Environmental protection of buildings in Europe?

What is the specific content of building environmental protection in Europe? Here, Zhong Da Consulting will answer your questions.

Organized by the Provincial Construction Department, a six-member supervision team from the Provincial Quality Supervision Station, Nanjing Construction Committee and Nanjing Quality Supervision Station visited Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern Europe from June 5438+065438+1October 8 to June 5438+07, 2005. Although the trip was in a hurry, it was a cursory tour, but it was refreshing to go. Many of the buildings we see are not as magnificent as those in China, and the streets are not as busy. Fresh air, energy-saving and environmental protection atmosphere, friendly and harmonious living environment, etc., all of which benefit from innate nature and acquired protection, leaving us a very deep impression.

Environmental protection-paying equal attention to legal constraints and habit formation

The enviable environment in Europe was only realized after a tortuous and painful choice. In fact, Europe was the first region to enter the industrialized society, and suffered serious consequences from heavy industry and heavy pollution. Now Europe completely abandons polluting industries, takes science and technology as the pillar, and spends a lot of money on environmental protection.

In order to minimize the harm of products to the environment in the process of production and use, as early as the early 1990 s, environmental labels promulgated and implemented in northern Europe focused on limiting chemical components that may be harmful to the environment in green building materials. Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and other Nordic countries have implemented a unified Nordic environmental label in 1989. In order to promote the development of green building materials, Denmark has issued the standard of "Healthy Building Materials" (HMB), which stipulates that building materials products sold must be marked with health indicators in addition to product quality standards in the instruction manual; Sweden is also a Nordic country that actively promotes and develops green building materials, and has formally implemented new building regulations, stipulating that building materials used indoors must implement a safety labeling system. For example, floor material manufacturers consciously mark the product specifications for 4 weeks and 26 weeks, and the indoor air concentration guidance limit of organic compounds. In addition, the standard prohibits the installation of lead glass, that is, glass embedded in a lead metal frame. Lead is a toxic substance, which can accumulate in soil and aquatic organisms, enter plants and accumulate in the biological chain.

Norway, Sweden and other countries have also adjusted the collection of environmental taxes such as gasoline, diesel oil, lubricating oil, chemical fertilizer, pesticide, garbage disposal and carbon dioxide emission, so as to promote the change of people's consumption concept and mode, and attach importance to the use of pollution-free energy. In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, many people have cars, but they still choose to ride bicycles more. It is reported that Denmark has a population of 5.3 million, but there are100000 bicycles. Copenhagen is known as "the capital of environmental protection". There are more than 350 kilometers of bicycle lanes in the urban area, which are not allowed to be occupied by laws and regulations. More than 2,000 bicycles are placed in more than 50 fixed places in/kloc-0 for people to use for free.

During the inspection, we paid more attention to some specific details of ecological maintenance and environmental protection in European cities. The river passing through the city is crystal clear, with no floating objects and no sewage discharged randomly. Environmental improvement on both sides of the river bank is orderly, full of green. It is difficult to find black smoke behind the vehicle on the road, and you can't hear high-decibel horns and other noises. Garbage bins on the street are marked with garbage classified, and citizens consciously classify domestic garbage. Spitting, littering and littering are rare in the street. No-smoking signs are posted everywhere in public places, hotels and restaurants, and smoking areas are strictly restricted.

Energy saving-effective use of resources

Nordic countries have excellent natural conditions, abundant natural resources and low population density, and their per capita resources are much more than those of China. However, in urban construction and citizen consumption, resources are precious and never "extravagant". In some modern public buildings, space treatment and building materials are based on pleasant use, not ostentation and extravagance. We visited several star-rated hotels, most of which were multi-storey buildings. The interior furnishings are simple and efficient, modern and practical, and the appearance shows the vicissitudes of ancient times. The concrete surface of the ceiling of the building room is painted directly without painting. The towel rack and heater in the toilet are integrated. From the lobby to the guest room, the scale is economical and appropriate, showing the high efficiency of the space. Some elevators for vertical traffic are half-ton elevators, but there are basically no disposable items in the rooms. On the other hand, try to develop and utilize green resources, such as wind energy and solar energy. Some buildings have their own solar energy utilization system. The combination of solar absorber and tent structure makes the building modern and unique. From these, we all deeply feel their economy and efficiency in resource utilization.

Due to the cold weather in northern Europe, sometimes the temperature is only a dozen degrees in summer, so heating is needed all year round. Underground hot water heating is widely used in personal residence. Pumping water from a well, passing through a heat pump and heating it to about 50 -60 degrees Celsius can be used for both heating and hot water supply. Using this system for heating, combined with local climate control, can achieve the effects of less investment, low operating cost and environmental protection. In northern Europe, this technology is quite mature.

During the inspection, we also noticed that the appearance of European high-comfort and low-energy buildings is unpretentious, but the internal structure is very exquisite, especially in wall structure, door and window glass, heating mode and so on. From the appearance, the houses in the residential area mostly use dark paint and building materials, which can absorb solar energy as much as possible during the day; From the orientation, these houses face north and south, and the doors and windows face south and west to let more sunlight into the room, and these doors and windows are mostly designed as floor-to-ceiling doors and windows in the building structure; In the wall building materials, hollow brick wall and its composite wall technology are mainly used, so that the solar energy absorbed by the building can be easily stored in the wall and will not be lost quickly. Sure enough, although it is winter, the exterior wall feels warm. The house is heated by the sunlight coming in from the window during the day and by insulation materials and brick walls at night.

This trip to northern Europe made us deeply feel that frugality has actually become a way of life that people have to choose. The more painful moment is taking a bath. Of course, this is also the time when Europeans are moved by the awareness of water conservation. In some hotels, the shower is completely controlled by the water flow. Press it for a few seconds and you have to press it again to come out. For those of us who are used to using long running water and large amount of water, we are really not used to it. So, click, click, click, click, click, unconsciously completed the high utilization rate of water, how can people not admire.

Kindness-Returning to the Original Living Atmosphere

Wherever we go, we can always feel the deep beauty of a simple and restrained living environment. European houses, especially large residential areas, have also experienced the pursuit of gorgeous style. In recent decades, in terms of temperament and style, although it pays attention to individuality, it does not pursue grandeur and advocates a natural and fresh style that is close to the people. In the modeling of residential buildings, more and more people begin to advocate simplicity, pay attention to scale and return to nature.

With the improvement of the overall greening environment in the city, people are pursuing more psychological comfort and approachable standards, and the number of residential floors is reduced and the density is increased. The great green landscape of residential areas is gone, which provides conditions for the continuity of urban central space and the friendliness of residential buildings in urban suburbs. Familiar townhouses have a long history in Europe. With the development of society, new modern townhouses are constantly appearing in various new urban areas in Europe. But to our surprise, there is no so-called frontier living concept in these communities, and the apartment type is mainly 100 square meter. There is no glamorous appearance, no luxurious landscape avenue, and more is the plain community image and the comfort that can only be realized after living. Every square meter and niche in the house has been used to the maximum extent. This reasonable planning and arrangement has enlarged the space and made people get a relaxed and bright living experience. Schools, businesses, entertainment, sports and transportation facilities in the community are all available, with perfect functions, and it is a complete small society. Economic huxing, cordial community service and mixed living make it possible for people to have interrelated love.

Harmony-the unity of urban construction, human history and nature

During the trip to northern Europe, we experienced the artistic conception of greening and creating tranquility and far-reaching in urban construction in various places. Some people compare greening to the green lungs of a city, and this understanding is very profound. During this investigation, we saw the importance and investment of European countries in greening. There are patches of trees and lawns in the city, which can not only provide leisure places for citizens, but also improve the regional microclimate. The combination of greening and urban water system, green trees and clear water, and castle covered bridges outline a leisurely and quiet picture in modern cities. It is also very desirable to combine greening with public transportation and trams in cities. Trams have no tail gas pollution, and tracks and greening can be stored in roads, which is both beautiful and convenient. Urban greening is eclectic, and small green areas are decorated with scene sculptures, artistic sculptures and fountains, embellishing the city's large and small squares, making the city have high artistic taste and vitality. In addition to the pursuit of regular composition and magnificent momentum in the royal gardens, European urban greening is generally natural and generous, which can also be said to be a return to nature. The details of urban greening are also very particular. For example, the treatment of the tree pond is very reasonable. The grass planted under the tree is not easy to survive, but it is paved with stones to keep the soil bare and the environment clean. European countries also attach great importance to land greening. Looking from both sides of expressway, there are green mountains and green waters, blue sky and white clouds, shady trees and green grass on the mountains, and no exposed land can be seen. The air is fresh and the environment is beautiful. If Europe's good climate and beautiful environment are blessed by heaven, it is better to say that European governments and citizens have long attached importance to greening and environmental protection.

We are also moved by the profound historical and cultural background of integrating into European urban construction. Most European cities have a long history, and our ancestors left valuable historical and cultural wealth. For example, Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki and Stockholm in our trip are all famous historical and cultural cities. Both the government and the public attach great importance to the protection of historic buildings and blocks. The government attaches great importance to planning, formulates laws and regulations, puts forward various protective measures, and stipulates them in legal form. Of course, architecture is a cultural ecosystem, which develops with the development of history and has its metabolic law. In the transformation of the old city, some old buildings do not meet the new functional requirements, and the buildings themselves have not been completely preserved. If the building is demolished and rebuilt, the whole neighborhood will be affected. They adopt the method of retaining the external walls of traditional buildings and demolishing and rebuilding them internally, which not only meets the requirements of modern use functions, but also preserves the style of the block. On the street, we saw the outer wall of a single traditional building fixed with steel frames, and new contents were reconstructed inside. For cultural relics and ancient buildings, that is the most needed protection, even if it is broken, it can't be moved. When we see the free dialogue between the modern simple and simple architectural image and the ancient traditional architecture that confirms the historical memory, it is so coordinated, harmonious and harmonious that we are deeply moved.

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