How did Liu Guan and Zhang meet?

They became sworn brothers in Taoyuan, please read the information for details: The Three Sworn Brothers in Taoyuan is the first story in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Speaking of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, people will always think of their early years in the peach garden behind Zhang Fei Village in Zhuo County, where they prepared black oxen and white horses, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth, burned incense and worshiped again, and became brothers of different surnames without asking for anything. Born in the same year, the same month and the same day, I only wish to die in the same year, the same month and the same day. People have been telling this story, and people have imitated it again and again by burning incense and forming a bond of friendship. Liang Qichao said in an article: "Today, our country's heroes are everywhere, and they are worshiped by Taoyuan every day..." ("On the relationship between novels and mass governance") Some guilds in the Qing Dynasty, such as the Triads, etc. , during their rather solemn initiation ceremony, they would not forget to insert peach branches to symbolize that they were sworn brothers in the peach garden. Liu Yan went out to recruit volunteers. The article went to Zhuoxian and led to a hero in Zhuoxian. That man was not very good at reading; he was kind-hearted, reticent, and could express his emotions and anger; he was always ambitious and liked to make friends with the world's heroes; he was born with a height of seven feet and five inches, his ears were hanging down from his shoulders, his hands were above his knees, and he could only look at himself. His ears, his face are like crown jade, and his lips are as if they were smeared with grease. After Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan, he was the great-great-grandson of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. His surname was Liu Mingbei, and his courtesy name was Xuande. In the past, Liu Zhen, the son of Liu Sheng, was granted the title of Marquis of Zhuolu Ting during the Han Dynasty. Later, he lost the title of Marquis of Zhuolu, so he left this branch in Zhuo County. Xuande's ancestor Liu Xiong and his father Liu Hong. Hong Zeng promoted filial piety and honesty, and also tried to serve as an official. He died early. Xuande was an orphan, and he was extremely filial to his mother. His family was poor, and he made a living by selling clothes and weaving mats. He lives in Lousang Village, this county. Southeast of his home, there is a large mulberry tree, more than five feet high. Looking from a distance, children look like the hood of a car. The prime minister said: "This family must have a noble man." When Xuande was young, he played with the children in the village under a tree and said: "I am the emperor, so I should ride on this chariot." His uncle Liu Yuanqi was surprised by his words and said: "This son Very human!" Seeing that Xuande's family was poor, he often gave him money. When he was fifteen years old, his mother sent him on a study tour, where he studied under Zheng Xuan and Lu Zhi, and became friends with Gongsun Zan and others. By the time Liu Yan issued a notice to recruit troops, Xuande was already twenty-eight years old. When I saw the announcement that day, I sighed with emotion. Then a man said sternly: "If you don't contribute to the country, why do you sigh?" Xuande looked back at the man, who was eight feet long, with a leopard's head and eyes, a swallow's chin and a tiger's beard, his voice was like a huge thunder, and his power was like a galloping horse. Xuande saw his strange appearance and asked his name. The man said: "My surname is Zhang Fei, whose given name is Yide. He has lived in Zhuo County for a long time. He has a lot of farmland. He sells wine and butchers pigs. He specializes in making friends with the world's heroes. I just saw him sighing when he looked at the list, so I asked him." Xuande said. : "I am a member of the Han Dynasty, my surname is Liu and my given name is Bei. Now I heard that the Yellow Turbans are promoting chaos, and they are determined to destroy the thieves and bring peace to the people, but I hate that I can't do it, so I sigh." Fei said: "I have quite a lot of money, so I should recruit local braves. How about doing something great together with the public?" Xuande was very happy, so he went to the village shop with him to drink. In the drinking room, I saw a big man pushing a cart and rested at the front of the store. After sitting down in the store, he called the bartender: "Hurry up and pour some wine. I will rush into the city to join the army." Xuande looked at him. : The body is nine feet long, and the beard is two feet long; the face is as heavy as a jujube, and the lips are as if greased; the eyes are red and phoenix, and the eyebrows are lying on silkworms, and the appearance is dignified and majestic. Xuande invited him to sit with him and called him by name. The man said: "My surname is Guan Mingyu, my given name is Changsheng, later changed to Yunchang, and I am a good man from Hedong. Because I was a powerful man and relied on my power to dominate others, I killed him and I fled the rivers and lakes for five or six years. Now I heard that there was a recruitment here. The army has defeated thieves, so I came here to recruit." Xuande told him his ambition, and Yun Chang was very happy. We went to Zhang Feizhuang to discuss important matters together. Fei said: "There is a peach garden behind my village, and the flowers are in full bloom. Tomorrow I will offer sacrifices to heaven and earth in the garden. The three of us will become brothers and work together to achieve great things." Xuande and Yun Chang responded in unison: "This is very good." The next day, in the peach garden, they prepared the black ox and white horse sacrifice and other items. The three of them burned incense and worshiped again and said an oath: "I remember Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei. Although they have different surnames, they are brothers. We work together to rescue the poor and help the people in danger; we do not want to be born in the same year, the same month, and the same day, but we only wish to die in the same year, the same month, and the same day. If you realize this, you will be ungrateful and ungrateful." After the oath, he worshiped Xuande as his elder brother, Guan Yu as his second, and Zhang Fei as his younger brother. Taoyuan Friendship Anecdotes: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the government was corrupt, coupled with successive years of famine, the people's lives were very difficult. Liu Bei intends to save the people, and Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are willing to work with Liu Bei to do something together. The three fell in love and chose a peach garden behind Zhang Feizhuang. At this time, the peach blossoms were in full bloom and the scenery was beautiful. Zhang Fei prepared a green cow and a white horse as a sacrifice, burned incense and worshiped, and the oath was completed; the three recognized their brothers according to their age. Liu Bei was the eldest brother, Guan Yu was the second, and Zhang Fei was the younger brother. This is the famous "Taoyuan Stake" in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

Is there any Taoyuan Three Brothers in History? Speaking of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, people will always think of them in the peach orchard behind Zhangfei Village in Zhuo County in their early years. Brothers with different surnames do not want to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day, but they only want to die in the same year, the same month and the same day. So, was there any such thing as Taoyuan sworn friendship in the history of the Three Kingdoms? The relationship between Liu, Guan, and Zhang in history is indeed extraordinary. "Three Kingdoms: Biography of Guan Yu" records that Guan Yu fled to Zhuo County. Liu Bei was gathering his disciples in the countryside, and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei joined his disciples. Later, Liu Bei became the Prime Minister of Pingyuan, and he appointed Yu and Fei as the commanders of other departments, and divided the divisions. Liu Bei and the two "sleeped in the same bed, and they were like brothers." Guan Yu often sat in a crowd of people and waited on him all day long. Later, Xuzhou fell and Guan Yu was captured. Cao Cao sent people to persuade him to surrender. Guan Yu also said: "I have received great kindness from General Liu, and I swear to death by force. I cannot recite it." "The Biography of Zhang Fei" " also records: "Zhang Fei... Shao and Guan Yu were the masters at the time. Yu was several years older, and brother Fei took care of him." Judging from Guan Yu's sentence "swear to death by force", it seems that they had some kind of vow back then. However, the history books only said that they were "like brothers", but did not say that they were sworn brothers. ?Perhaps it was based on the imagination of the three "Enruo brothers" that the folk legend of Taoyuan sworn brotherhood came into being. The Yuan people wrote the story into "Three Kingdoms" and Zaju based on folklore. It is generally believed that "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was written at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. Prior to this, "Three Kingdoms Zhipinghua", one of the "Five Kinds of Quanxiang Pinghua" published during the Zhizhi period of the Yuan Dynasty (1321-1323), although it only had 80,000 words, had begun to have the main outline of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Among them is the section "Sworship in the Taoyuan". First, Guan Yu killed the county magistrate who was greedy for money, fond of bribes, and cruelly harmed the people, and fled to Zhuo County. Zhang Fei saw that his appearance was extraordinary and his conversation was ambitious, so he invited him to the hotel to have sex. *drink. It happened that Liu Bei also entered the hotel after selling his shoes. After a few glasses of wine, the three of them hit it off and invited them to the peach garden behind Zhang Fei Village. They ordered each year to "slaughter a white horse to sacrifice to the sky and a black cow to sacrifice to the earth." , "Walking together, sitting together and sleeping together, we swear to be brothers." This is very similar to the description in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". According to Fu Xihua's "Complete Catalog of Yuan Dynasty Zaju", there are more than forty Yuan people's Zaju based on the story of the Three Kingdoms. Almost all the main characters of the Three Kingdoms have been put on the drama stage, which also played an important role in the writing of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". played an important role. There is also a special play "Liu Guan and Zhang Taoyuan Three Brothers". The plot is different from "Pinghua". It tells that Guan Yu killed Zhou Yin who took advantage of the chaos and planned to become king, fled to Fan Yang in Zhuo County, and one day arrived at Zhang Fei's house. The butcher's shop bought meat to drink with, but Zhang Fei held down the butcher's knife with a huge boulder. Guan Yu moved the huge boulder, which greatly impressed Zhang Fei. Zhang Fei visited the inn and first worshiped Guan Yu as his brother, and then met Liu Bei. Seeing that he was handsome, wealthy, and a descendant of an emperor, he and Guan Yu worshiped Bei as his brother, and the three of them married. Go to the peach garden outside the city, kill cattle and horses, offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, swear to live and die, and support the Han Dynasty together. ? The story of friendship in Taoyuan also has shadows of real life. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a custom of killing white horses to form alliances. In the seventh year of Jian'an (202), Cao Cao captured Nanpi and killed Yuan Tan. Yuan Xi's generals, Jiao Chu and Zhang Nan, betrayed Yuan Xiang Cao. When they rebelled, they swore an oath of alliance by killing the white horse. This can be seen in the "Three Kingdoms·Yuan Shao Biography". But this is just an oath, not a sworn brotherhood. Later, many leaders of peasant uprisings used this form when they sworn brothers. For example, in the Red Turban Uprising of Liu Fushun and others in the Yuan Dynasty, "History of the Yuan Dynasty: The Chronicles of Emperor Shun" describes the situation of their sworn friendship as "killing the white horse and the black ox, swearing to heaven and earth, and wanting to join forces to cause chaos." ?"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" writes about the friendship in Taoyuan, which may be based on folklore, absorbing the deeds of peasant uprisings, and may also be related to the author's own experience. Luo Guanzhong, the author of "The Romance", lived around 1330-1400 according to Lu Xun's research. There are too many stories about his life to be verified. Some say he is from Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi), some say he is from Dongyuan (now Dongping, Shandong), and some say he is from Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). All I know is that he was born in troubled times and had rich experiences. There are two other points worth noting: first, the Ming Dynasty Wangqi's "Bad History Collection" said that he was "the one who aspires to be the king"; the second is the "Water Margin One Hundred and Eight Generals Picture Inscription and Postscript" painted by Xu Weiren and Xu Xushao of the Qing Dynasty, saying that he had worked with the Yuan Dynasty Zhang Shicheng, one of the leaders of the late peasant uprising, was related to him. He currently has the drama "The Meeting of Dragons and Tigers of Zhao Taizu". In addition to "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", his novels also include "The Poems of the King of Xiao Qin", "The Chronicles of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "The Romance of the End of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties", and "The Story of Sansui Pingyao". , and participated in the writing of "Water Margin". These novels and operas are all based on heroic deeds in troubled times, which should be related to his experience and ambition.

A large number of descriptions in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", first of all, the description of the friendship in Taoyuan, should also be related to his experience. From the artistic conception of the whole book "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", writing about the three sworn friendships in Taoyuan not only introduces the three main heroes of the book, but also reveals the theme of loyalty that will be expressed in many aspects in the book. This may also be what the author writes at the beginning of "The Romance" A reason for friendship in Taoyuan.