The Origin, Development and Prosperity of Han Culture in Nanyang

Wancheng site and Xinducheng site are the best preserved sites in Han Dynasty. Wancheng site is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, and Jingzhou is named "Wednesday 16th (Nanyang) County". "Notes on Water Classics" "The south of the water crosses the east of Wancheng, and its city is the capital of Shenbo. The southwest corner of the big city is Guwan City. " The northeast corner of the existing ancient Wancheng is ruler-shaped. The foundation of the city is 5-7 meters above the ground, about 1400 meters long. It is made of rammed earth. You can still see the obvious rammed nest on the cliff. Outside the city is the remains of a moat. After cultural relics drilling, it is found that the northwest corner and the west city wall are local. Wafangzhuang Iron Smelting Site of Han Dynasty in Nanyang City is located in the north of Guwan, with a length of 600 meters from east to west and a width of 200 meters from north to south, with a total area of1.2000 square meters. After excavation at 1959, 17 furnaces and 4 kiln sites were discovered in this site. 300 kilograms of iron was found in the furnace, and more than 300 pieces of pottery molds, tongs and residual air pipes were unearthed. Forging ironware includes knives, sickles, axes, hammers, chisels, shovels, spears and rings. Smelting and casting technology has also reached a fairly high level. In the pottery workshop area excavated in 199 1, a large number of practical pottery and ghost wares were unearthed.

Xinducheng Site is located 45 miles southeast of Xinye County. The existing city wall is a square with each side 700 meters long. The northwest of the city is a burial area. Relics such as ironware and mica were unearthed in the south of the city. It may be a workshop area. There are many Han Dynasty relics inside and outside the city wall. In farming, sewer pipes, drainage houses, wells, stone mills, bronze mirrors, money, tiles, tiles and tiles in the New Mang period are common. This is a well-preserved city site of the Han Dynasty with rich cultural relics. According to The History of the Later Han Dynasty, The Biography of Wang Mang in the History of the Han Dynasty, Notes on Nanyang County in Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, etc. Xindu was the city when Wang Mang was named Xindu. It is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit.

In addition, there are more than ten Han Dynasty city sites such as Yangcheng, Anzhongcheng, Wangbocheng, Zhuangyuan Ancient City, Lexiang Ancient City and Licheng. Ancient water conservancy projects on the upper and lower weir of Tanghe River, Zhaofuqu site in Xinye, water conservancy sites along Linghe River in Zhenping, Damendi in Dengzhou, Baiyan in front of Tanghe River and other water conservancy projects. Many small and medium-sized Han tombs, such as Zhang Heng's Tomb (Zhangheng Museum), Deng Jun House in Han Dynasty, Du Mao Tomb and Princess Huyang Tomb, contain more information about China culture. Zhang Heng's Tomb is located in the west of Xiaoshi Bridge, Shiqiao, and there are many records in historical documents. After the cemetery is restored, it is a national cultural relics protection unit.

Nanyang is rich in Han cultural relics. In addition to the collections of provincial and municipal cultural institutions, rope-patterned bricks, small-patterned bricks and pottery fragments of the Han Dynasty can be seen everywhere in Nanyang urban and rural areas.

Passage to China

Nanyang is a mysterious place. Mysterious Han paintings, like unexplained dreams, always linger in the depths of the author's consciousness. It is also the author's long-term dream to pay tribute to the great creation of the ancestors of Nanyang and appreciate the broad and vigorous spirit of the times in the Han Dynasty and the broad and elegant face of the Han people.

According to the data, Nanyang is like a big bowl. Because it is called Wan, it is located in the southwest of Henan Province. Dig Ruluo in the north, Jingxiang in the south, Wuguan in the west and Jianghuai in the east. Since ancient times, it has been a transportation hub extending in all directions and has always been a battleground for military strategists.

By the time of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 36 counties in Nanyang County, with a county length of 18 km, which was known as "the world is rich in business and the world is rich". In the civil war at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Ada and Liu Xiu, royal brothers of Nanyang County, led all the guests to join the heroes of the Greenwood, built an altar on the Baihetan in the southeast of the county, and made Liu Xuan emperor, making Nanyang known as the "Southern Capital".

Nanyang was extremely prosperous in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor, was born in Sri Lanka, and most of the civilian military commanders who assisted him in fighting the country came from Nanyang. Zhuang painted portraits of 28 generals in Yuntai, Nangong, in recognition of their literary martial arts. At this time, the royal family and the country were in an endless stream, and the princes confronted the princes, which is why people called it "the land of emperors".

The development of economy and politics created the splendid culture of Nanyang in Han Dynasty. Its economy, astronomy, medicine, architecture, literature, music and dance, acrobatics, painting, sculpture, pottery and so on. At that time, it was dominant. Zhang Heng's scientific and literary achievements are world-famous, and China's medical culture, represented by Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, still shines with unparalleled brilliance. Kong Wei, a jurist and economist, Zhao and Han Ji, water conservancy experts, are all admired by future generations for their unique creations. In the Han Dynasty, the dignitaries in Nanyang pursued an extremely luxurious life, feasting, hunting excessively, longing for ultimate enlightenment, immortality, and the wind of reburial prevailed. This left many cultural relics for future generations.

Nanyang Han culture remains should be represented by stone reliefs, brick reliefs and pottery dogs.

Visit the "Three Sages of Nanyang" Temple

Zhang Heng, Zhang Zhongjing and Zhuge Liang, who worked hard and lived in Wolonggang, Nanyang at the end of the Han Dynasty, were called "the Three Sages of Nanyang".

On the bank of Wenliang River in the eastern suburb of Nanyang, the ancient and majestic medical shrine is the cemetery of Zhang Zhongjing, a great doctor in the Han Dynasty. The ancient monuments in the courtyard are lined up, and the halls and pavilions are like this. Gallery display 1 17 portraits of ancient famous doctors; The East Gallery is inlaid with paintings of Zhang Zhongjing's life. Through the main entrance, but see the eaves of the tomb pavilion. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor of all ages, was buried in the mausoleum under the pavilion. There is a stone tablet in front of the pavilion, "The Tomb of Zhang Zhongjing, the Governor of Changsha in the Eastern Han Dynasty".

Zhang Zhongjing is a great scholar. Since I was a child, I have great ambition to help the people and dare to practice medicine in Taishou Hospital another day. On the other hand, he applied the philosophy of Yi Li and Laozi and Zhuangzi to medical research and founded the Zhongjing theory of Zebei Wandai. This great personality has become the permanent coordinate of Nanyang people.

It is more than 20 kilometers north of Wancheng, but I see a fence surrounded by a hill several feet high. This is the tomb of Zhang Heng, a world cultural celebrity, great scientist and writer. Guo Moruo's inscription day in front of the tomb: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in world history." The seismograph, drum cart and woodcarving made by Zhang Heng are the earliest seismograph, lumberjack and airplane in the world. The pi he calculated is the square root of 10, which is 3. 16, which is more than 300 years earlier than Europe. He also left more than 30 poems, essays and scientific works. Therefore, the international academic circles compare him with Galileo and Copernicus. The International Astronomical Society named a crater on the moon as "Zhang Hengshan" and an asteroid in the solar system as Zhang Hengxing. National Cultural Heritage Administration has decided to restore Zhang Heng's Tomb and build the Zhangheng Museum. The whole building adopts the style of Han dynasty, and the first phase of the project has started. With the sadness around the bleak Zhang Heng's Tomb, I came to Wollongong, a gathering place of Han culture in Nanyang, where ancient cypresses are dense and pines are hidden. The Wuhou Temple, which commemorates Mr. Wolong in the late Han Dynasty and the early Three Kingdoms, stands quietly here. Zhuge Liang has some scenic spots such as Companion Platform, Ningyuan Building and Gubaiting on the cultivated land 10. The famous Zhuge Lu is a decent hut.

Tian Wen

Qu Yuan has a poem "Tian Wen" and Nanyang has a stone "Tian Wen": Tianlu, exorcise evil spirits.

Tianlu and the brave and brave are a pair of round carvings in Han Dynasty, 2 meters long and about 1.5 meters high. Their forelegs are upright, their hind legs are bent, they are tiger-headed and phoenix-tailed, their claws are beautiful, they have wings under their arms and their heads are raised to the sky. Chen Fang, now regarded as a national treasure, is located on both sides of the Hanbei Pavilion in Wolonggang, Nanyang.

This thing was originally the beast of the tomb in front of the tomb of the ancestors of the Han Dynasty. In the Collection of Ancient Books written by Ouyang Yongshu in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was recorded: "When Ou Gong first arrived in Dengzhou, he passed the tomb of Nanyang's ancestor ... The two beasts were still there, and they completely confronted each other. One is Tianlu and the other is to ward off evil spirits. "

Tianlu and exorcism are two kinds of beasts in ancient legends. They are like deer with a long tail, with one horn and two horns to ward off evil spirits, which can make Yongan White Deer. The ancients put them in front of the tomb, not only to protect the tomb of the shrine, but also as a seat for ascending immortals. Large-scale round-carved beasts in the Han Dynasty, such as a pair of stone beasts in Nanyang, have a huge system, exquisite carvings and vivid shapes, which are unique in the country.

This is a masterpiece of China's ancient round carving art, which has a high value in the history of China culture and art, so it has always been valued by Chinese and foreign artists.

Taogou-the projection of human life

Walking into the exhibition hall of Nanyang Museum, lifelike pottery animals, especially hundreds of lifelike pottery dogs, show us a magical and timeless world.

Nanyang's economy in Han Dynasty was extremely prosperous, which was manifested in funerary objects. In addition to daily necessities, there are more and more model funerary objects. Especially with the development of feudal manor economy, keeping dogs is very popular. They regarded dogs as strange things before their death, and pottery dogs were buried with them after their death. In this way, the pottery dog became one of the most distinctive funerary objects in the Han tombs. Archaeology shows that in recent years, pottery dogs are generally unearthed in the larger and more complete Han tombs excavated here.

There are many kinds of pottery dogs unearthed in Nanyang, and their shapes are extremely vivid. The combination of realism, exaggeration and deformation makes Nanyang pottery dog show a childlike and "big" spirit, which makes people feel a projection of life and the pioneering spirit of ancestors in Han Dynasty, and also provides a rare artistic example for today's sculpture creation in China. In the face of these coincidences between nature and human beings, you can vaguely hear a symphony of life from ancient times.

Years on bricks

More than 400 Han Dynasty portrait bricks unearthed in Nanyang are another "unique" of Han culture in Nanyang, and are now concentrated in the regional cultural relics research institute and Xinye Han Brick Museum. Most of these portrait bricks are works in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, which are famous for their rich and unique contents. Among them, there are the most Chinese portrait bricks reflecting the theme of social spiritual and cultural life in the Han Dynasty. Such as dance, music, acrobatics, architecture, myths and historical stories. Some of them are rare in other places, such as Playing Cars and Hu Hanzhan, and they are orphans in China. These portraits vividly reflect the social history of the Han Dynasty and people's ideas and lifestyles at that time.

Xiesuo Opera Car Map, Su Ping Opera Car Map and Shuangsuo Opera Car Map unearthed in Xinye show the brilliant achievements of acrobatic art in Han Dynasty. The shoes recorded in historical materials are all fixed on the ground. These portraits make it rise from the ground to the air, from a fixed form to a flying form.

Han painting researchers believe that compared with other areas in China, the artistic level of Han painting bricks in Nanyang is "even worse", and compared with Han stone relief in Nanyang, it is more simple and abstract in art, emphasizing the expressive force of lines, which is the development of Han stone relief. Its artistic style can be summarized into four words: big, simple, clumsy and simple. Nanyang Han painting bricks don't care about details, but pursue great momentum. Through the use of contrast, symmetry, balance, interleaving and other methods and the description of the typical and climactic instantaneous state of things, the strength, movement, speed and the imposing beauty formed by them are expressed. A small picture can always give people a feeling of great space, momentum and artistic conception. Portraits of complex scenes such as Sishui Ding, Battle between Hu and Han, Pingshuo Opera Car are overwhelming, with grand slam and profound breadth. Even if only one or two characters or animals are displayed, people can feel the grand momentum coming at them. However, the "atmosphere" of Nanyang Han painting bricks seems to be much milder than that of Nanyang Han painting stones. This is probably related to the spiritual changes in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty.

The composition of Nanyang Han painting brick is very simple, with a pen. Many people simplify the form and use only a few lines to express it, which is full of childlike interest, such as children's paintings.

The quaint style of Nanyang Han painting bricks is not colorful, but based on simplicity, washing and childishness, giving people a sense of simplicity. Pen and ink are simple to the extreme, the form is rough to the extreme, and the meaning is rich to the extreme, vulgar and refined, simple and big. A line like Hanshu

Nanyang Han Painting Museum is a treasure house of art, and some people call it Dunhuang in Henan. Walking into Nanyang Han Painting Museum is like walking into a dream world. Beast's face, man's back. People and gods are on the same stage, and immortals are in the same place. The sky is heavy above, and the underworld is dead below, connecting life and death and communicating ancient and modern times. Extreme exaggeration and absurd imagination make people's spiritual temperament so mysterious, profound, unrestrained and free and easy! Show people's essential strength so sharp, sharp, strong and heavy!

During his lifetime, Mr. Lu Xun paid great attention to the Han Dynasty stone relief in Nanyang, and his client collected more than 200 rubbings. He once said: "Only the stone carvings in China have depth and strength."

Mr. Wu Guanzhong said that he was excited three times in his life. The first time I saw the Impressionist exhibition in France, the second time I saw the stone carving in front of Huo Qubing's tomb in Ann, and the third time I visited Nanyang Chinese Painting Museum. He said: "I almost kneel before the ancestors of the Han Dynasty."

Mr. Wang Chaowen, an aesthete, called Nanyang Han Dynasty stone relief "a cultural phenomenon that is difficult to understand in a hurry" and asserted that "the value of this art treasure house will be more brilliant in the future."

Yan Bozan, a historian, praised it as "Xiu Xiang Han History" from a historical perspective.

Nanyang Han Painting Museum has more than 700 Han Dynasty stone reliefs/KLOC-0, which is the highest in China, and most of them are works of the most mature period of Han Dynasty portrait carving art.

The life of the aristocratic class in the Han Dynasty is the main object of expression of the Han Dynasty stone reliefs in Nanyang. Endless high-rise buildings, speeding cars, dazzling array of delicacies, grand courtesy, hordes of handmaiden attendants and intense riding and shooting wild hunting, their ostentation and extravagance are vividly displayed.

Among the Han paintings in Nanyang, the idea of promoting immortals accounts for the largest proportion, with more than 400 stones. What were the ancestors of human beings like? Fuxi and his wife in Han paintings seem to be more intimate and reliable than "monkeys become people" The celestial world doesn't seem far away and unreal. As long as you step on a dragon, deer or tiger, you can reach it in an instant. In the deer pen, three deer are driving a cloud car, and the owner who is about to ascend to heaven in the car is quite complacent. In "Tiger Car Map", three flying tigers are pulling their climbing masters to gallop through space. Obviously, these beasts show the exuberant desire and pursuit of human beings and are the extension and symbol of human spirit.

These lingshi let us feel the profound cultural spirit of the Han society and the endless vitality of the Chinese nation. We seem to be in the great cultural space of the Han Dynasty, having smooth communication with our ancestors and enjoying the glory of the ancient oriental civilization, and we seem to have become great ourselves. Generally speaking, Nanyang Han paintings pay attention to expression instead of reproduction, which is full of exaggeration, deformation and abstraction. Some parts of the beast's heart are emphasized in a large proportion, but some parts are ignored when it plummets. In Cuju Map, the maiko's waist is narrowed to only one line, while the long sleeves become two slender lines, and the details of the characters are all omitted, giving a very strong impression. The application of this strong form gives Nanyang Han paintings a strong sense of strength, movement and life. An obvious difference between Nanyang Han painting and other Han paintings is that it has no intensive position management, no hierarchical and framed pattern arrangement, and no different themes listed together. Instead, a painting only shows one theme, with clear composition and vivid plot relationship, which is the beginning of China's artistic personality and lays the basic rules and norms of Chinese painting.

As the hometown of Chu, the genetic factors of Chu culture are obviously active in Nanyang Han paintings. "Looking forward to Shu as the pioneer, and Fei Lian as the subordinate", "Building a lotus with a waterwheel and driving two dragons at sea", the fantasy image in Chu Ci, driving tigers and dragons, can be found in Nanyang Han paintings.

The power of art and fantasy is sometimes enormous. When we came out of the Han Painting Museum, we felt lucky and satisfied with the limited number of tourists. But we can't say that we have fully understood it. We are waiting for another opportunity. We also hope that more people will get out of the complicated affairs and accept the impact of thoughts and souls.