Brief Introduction of Flaubert, ivan turgeneve, Gaul, Goethe and Zola

Flaubert

Author introduction Gustav? Gustave flaubert (182 1- 1880),19th century French critical realist writer, was born in a family of doctors for generations and studied law. He has been living in his hometown of Rouen and writing.

Flaubert lived in the July Dynasty and the Second Empire, that is, the French capitalist society gradually changed from the rising stage to the decadent stage. He was disgusted and disappointed with the ugly reality of capitalism, so he exposed the reality mercilessly, but he also showed pessimism. Madame Bovary (1856) reflects the cruel exploitation of farmers by the July Dynasty and the Second Empire under the cover of "economic prosperity" and under the social atmosphere of mediocrity, meanness and corruption. Another important work, Emotional Education (1869), reflects the darkness of reality through 1848 the cowardice and decadence of petty-bourgeois youth during the revolution. Flaubert's strongest attack is the decline of bourgeois spirit and morality.

Flaubert inherited the tradition of realism and is famous for his meticulous and ruthless portrayal of the psychological state of characters. He tried not to reveal his feelings when dissecting characters and reality. Flaubert is also a master of French literature, and his writing is regarded as a model of the French. He advocated "making a person or a thing clear in a few words". In order to temper sentences, he always goes to great pains to make sure that they are concise and appropriate.

Ivan? Sergeyevich? Turgenev (18 18 ~ 1883)

Russian critical realist writer19th century was born into a hereditary aristocratic family. 1833 entered the literature department of Moscow university, and one year later transferred to the Chinese major of the philosophy department of Petersburg university. After graduation, he went to Berlin University in Germany to study philosophy, history, Greece and Latin.

1In the spring of 843, Turgenev published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.

1847 ~ 185 1 year, he published his famous work Hunter's Notes in the progressive journal Modern People. It appears in the form of prose written by a hunter while hunting, including 25 short stories. While describing the rural scenery, living customs and farmers' images, the book profoundly exposes the ugly and cruel nature of landlords who seem to be civilized and kind, and is full of sympathy for the bullied working people, writing their wisdom and kindness. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work angered the authorities, who arrested and exiled Turgenev because he published an article commemorating Nikolai Gogol and violated the censorship regulations. During his detention, he wrote the famous anti-slavery short story Jiang Mumu.

The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. His novels have been published one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), Eve before (1860) and Father and Son (1860). Luo Ting, his first novel, created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pickering, but the difference is that Luo Ting died in the street fighting in Paris in June 1848. Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov. But Bazarov is also full of contradictions. He is a rebel of the old system and a "nihilist" who denies all old traditions and ideas. He claimed to fight, but he didn't act. After the novel came out, it caused a heated debate in the literary world.

Since 1960s, Turgenev has spent most of his time in Western Europe, and made many famous writers and artists, such as Zola, Mo Bosang, Dude, Goncourt and so on. Participated in the "International Literature Conference" held in Paris and was elected as the vice chairman (the chairman is Victor? Hugo). Turgenev is a bridge between Russian literature and European literature.

Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.

Zola,/kloc-an important French critical realist writer and the main advocate of naturalistic literary theory in the second half of the 9th century. He wrote dozens of novels in his life, the representative work of which is Germination.

Zola's creation and world outlook are full of contradictions: on the one hand, he criticizes the existing system, on the other hand, he has unrealistic illusions about capitalist society. His creation has its own characteristics from theory to practice. The early short story collection Ninon (1864) and the novel Confessions of Claude (1865) are all inseparable from the imitation of romantic writers. Later, he gradually became interested in realism and naturalism. Under the influence of Turner's environmental determinism and Claude Bernard's genetic theory, his naturalism theory was formed: he advocated writing through scientific experiments to analyze human physiology and anatomy; When writing, a writer should record the facts in real life indifferently, without mixing subjective feelings. But in Zola's view, naturalism and realism are both tendencies.

Inspired by Balzac's Comics on the Earth, he created a set of 6 million-word magnum opus "The Lugon-Macard Family" consisting of 20 novels, which reflected all aspects of French society in the second imperial era. The most important ones are "Germination" which describes the strike struggle and "Collapse" which reflects the Franco-Prussian War, the collapse of the Second Empire and the uprising of the Paris Commune. He also wrote the trilogy A Tale of Three Cities, Lourde (1894), Rome (1896), Paris (1898), and the first three of the four gospels: Reproduction (65438+). Zola died of gas poisoning on September 29th, 1902/KLOC-0. His inn, Nana, money and women's paradise are also famous.

1908, the French government held a state funeral for Zola's outstanding contribution to French literature before his death, which made him enter the hall of great men.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749- 1832) was the most important German and European writer from the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century. His life spanned two centuries, which coincided with the great social turmoil and changes in Europe. The gradual disintegration of the feudal system and the continuous rise of revolutionary forces prompted Goethe to constantly accept the influence of advanced ideological trends, thus deepening his understanding of society and creating the best contemporary works.

Goethe's works are full of the rebellious spirit of soaring movement and have made great achievements in poetry, drama and prose. His major works include the drama Goethe von bell Hinggan, the novella young werther, the unfinished poetic drama Prometheus and the prototype of the poetic drama Faust, in addition to writing many lyrics and poems.

Gertz von bell Hinggan is the first German realistic historical drama. Goetz was originally a German Charise Carnes in16th century. He once took part in the peasant uprising and later betrayed the peasants. As a knight and a representative of the dying class, Gotz rose up against the existing system, which was a tragic confrontation between the knight class and the emperor and feudal lords. But under Goethe's pen, Goethe was written as a hero who opposed feudal tyranny and strived for freedom and unity. He deeply sympathized with the people's sufferings and rebuked those rulers who fought for rights and brought disaster to the country and people, so he was loved by the people. The condemnation of the dark society at that time, the ardent yearning for freedom and unity, and the praise of heroes who resisted by individuals all showed the spirit of sturm und drang. In art, the play adopts the method of Shakespeare's drama creation.

Young werther is an epistolary novel. Victor, the hero, is a young man from a citizen's family. He yearns for a free and equal life and hopes to engage in useful practical work. However, the society around him is full of class prejudice and vulgar habits. Conservative and corrupt officialdom, vulgar and obedient citizens, arrogant aristocrats constantly clashed with the reality around them, and he himself fell into hopeless love and finally embarked on the road of suicide. The conflict between Victor and society is of anti-feudal significance. Through Witt's tragedy, the novel exposes and criticizes many unreasonable realities in German society at that time, and expresses the revolutionary sentiment of the awakened German youth. Therefore, as soon as it was published, it aroused strong repercussions, formed Witte fever, and soon spread to European countries, becoming the first literary work of various countries with great international influence.

Prometheus is a poetic drama adapted from ancient Greek mythology by Goethe. Although the script has not been finished, the fragments handed down have expressed Goethe's strong anti-feudal spirit in his youth. Prometheus in the play denies Zeus' rights, opposes Zeus' arrogance and wants to create a new human being who despises Zeus as much as he does. Victor's lack of tenacity is reflected in this mythical figure.

In the first ten years of Goethe's stay in Weimar, Goethe was busy with business and seldom wrote. After arriving in Italy, he successively completed some works that he had started, including Iphigenia in Taliz and Egmont, as well as some chapters in Tasso and Faust.

The play Egmont is based on/kloc-the history of the Dutch people's struggle against Spain in the 6th century. Egmont was a vacillating aristocratic opposition in history, and Goethe wrote him as a hero fighting for national freedom and unity, which was loved by the people. However, he lacked positive action and advocated taking moderate measures, and was finally executed. The play still retains the revolutionary sentiment of the hurricane movement, but the rebellious spirit of the characters has been reduced.

Iphigenia of Doris is based on Greek mythology. The hero Iphigenia is in a foreign country, but he can move the king with perfect character and fraternity, change the barbaric customs there, and establish the principles of humanity and justice.

Goethe's creations in his later years are extremely rich, such as autobiographical works Poetry and Truth, Travels in Italy, novels Affinity and William Meister's Roaming Times, lyric poetry collection and the second volume of Faust, which were completed shortly before his death. These works show Goethe's thought of attaching importance to practice and affirming to work for human happiness, indicating that the positive factors in his thought have increased compared with the previous period.

Although Master William's Roaming Times is not as attractive as Master William's Learning Times, it focuses on the search for an ideal social system, believing that people can only obtain the meaning of collective welfare through active labor, and its thoughts are relatively open and positive. Many of Goethe's lyric poems in his later years shone with the light of materialism and optimism, and shone brilliantly in the German literary world where negative romantic literature prevailed at that time. The completion of the second part of Faust highlights Goethe's new development in thought and art in his later years.

1832 On March 22nd, Goethe passed away. Goethe is the most outstanding representative of German national literature. His works have raised German literature to the advanced level in Europe and made great contributions to the development of European literature.

There's another Gaul who can't find it.