity" for Wang Meiniang's "staying at a prostitute's house", which showed that she was different from the general prince's son's philandering behavior. While describing Qin Zhong's devotion and thoughtfulness to Wang Mei-niang, the work deliberately uses Wu Ba's wanton "bullying" of Wang Mei-niang as a foil to show that Qin Zhong and Wang Mei-niang have actually gone beyond the relationship between clients and prostitutes. The work carefully depicts Qin Zhong's behavior of serving and caring for Wang Meiniang overnight in the courtyard, which shows that he really loves Wang Meiniang, and embodies that ordinary people in the city at that time not only had the requirements of love and happiness, but also respected and cared for women's personality, with the center being around a word "love". The so-called "loving a rich family with many children is not as romantic as selling oil" precisely reflects the citizens' thoughts and attitudes different from those of the feudal ruling class in gender relations.

This kind of works surpasses the old works of Song and Yuan Dynasties in terms of complete structure, vivid plot, vivid image, delicate description, fluent language and rich vocabulary. However, they are not as sharp as the old works of Song and Yuan Dynasties in terms of the sharpness of contradictions and struggles, the sharpness of characters and the strong flavor of life in language description, and they often insert too many abstract sermons and deliberately pursue the twists and turns of the plot, which are detrimental to the ideological and artistic nature of the works.

The Drunken Wake Stone returns to the directory

A collection of novels in the late Ming Dynasty. 15 volumes, 1 article per volume. Signed by Donglugu Mad Life Editor, whose real name is unknown. Lu Xun thought it was a work of the Ming Dynasty. "Only Li Weihua's story was recorded in the Tang Dynasty, and I learned about the Ming Dynasty, and it was related to the Chongzhen Dynasty, which covered the work at that time" (A Brief History of Chinese Novels). Jiangdong Lao □ "Preface" also holds this view. But some people think it is a work in the early Qing Dynasty. The original preface said: "Li Zanhuang.