What is the origin of the Peach Blossom Festival in Changde, Hunan?

The Peach Blossom Spring is a well-known scenic spot in China. The "Xanadu" described by Tao Yuanming, the great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in "The Preface to the Peach Blossom Spring Poems" is well known around the world. Where is the famous Peach Blossom Spring? Authoritative tool Shult; Cihaigt; clearly stated in the explanation of the entry about "Taoyuan Mountain" that Taoyuan Mountain "is located in the southwest of Taoyuan County, Hunan Province. There is Taoyuan Cave, also known as Qinren Cave and Baima Cave", which is the Peach Blossom Spring recorded by Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The ruins."

In more than 2000 BC, the Taohuayuan Scenic Area was located on the 319 National Highway, with quiet scenery and beautiful forests. According to legend, in the ancient Tang Dynasty, Mr. Shanjuan went south from the Central Plains and lived in seclusion in Taohuayuan. Deshan in present-day Changde is less than a hundred miles away from each other on the same river (Yuanjiang River). Yu and Shun, a hermit who was highly regarded for his virtues and respected by the world, brought the culture of the Central Plains to the land of Xiangyuan. People call the mountain where he lived in seclusion "Deshan". "Mountain", so there is a saying among the people that "Changde's virtuous mountains are virtuous". In his later years, Mr. Shanjuan went to Xupu via Peach Blossom Spring, lived in Lufeng Mountain, and later moved to Dayou Mountain. He often traveled between the two places, influencing and educating them. People.

In the Xia and Shang dynasties, this place belonged to Baipu. In the same dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou granted great titles to the princes and named Xiong Yi the son of Chu. In the Chu state, he was a viscount with the surname Xiong, so there was "Xiong". The Chu State was located in the southern wilderness. It was beyond the reach of Wang Hua and he could expand the territory without permission. So Chuzi invaded and occupied Baipu and changed this area to "Zhong Guizhou". The Peach Blossom Spring is in the territory of central Guizhou. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, King Ping of Chu (reigned 528-516 BC) built Cailing City in present-day Taoyuan County. Judging from the excavated Cailing City ruins, although the Taohuayuan area belongs to the southern wilderness, it was developed earlier and the culture was quite developed. During the Warring States Period One of the four princes, Huang Xie, Chu Chunshenjun, was granted the title of Wuling at the beginning, and once governed this area into a state of etiquette. In addition to the abundant food and abundant food, the Taohuayuan area later became a refuge in the Qin Dynasty. In the 3rd century BC, the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan, a senior official in Sanlu of Chu, was exiled to the south of the Yangtze River by King Qingxiang of Qing Dynasty. He followed in Shanjuan's footsteps and wandered around the Yuanjiang River for a long time. "He ordered the rest of the ship to go to Yuanxi and Qi Wu Bang to defeat him." (lt; Shejiang gt;) , "There are orchids in the Yuan River" (lt; Li Sao gt;), these famous sentences are a portrayal of his life in Yuanshui. He started from Wuzhu (Deshan), followed the Yuanjiang River through Peach Blossom Spring to Chenyang, and finally entered He lived in Xupu for a long time. Now there are "Sanlu Bridge" and "Sanlu Lane" named after his official position in Changde. He inherited and developed Chu culture. During his long exile, he practiced sex everywhere and created Sao style literature. , inheriting the elegance of the country and absorbing the folk songs of Chu style, he is unique and becomes the ancestor of southern literature and the first great poet in our country.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the land of today's Peach Blossom Land was included in Guizhou Zhongjun. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhongjun County was renamed Wuling County, and governed 13 counties, including today's southwest Hubei, the west of the Yuanjiang River Basin in Hunan, eastern Guiyang and Sanjiang, Longsheng and other places in Guangxi. The Peach Blossom Spring is in Linyuan County of Wuling County The territory was called Wutou Village at that time.

In the 24th year of Jianwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 48), General Volta Ma Yuan went south to conquer the "barbarians" in Wuxi. He once garrisoned Wutou Village. There are left the "Ma Yuan Stone Room" where he spent the summer and the "Yingpanzhou" where he set up his tent. His soldiers once suffered from the plague, and the local people offered "Sansheng Soup" (i.e. Leicha) to cure the plague for the soldiers, so the Peach Blossom Spring is here. In this area, legends about Leicha and the custom of treating guests with Leicha were left, which are still followed today. Just two years later, that is, the 26th year of Emperor Jianwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuannan County was separated from Linyuan County and was banned. Wuling County, Peach Blossom Spring belongs to Yuannan County. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Peach Blossom Spring belonged to Yuannan County, Wuling County. It was during this historical stage of the Jin Dynasty (from the middle of the 3rd century BC to the beginning of the 5th century BC) that the Peach Blossom Spring became a scenic spot. Then there began to be buildings. Jiajing Changde Mansion Chronicles compiled by Chen Hongmo of the Ming Dynasty contains: Taoyuan Temple, built by Jin people. "The Taoist temple was built on Taoyuan Mountain, so it was named "Taoyuan Mountain", which means the source of peach blossoms or peach trees. The mountain of the source is a place of dense peach groves and colorful peach blossoms, which is extremely beautiful. In the second year of the Song Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 421), Tao Yuanming, a great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote an eternal masterpiece "The Peach Blossom Spring Poem and Preface", he used romanticism He generously constructed an ideal kingdom - Peach Blossom Spring - with no disputes, no exploitation, no oppression, plenty of food and clothing, and contentment, which reflects the peace, tranquility, and happiness of the people.

The yearning for a happy and beautiful life also reflects the people's protest against the dark society. Tao Yuanming was influenced by the Confucian ideal of "a harmonious world" since he was a child, and also had the shadow of the Taoist idea of ??"small people and few people". Tao Yuanming inherited Chu culture and Qu Yuan's "Chu Feng", lt; Peach Blossom Spring Poem and Preface gt; After it came out, the secret was revealed, which made Peach Blossom Spring famous. In reality, Taoyuan Mountain, Taoyuan Temple, Taohua Mountain, Taochuan Palace (that is, the area of ????Yuanjiang River adjacent to Taoyuan Mountain), etc. The scenic spots then became famous.

It is a pity that Taoyuan Temple was destroyed by the army in the late Sui Dynasty, but the beautiful Taoyuan Mountain and Taohua Mountain are still blooming on the bank of the endless Taochuan River. Mr. Tao sketched The Peach Blossom Spring is more deeply engraved in the hearts of the world. In the Tang Dynasty, the three counties of Wuling, Linyuan, Yuannan, and Hanshou were renamed Wuling County, Wuling County, and Wuling County. Good protection and development. In the early Tang Dynasty, around 730 AD, Taoyuan Temple was rebuilt in Taohuayuan, and 20 nearby farmers were exempted from the corvee tax (AD 748). On May 13th in summer, the tax was increased to 30 nearby households. Qu Baiting, a Taoist priest of Taoyuan Temple, built an altar and Quxian Pavilion in Taoyuan Mountain. In the second year of Jianzhong (781 AD), the Taoist temple complex in Taohuayuan had reached a certain scale, and the boundary of the lower mountain was officially determined. According to Di Zhongli In the first year of Huichang (AD 841), the Taoyuan Mountain Boundary Notes gt said: seven miles wide from east to west, nine miles long from north to south, five miles from Siluo River in the east, two miles from Shuixi in the west, and four miles from Zhanshan Mountain in the south. Li, five miles north to the Yuanjiang River. The Taoist priest Du Guangting of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties wrote: "Thirty-five caves in Taoyuan Mountain, seventy miles in circumference, are called the Heaven of White Horse Xuanguang, in Wuling County, Langzhou." In the Tang Dynasty, the Peach Blossom Spring came into being. Especially in the early years of Yuanhe (around 807 AD), the famous writer Liu Yuxi was demoted to the Sima of Langzhou and often visited the Peach Blossom Spring. He wrote the title "The Peach Blossom Spring is good" and carved a stele. After that, Taoyuan Mountain, Taoyuan Cave, and Taoyuan Temple, which were the scenic spots and historic sites left by the Jin Dynasty and the original site of the Peach Blossom Spring written by Mr. Tao Yuanming, were yearned for and explored by officials, literati, Taoist priests, and even the common people. Taoyuan Temple Taoist Chen Tongwei and Taoist friend Wang Zhiyanqi Zhun Wu, the prefect of Sui Ling, changed the Taoyuan Temple into a stone-level ancestral altar and installed many buildings, making the Peach Blossom Spring even more famous.

Due to the profound influence of Tao Yuanming's poem "Peach Blossom Spring", all people Famous poets, writers, officials, Taoists, etc. in the Tang Dynasty almost all yearned for Taoyuan Mountain, Taoyuan Cave, and Taoyuan Temple. According to historical records, there were as many as 40 to 50 celebrities from the Tang Dynasty who left poems in Taohuayuan. Among them are: Meng Haoran, Zhang Xu, Wang Wei, Li Bai, Liu Changqing, Liu Yuxi, Wang Changling, Li Qunyu, etc. By the Song Dynasty, Peach Blossom Spring had been further developed and restored, becoming a heyday in history. Song Taizu (963 AD) , the imperial court separated the areas on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of the Yuanjiang River, where there are scenic spots and historic sites, the Peach Blossom Spring, from Wuling County, and established a new county, and named "Taoyuan" as the county. Shortly afterwards, Langzhou was renamed Dingzhou, and the Peach Blossom Spring in Taoyuan County became It belongs to Dingcheng Prefecture. (1165 AD), Ding Prefecture was changed to Changde Prefecture, Taoyuan County and the Taohuayuan under its jurisdiction subsequently belonged to Changde Prefecture. Starting from the early Song Dynasty, Taohuayuan began to carry out large-scale construction and Taoist temples were built extensively. In the first year of Chunhua (990 AD) ), Langzhou officials were ordered to build the Five Hundred Immortals Pavilion. After the completion, it was named Wangxian Pavilion. In the first year of Zhenghe (1111 AD), Zhengzong of the Song Dynasty awarded a plaque of "Taochuan Wanshou Palace".

Yuan Dynasty In the middle of 1989, due to the lack of attention paid by the court, the Peach Blossom Spring was not only not restored and developed, but was destroyed during the last years of Emperor Shun's reign (1333-1368 AD). During this period, many famous literati still came to the Peach Blossom Spring. Browse the titles and chants. Ten people such as Zhang Hu and Yuan Haowen wrote many poems and essays about the Peach Blossom Spring.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Peach Blossom Spring was repaired and destroyed, and prospered and abandoned. In the 12th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, (1379 AD), the Taoist priest Shang Weide, the abbot of Taoyuan, built something on the ruins. In the third year of Wanli (1575 AD), Liu Yuxi inscribed the stele "Taoyuan Jia Zhi" from the 18th to the 23rd year of Wanli (1590- In 1595), the Bafang Pavilion (today's Fangzhu Pavilion) was built. In the 32nd year of Wanli (1604 AD), Liu Zhilong, deputy envoy of the Huguang Envoy to Hubei Province, asked Wei Yike, the magistrate of Taoyuan County, to build a hall in front of Taoyuan Cave. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (the middle of the 17th century AD), the Huangwen Pavilion was built on the top of Huangwen Mountain.

At the same time, the Taoist buildings in the Taohuayuan area along the Yuanjiang River were destroyed again. As time went by, the Taohuayuan built in Jin Dynasty and Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Spring Collection". Throughout the era, names and poems about Taohuayuan were left in Taohuayuan. There are as many as 68 poets who have appeared, including Wang Wei, Wang Shouren, Yuan Hongdao, Li Deyang, Zhang Jingxin, etc.

After more than 260 years of the Qing Dynasty, the Peach Blossom Spring has been restored one after another, but it is far less than the heyday of the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the early Qing Dynasty, Luo Qiding, a local man, advocated the construction of Yuanming Temple (also known as Jingjie Temple) and planted peach trees in front of the temple. In the eighth year of Qianlong's reign (AD 1743), Wang Zenghua, the magistrate of Taoyuan County, advocated the construction of Taochuan Palace Academy near Taochuan Palace. In the eighteenth year (AD 1753), Qu Yi, the magistrate of Taoyuan County, extended the walls of Taochuan Palace Academy. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), county residents Wang Daofeng, Zeng Yunqiao and others built Guansheng Palace. In the fourth year of Tongzhi, Sun Tongsheng, the magistrate of Taoyuan County, continued to build the palace. Shi Ge. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (AD 1870), Ma Weixu, the magistrate of Taoyuan County, published Tao Qian, Liu Changqing, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Zhang Xu, Liu Wangjian, Wang Anshi, Su Shi and other 14 people who wrote poems about Taohuayuan Poetry and Literature City Jixian Inside the temple. In the 14th year of Guangxu's reign, Taoyuan magistrate Yu Liangdong began to clean up the Taoxi School of Classics in Taoyuan Cave, around Taochuan Palace. In the 17th year of Guangxu's reign of heavy rain and hail, the roof tiles of Yuanming Temple fell into pieces. Magistrate Yu Liangdong built the temple in Tuas On the top of the mountain behind the pavilion, the deity of Yuanming was moved. In the 18th year of Jiaoxu, Yu Liangdong, the county magistrate, rebuilt Yuanming Temple and arranged pavilions. According to the pottery poem, the titles were Wenjin Pavilion, Qionglin Bridge, Yanzhi Pavilion, Shuiyuan Pavilion and Peach Blossom Pond. , the place where fishermen enter, the Huran Terrace, the Xunqi Pavilion, the Gaoju Pavilion, the place where fishermen leave, the exit pavilion, and the twelve bridges to the road. Following the "thinning" of the Taoist cultural veil of Peach Blossom Spring in the Ming Dynasty and the strengthening of the true nature of Tao Qian's culture, the Qing Dynasty A big step has been taken in this direction. Two poems about the Peach Blossom Spring written by Emperor Qianlong Gaozong (reigned 1736-1795 AD)lt; Ning Yulang The man in the peach blossom garden sends the fisherman out of the source gt; .lt; Ning Yulang There is no way back to Peach Blossom Spring, all with Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Spring poem and preface gt as the main body, chanting and expressing feelings based on it. During the Qing Dynasty, from the 19th year of Qianlong (AD 1754) to the 26th year of Daoguang, In less than a hundred years, monk Yixiu, the abbot of Dashi Pavilion in Taohuayuan, Tang Kaishao, a scholar in Wuling, and Hu Chuo in Wuling successively compiled lt; Taohuayuan Cave Tianzhi gt; throughout the Qing Dynasty, literati and poets visited Taohuayuan one after another. Only historical records There are more than a hundred people, among whom the more famous ones are Chen Shiben, Luo Renzong, Li Yu, Zha Shenxing, Yu Yimo, Wang Wenzhi, Zhang Bailing, Tao Zhi, Shi Dakai, etc.

During the Republic of China, Peach Blossom Spring also had a little history. There were restoration and development. In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Taoyuan Governor Yang Ruiqing presided over the construction of a Taoist temple by Li Guan, a Taoran native, at the former site of Tushi Pavilion. It was completed in April of summer, and the scale was larger than the original pavilion. It was named Taohua Temple. The Dashi Hall was renamed "The Hall of Ancient Yin Gentlemen" to enshrine the statue of Tao Yuanming. In the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943), at the initiative of the County People's Kuomintang Central Committee and the Chairman of the Provincial Senate, the Peach Blossom Spring Archway was built at the gate of Taohua Mountain.

After the founding of New China, the Communist Party and the People's Government attached great importance to the protection, restoration and development of Peach Blossom Spring. In 1959, Hunan Province announced that Peach Blossom Spring was a provincial key cultural relic protection unit. In 1963, Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics The department allocated funds to repair Qionglin Bridge, Wanyue Pavilion and other buildings, and repaired and painted other historic sites in Taohuayuan. In 1973, the provincial cultural department also allocated funds to repair Taohuashan Archway, Jifeng Pavilion, Jixian Temple and other buildings. In 1975, Taohuayuan Cultural Relics The management office was restored. The Peach Blossom View Mountain Gate was rebuilt in 1976. In 1977, the county government allocated funds to build the Taoyuan Jiazhi Monument. In 1982, the Provincial Culture Department allocated funds to repair the Shuiyuan Pavilion, build a new stele gallery, and move 17 square meters of past steles to the stele gallery. Mainei. In the spring of 1983, the county party committee and the county government organized cadres from all levels of the county-level units to plant peaches in Peach Blossom Spring for one week and planted 4,310 peaches. In 1984, the provincial water and electricity allocated 100,000 yuan to build Yiran Bridge. In 1986, the tour road was renovated and again The Fengfeng Pavilion was repaired and the Qionglin Bridge was prepared to build the Qinrenzhai Hotel. In 1988, the Hunan Provincial Government announced that the Peach Blossom Spring was a provincial scenic spot and was included in the top ten scenic spots in the province. The provincial cultural department allocated 400,000 yuan to restore the Gaoju Pavilion. 1990 It was completed in 2001. Although Peach Blossom Spring was damaged during the Cultural Revolution, by the end of the 1980s, it had shown a new scale not seen since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Appearance. New vitality and new artistic conception.

As the times entered the 1990s, the spring breeze of China's reform and opening up brought green to the magical landscape and countryside of Peach Blossom Spring. From 1991 to 1997, these 7 2010 became another heyday of restoration and development in the history of Taohuayuan. With the care of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government, the Changde City, Municipal Government, Taoyuan County Party Committee and County Government directly led this large-scale project Restoration and development work. In 1991, it was approved to establish the Hunan Taohuayuan Scenic Area Management Office, which was upgraded from the original stock level to a deputy department level management agency. From the winter of 1991 to the spring of 1992, the first phase of the restoration and development project was completed, and the restoration and new construction Taohuayuan Cross-Country Road Archway, Yuanmingyuan, Taohua Lake, Liu Yuxi Thatched Cottage, Yonggui Pavilion, Huaying Pavilion, Double Star Pavilion, Wuliu Lake, Shuifu Pavilion, Wenjin Pavilion, Huangwen Villa, Qinren Cave, Huorantai, Qinren Residence . Bamboo Corridor, Gongyi Hall, Fengxian Temple, Yanzhi Pavilion, Zile Bridge, Qizong Pavilion, Nuo Altar and other scenic spots. From the winter of 1992 to the spring of 1993, the second phase of the restoration and development project was completed, and the Taochuan Wanshou Palace (Taochuan Wanshou Palace) was restored and newly built. Shanggong), Tianning Monument Courtyard, Youran Yuan, Eight Immortals Pavilion, Qincheng, Qinren Ancient Cave, Xuanting and other scenic spots. In addition, a number of hotels, restaurants and other tourist facilities for food and accommodation, as well as infrastructure such as water supply and power supply, have been built. From 1996 to 1997, the third phase of the restoration and development project was launched, focusing on exploring the cultural connotation of Peach Blossom Spring, developing Yuanshui scenery and improving the functional supporting facilities of the scenic spot. Some scenic spots were restored, renovated and equipped, including Taolin and Yuanming Temple. Jixian Temple Peach Blossom Temple, Shuifu Pavilion, Observation Deck, Tianning Monument Courtyard, Yuanshui Scenic Line, etc. In 7 years, the third phase of the project invested a total of 100,000 square meters, closed more than 300 hectares of mountains for afforestation, and planted 500,000 trees. .In 2001, governments at all levels and superior authorities paid great attention to the restoration and development of the Peach Blossom Spring. The total area of ??the Peach Blossom Spring has now expanded to 157.55 square kilometers, including 15.8 square kilometers of the main scenic area of ??"Xanadu" and "Wuling Man". The Yuanjiang Scenic Area, where fishing is the industry, covers an area of ??44.85 square kilometers and a peripheral protection zone of 96.9 square kilometers.

Taohuayuan Scenic Area has complete service functions. It currently has three reception venues, 5 hotels, 87 large and small hotels, 1020 beds and more than 1800 dining places. In the scenic area, program-controlled telephones, mobile communications, postal networks, and medical services are complete. In 2001, Taohuayuan Scenic Area was rated as a national AAAA tourist area and a national demonstration unit for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of tourism consumers.

On this basis, seven Peach Blossom Garden Party and three Peach Blossom Festivals were successfully held, attracting businessmen at home and abroad to travel, for sightseeing, vacation and leisure, or to negotiate business, development and investment, and use A quiet place, a bustling city. The ancient and mysterious Peach Blossom Spring is moving towards the future and the new century with the style of a new era.