Is there any connection between Taiwanese geography, Taiwan Province Province and Fujian in ancient times?

The geographical connection between prehistoric Taiwan Province Province and the mainland was not as Wang Yang is now. There used to be a "Continental Bridge" between Taiwan Province Province and the Mainland Strait, which was called "Dongshan Continental Bridge" by academic circles. Zhangzhou area is the closest contact point between the mainland and prehistoric civilization in Taiwan Province Province.

The book Prehistoric Culture of Zhangzhou, edited by Professor You Yuzhu, points out: "Fujian Province and Taiwan Province Province are across the sea, and they had a very close relationship in prehistoric times. This close relationship is determined by the fact that they have the same geographical conditions, the same geological conditions, the integration of prehistoric times and the frequent exchanges between ancient humans through land bridges. " "The early cultural and cultural exchanges between Fujian and Taiwan were mainly completed through the Dongshan Continental Bridge."

Relevant marine geological data show that Taiwan Province Province is a part of Cathaysian ancient land in Fujian-Taiwan Peninsula, and it has been connected with land for many times in prehistoric times from Fujian coast to Taiwan Province Island. Due to the influence of Himalayan orogeny and ice age, Taiwan Province Province and coastal islands were connected with the mainland at the latest in Pliocene. In the early Early Pleistocene, due to the rising of the earth's crust, the climate became cold, the coastal areas retreated, and the coastline advanced to the ocean. At this time, the bottom of the Taiwan Province Strait emerged from the water, forming a vast continental shelf plain, and Taiwan Province Island and Fujian coastal islands became part of the mainland. In the late Early Pleistocene, the climate became warmer and the sea level rose. At this time, seawater entered the Taiwan Province Strait, and Taiwan Province Province was separated from the mainland. In the early Middle Pleistocene, the earth's crust rose and the temperature dropped again, which led to regression, and Taiwan Province Province was reconnected with the mainland. Since then, the earth's climate has changed, the sea level has risen and fallen, and the connection and separation between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland have appeared alternately. After the last ice age, Taiwan Province Province and the mainland were connected by a winding strait.

At the peak of the last ice age, a large-scale regression occurred in Zhangzhou coastal area about 16000 years ago. According to the research of relevant scholars, the sea level of this regression is about 1 10 meters lower than today, which is the lowest value since 40,000 years ago. When the sea level dropped, ancient people entered Taiwan Province Province along the exposed passage. However, the Taiwan Province Strait is 300 kilometers long from north to south. What is the most ideal and convenient route to migrate from west to east? This can only be understood by understanding the seabed topography of the Taiwan Province Strait. At the northern end of the Strait, the distance from Minjiang Estuary to Danshui is only 200 kilometers. However, due to the gradual slope of the submarine landform in the Strait from the south entrance to the northeast, the terrain is getting lower and lower, and the water is getting deeper and deeper. "Even if the sea level drops during the ice age, it is difficult to become dry land, but a vast swamp lowland", so it is difficult to pass. At the southwest end of the Strait, it is 300 kilometers from Nan 'ao Island in Guangdong to Kaohsiung, which is a long way and not an ideal way. From Dongshan to Tainan via Penghu, there is a platform formed by continental deposits in different periods from Pleistocene to Holocene, which became the watershed of the South China Sea and the East China Sea Basin. This watershed is the "Dongshan Land Bridge", a shoal with a water depth of about 40 meters and a shallowest point of only 10 meter, which runs through the Strait from west to east. According to Professor Lin Guande's exposition on the submarine topography of the Taiwan Province Strait, the Dongshan Continental Bridge is now 40 to 50 meters below sea level. Tens of thousands of years ago, the ancient sea level fell below sea level 130 meters, and the Dongshan continental bridge was 90 meters above sea level. This is a bridge of civilization connecting Fujian and Taiwan in ancient times.

The western end of Dongshan Continental Bridge and the coastal areas of Zhangpu, Xiao Yun, Dongshan and Zhaoan in Zhangzhou are probably the starting points for ancient humans to enter Taiwan Province Province through Dongshan Continental Bridge. When the land bridge became land, there were many trees and rivers on the land bridge, and many ancient animals, such as bison, ancient deer, saber-toothed elephants and rhinoceros, entered Taiwan Province Province in droves through the land bridge. Ancient humans also rushed into Taiwan Province Province along the continental bridge, holding stone tools and shouting. When they found spacious caves in Taiwan Province Province, hunted wonderful prey and picked sweet wild fruits, they settled and multiplied there. This is the earliest resident of Taiwan Province Province.

In recent years, archaeological discoveries in Taiwan Province Strait and its coastal areas have repeatedly confirmed the existence of "Dongshan Land Bridge". Scholars on both sides of the strait have discovered ancient shoreline signs, ancient river courses flowing from the continental shelf, fresh water and terrestrial fresh water paleontological seed specimens, which provide cultural relics for studying that the Strait was once land. In particular, the "Dongshan Man" fossils of Dongshan Continental Bridge, the animal fossils of Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene in geological period, and the archaeological discoveries of Zhangzhou stone tools have played an extraordinary role in further affirming the academic viewpoint of Dongshan Continental Bridge. Professor You Yuzhu said in his academic writings about the Dongshan Continental Bridge: "As long as the climate in the Pleistocene period gets a little cold, the uplift of the Dongshan Continental Bridge will be exposed as land. Therefore, the' Dongshan Continental Bridge' became the only place for prehistoric humans to travel between Fujian and Taiwan. The discovery of stone products and human bone fossils in Zhangzhou further confirmed the important role of Dongshan Land Bridge in the relationship between Fujian and Taiwan, and also confirmed the bridgehead role of Zhangzhou in the process of human migration to Taiwan Province Province. "

The archaeological discovery of Taiwan Province Island also strongly confirmed the existence of "Dongshan Continental Bridge". Many mammalian fossils have been found in the Quaternary strata of Taiwan Province Province, such as the oriental saber-toothed elephant, saber-toothed tiger, china rhino, ancient deer, bison and wild boar. These are common ancient animals in Zhangzhou and even in South China at the same time. Most of the 64 species of mammals, freshwater fishes and plants in Taiwan Province Province belong to the same line as the mainland. All these indicate that Taiwan Province Province and the mainland belong to the same ancient land, connected with the land, and animals and plants live in the same circle. "Dongshan Continental Bridge" is the only way for ancient animals and plants to cross the strait. Professor Zang Zhenhua of Taiwan Province Province said in the Archaeological Report of Prehistoric Civilization in Taiwan Province Province and Penghu that there was a regressive period in the Taiwan Province Strait during four or five thousand years, and a land bridge was exposed. There are shoals, swamps and rivers on the Continental Bridge ... At this time, the crowd activities on the Taiwan Province Strait are quite frequent. Residents of Penghu, Taiwan Province Province often have transactions with coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong in mainland China. " Traces of rice cultivation were found on pottery unearthed from the Kenting cultural site in Tainan, indicating that Chinese mainland's rice composition was introduced to Taiwan Province with immigrants during this period.

For the existence of "Dongshan Land Bridge", Dongshan fishermen who depend on the sea for fields from generation to generation are also convinced. There is an old saying in southern Fujian called "Tokyo sinks, Fujian floats". An old saying is popular in Dongshan, Zhao 'an and South Australia, Guangdong: "Sink in Tokyo and float in South Australia." It refers to the natural phenomenon that the sea level rises and falls, and the land bridge in the Taiwan Province Strait rises to land and does not enter the sea alternately. Dongshan fishermen fish at sea all the year round and know the depth of the seabed from Dongshan to Penghu. Occasionally, they will get all kinds of animal bones from the shallows in this area, including human bones and ceramics with marine mollusk shells attached to their surfaces. They were convinced that Tokyo had sunk here in ancient times, but they certainly wouldn't have thought that it was a long and narrow platform on the seabed landform of the Taiwan Province Strait. According to the fishermen's tradition of "burying bones when they meet" and pantheism, the bones caught cannot be thrown into the sea and must be taken back to land for burial. In the northeast of Tongling, Dongshan, there is a "Wanfu Palace", which specializes in collecting unowned bones and offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods. According to Chen Liqun of Dongshan County Museum, there are several skeleton warehouses in Wanfu Palace. The warehouse is almost buried underground, leaving a small door on the ground. When it is full, it will be closed with soil. There are many animal bones in the warehouse, including elephants, water deer, goats and bears. It is not difficult to see that the "Dongshan Continental Bridge" does exist; It can also be speculated that when the ancient "Dongshan Continental Bridge" surfaced, people and animals came and went on it. The following two sketches of "Dongshan Continental Bridge" and early human migration routes drawn by Professor You Yuzhu may help us understand the human activities of "Dongshan Continental Bridge" in ancient times more intuitively.

Professor You Yuzhu pointed out that there is a dense zone of human fossils and stone tools between the Tropic of Cancer and 25 degrees north latitude. "This dense belt starts from Yuanmou in Yunnan in the west, passes through Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong to Fujian, and then passes through the Taiwan Province Strait to Taiwan Province Island." "Early humans started from Dongshan, Zhangzhou, along the shoal of Dongshan Continental Bridge, and arrived at Tainan, Taiwan Province Island via Penghu Islands."

Second, "Zhangzhou people" and "Dongshan people"

The earliest human beings in Taiwan Province Island were called Zuo Zhenren, 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Since the discovery of Zuo Zhenren fossil in 1970, seven skull fragments and two teeth have been collected so far. After archaeological identification, the specimen collected for the first time is a fossil of the right parietal bone of a young man of about twenty years old. Its life time belongs to the late Paleolithic period.

Because there are no ancient human fossils earlier than "Zuo Zhenren" on the island of Taiwan Province Province, and no ancient ape fossils have been found, it is certain that "Zuo Zhenren" is foreign. Where did Zuo Zhenren come from?

The gradient of the seabed on the east side of Taiwan Province Province drops sharply by 1-10, and the sea depth of 20km offshore reaches 4km. Taiwan Province Province is far away from the oceans of other continents in the world, far exceeding the distance to Chinese mainland. Even though the sea level dropped by 100 meters during the Great Ice Age, the unfathomable Pacific Ocean is still in the east of Taiwan Province Province. It was impossible for humans to cross 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. Therefore, the only way out for Zuo Zhenren is the mainland. Experts believe that Fujian should be the only place for Zuo Zhen people to migrate from the mainland to Taiwan Province Province, and Zhangzhou should be the starting point for prehistoric people to lead to Taiwan Province Province. 1987 and 1990, the late Paleolithic human fossils "Dongshan Man" and "Zhangzhou Man" were discovered in Zhangzhou, which provided a scientific basis for the inference that ancient humans entered Taiwan Province Province through Fujian.

"Zhangzhou Man" is a fossil of the left tibia, which was collected by Mr. Zeng Wuyue of Zhangzhou Cultural Bureau in the northern suburb of Zhangzhou City. It is 13 1 mm long and light brown. Judging from the characteristics of thicker tibia, it may be a male adult, whose absolute age is about 10 thousand years ago. "Dongshan Man" is a fossil of the right humerus, which is collected by Mr. Sun Yinglong of Dongshan County Museum. It is 57.9 mm long and light gray. The absolute age is about ten thousand years ago. Looking at the bone wall behind the humerus from the cross section, we can see a layer of black material, indicating that manganese in the stratum invaded the bone when the fossil was buried at the bottom of the sea. At the junction of the anterior and medial surfaces of the humerus, there are traces of marine mollusks attached, indicating that the fossils came from the seabed. After a long period of seabed burial, the fossils were salvaged by Dongshan fishermen and buried in Tongling Town, Dongshan./KLOC-0 was excavated during the construction of Huafu Hotel in 1987. In addition, the human fossils found in Fujian are human tooth fossils from Fox Cave in Qingliu County, dating back 10,000 years. Experts from the Institute of vertebrate paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences believe that the discovery of human fossils in Zhangzhou is of great significance to the paleolithic archaeological research in Fujian, which goes without saying.

Although the absolute age of "Zhangzhou people" and "Dongshan people" is more than 10,000 years younger than that of "Zuo Zhenren", the research of archaeology, geology, anthropology and morphology has proved this. Zuo Zhenren's ancestral home is in Fujian, and he is related to Zhangzhou and Dongshan. Archaeological research shows that South China is one of the important areas of prehistoric human activities. More than 600 kilometers of coastline in Zhangzhou, from Longhai and Zhangpu to Dongshan, Xiao Yun and Zhao 'an, is the eastward extension of this area, which was connected with Taiwan Province Province by land during the ice age. Stone tools dating from 40,000 to 80,000 years ago have been found in the northern suburb of Zhangzhou where the "Zhangzhou Man" fossil was unearthed, which belongs to the middle of Late Pleistocene in geological age. The owner of the stone tools has not yet been discovered. The absolute age of Zuozhenren and Changbin culture in Taiwan Province Province was1~ 30,000 years ago when the Taiwan Province Strait was in the ice age. Mr. Song Wenxun, a professor of archaeological anthropology in Taiwan Province Province, once concluded that the paleolithic culture in Taiwan Province Province "must have been introduced through South China". A series of important discoveries such as Zhangzhou stone tools, "Zhangzhou people" and "Dongshan people" provide physical evidence for this inference. The convex edge scraper unearthed in the northern suburb of Zhangzhou is semi-oval, and the curved edge has processing marks from the front to the back and from the back to the front. The other side of the whole shape opposite to the edge is thicker and gradually becomes thinner towards the edge, similar to a wedge. This wedge-shaped stone tool is also found in the "Changbin Culture" in Taiwan Province Province, and the processing technology is the same. In particular, some stone tools processed with thick pebbles are similar to the boat-shaped stone tools in Zhangzhou culture.

According to Mr. Zhang Zhenbiao from the Institute of vertebrate paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the natural ecological environment of Zhangzhou in the late Pleistocene was studied. Zhangzhou is near the Tropic of Cancer. From about 40,000 years ago, the ecological environment in southern China was relatively consistent, so there were the same mammal communities. The mammalian fossil assemblage shows that in the late Pleistocene, the natural ecological environments in Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi and Zhejiang were basically similar, that is, the ecological environments that affected the development of human physique in this area were basically similar. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the late Homo sapiens south of the Yangtze River, such as Liu Qing and Zhangzhou in Fujian, Liujiang in Guangxi, Jiande in Zhejiang and Zuozhen in Taiwan Province, are basically similar in physical characteristics and belong to the same symbol type.

"Zhangzhou people", "Dongshan people" and "Zuo Zhen people" belong to the same race-Mongolian, and their national characteristics belong to the southern region. According to the analysis of relevant data, ancient humans entered Fujian in the early stage of Homo sapiens, that is, about 200 thousand years ago. Homo sapiens, who first entered Zhangzhou, probably migrated eastward from the eastern coastal hilly areas of Guangdong, and developed a local culture in Zhangzhou for a long time, maintaining the symbol of all ethnic groups in southern China. The following is Mr. Zhang Zhenbiao's description of the national characteristics of "Zhangzhou people" and "Dongshan people" based on the analysis of the physical signs of Homo sapiens in the late Paleolithic period in China:

Their heads are long and medium wide, and the whole head shape is oval; From the side, the brow ridge is obvious, the brow ridge is thick, the zygomatic arch is thin and weak, the cheekbone is thick and prominent, the frontal bone is inclined, and the maxillary alveolar part is prominent (including jaw type); From the front, the face is short and wide, the eyes are low, the nose is slightly wide and short, and the bridge of the nose is slightly concave, which is basically similar to the appearance of Liujiang people and Zuozhen people.

The prehistoric culture of Taiwan Province Province originated in Fujian. Theoretically speaking, there should be human fossils in Zhangzhou earlier than Zuo Zhenren. We have reason to believe that there will be more human fossils and more abundant paleolithic cultural remains in Zhangzhou, showing people more archaeological materials of prehistoric personnel exchanges and cultural origins between Fujian and Taiwan.

Three. Neolithic cultural sites

About seven or eight thousand years ago, the matriarchal clan commune in China entered a prosperous period. This period is the Neolithic Age in archaeology. Neolithic relics found in Zhangzhou and Taiwan Province Province show that the culture of Jiulong River Basin and its coastal areas and Taiwan Province Island has been very developed in this period (about three to seven thousand years ago) and has many similar characteristics.

Five Neolithic sites were found in Zhangzhou, namely Fuchuan Mountain on the outskirts of Zhangzhou, Wanbao Mountain in Longhai, Xiangshan Mountain in Zhangpu, damao mountain in Dongshan and Lazhou Mountain in Zhaoan. There are five known places in Taiwan Province Province: Yuanshan in Taipei City, Dakeng in Taipei County, Nanbei Boulders in Taitung County, Fengbitou in Kaohsiung County and Liangwengang in Penghu.

According to research, there were at least six transgressions in the Taiwan Province Strait from 8500 to 1200 years ago due to global warming after the last glacial period. Every transgression leads to the rise of ancient sea level and the change of coastline. This will inevitably have an impact on the economic life of mankind in the coastal areas of Zhangtai. The Neolithic sites found in Zhangzhou belong to Beiqiu, and they are all on the seashore, downstream of rivers or hills of Zhangzhou Plain. They reflect the geographical conditions, economic forms and cultural features of Zhangzhou in this era from one side.

"Beiqiu", also known as "Beizhong", is a primitive cultural relic of ancient humans who made a living by collecting molluscs and fishing. The cultural accumulation layer of Fuchuanshan site in Zhangzhou suburb is almost composed of simple freshwater shellfish Corbicula fluminea and a small amount of freshwater snail shells. These relics include pottery fragments, shells, animal bones and stone tools. It is 30 meters higher than the bed of Jiulong River, and it is a small lonely mountain on the bank of Jiulong River in Zhangzhou Plain, named after it looks like a boat. The ancients chose this place as a settlement, relying on mountains and rivers to catch shellfish for a living, which has its own reasons. Zhaoanla Zhoushan site is surrounded by the sea on three sides. There are 22 species of marine shells, and most of them are benthic animals in intertidal zone, which reflects that shellfish picking is the main economic activity of the site owner. In addition, there are a certain number of stone tools and pottery fragments. Stone tools are mainly Shi Mao, but stone axes and arrows are rare. This combination of stone tools is suitable for economic life of fishing and hunting. Damao mountain Site in Dongshan is the main peak of damao mountain, which is towering in the northwest, and faces the wide Wujiaowan in the east. The site is 24 meters long and 20 meters wide, and the cultural layer is composed of shells. Shells are the most abundant relics, as well as pottery fragments, stone tools and vertebrate bones. According to the preliminary identification of shells, there are 24 species of marine shellfish and 3 species of marine tendrils. Most of these seafood live in rocks, crevices or mudflats in the intertidal zone, which shows that the shellfish fishing technology of residents at that time was very developed. The owner of the site lived about 4 thousand years ago, which was the peak of the fourth transgression in Holocene. Judging from the remains of deer, sheep, pigs and fish found, hunting and fishing also played an important role in the economic life at that time. The Wanbaoshan site in Longhai is a raised hill on the plain, four kilometers away from Jiulong River and fifteen kilometers away from the coast. The cultural layer is almost composed of oyster shells and snail shells, and the relics include pottery fragments and stone tools. Oysters generally live on rocks in the intertidal zone in the middle and lower reaches, indicating that there was a shallow sea here. Zhangpu Xiangshan site is bordered by hills in the west and low coastal plain in the east. Relics include sea shells, pottery fragments and stone tools. From the unearthed shells, snails, clams, clams and oysters are all important food sources for the site owner.

The Neolithic sites in Taiwan Province Province also have distinct cultural characteristics of Beiqiu. In particular, the culture of Yuanshan and Dakeng is more obvious. Archaeological evidence shows that about 4,000 years ago, there were a considerable number of human beings in the Taipei Basin in the lower reaches of Keelung River, and in the lower reaches of Danshui River and Xindianxi River. They took fishing, shellfish fishing and hunting as their profession, leaving behind a large number of shells and bones. Yuanshan culture is located on the south bank of Keelung River, and the northern middle culture layer is distributed on the west slope of the site, with a thickness of three to four meters. Relics include mussels, snails, clams, clams and other shellfish, as well as stone chopsticks, axes, nets and other stone tools. Pottery has a little pattern, rope pattern, net pattern, circle pattern red pottery and painted pottery. Judging from the shapes of stone tools and pottery, shellfish fishing was the main economic activity of residents at that time. Therefore, Yuanshan culture is also called "the north of Yuanshan" by archaeologists in Taiwan Province Province. Daxikeng culture is located at the northern foot of Guanyin Mountain and the south bank of Danshui Estuary. The site is divided into three layers, and the middle layer is actually the cultural layer of Yuanshan Beiqiu. Unearthed cultural relics include pottery and stone tools, belonging to the middle and late Neolithic culture.

The prosperity of matriarchal clan commune in China began with the manufacture and use of grinding tools in Neolithic age. Stone tools such as stone brooms, arrows, balls, cakes and axes were found in five sites of Yuanshan culture and Dakengkeng culture in Baiqiu, Zhangzhou and Taiwan Province Province. This is consistent with the economic needs of fishing and hunting in coastal areas. Most of these stone tools are made of fine sandstone with low hardness, with rough technology, similar shape and generally small body, which has the local style of ancient coastal areas.

Pottery making is one of the characteristics of Neolithic culture. Its main representatives are black pottery, painted pottery and printed pottery. Pottery was found in Neolithic sites in Zhangzhou and Taiwan Province province, and it was quite distinctive, indicating that the pottery-making technology was relatively developed at that time. The red pottery sand and gray pottery sand in Fuchuan Mountain have plain surface, curved fan pattern and basket pattern. In the article "Neolithic Culture in Zhangzhou Area", Fan thinks that the scallop pattern on Fuchuan Mountain pottery is very similar to that on pottery produced by Pingtan Beitou site and Taiwan Province area culture, and the stamping method is the same. Judging from the characteristics of pottery, the cultural connotation of Fuchuanshan site may be equivalent to the cultural era of Keqiutou in Pingtan, Fuguodun in Jinmen and Daxikeng in Taiwan Province Province. "The pottery making industry of the Pazhoushan site is obviously superior to that of the Fuchuanshan site." The commonly used carving patterns, nail patterns and shell teeth patterns on pottery should be the result of absorption and inheritance from Fuchuan Mountain, Fuguodun and other cultures. "In the pottery industry of damao mountain site, there is a kind of eggshell pottery with thin wall and exquisite firing technology, which resembles Longshan culture in Shandong. Professor Zhang Guangzhi, a famous scholar in Taiwan Province, called the cultural event of Longshan culture developing from north to south "Longshan era". The influence of Longshan culture on Neolithic culture in Taiwan Province Strait has aroused the interest and concern of scholars on both sides of the Strait.

In recent years, with the in-depth study of Neolithic pottery culture in Taiwan Province Strait, scholars have turned their attention to the mutual influence and exchange of various cultures in this area. According to Fan's research, the pottery culture of Fuchuan Mountain "is very similar to that of Fuguodun, Keqiutou and even Daxikeng in Taiwan Province Province, and it is likely to be different places in the same cultural circle ... If the relationship between Fuchuan Mountain and Keqiutou, Fuguodun and Daxikeng in Taiwan Province Province belongs to different places in the same cultural circle, then the birthplace of this cultural type is likely to be.

Especially in the Liangwengang site in Penghu, cultural relics such as rope-patterned pottery, red-patterned pottery, hard sandstone stone axe, sandstone grinded stone tools, painted pottery and animal bones have been unearthed successively, which once again confirms the assertion that pottery culture originated in the mainland and spread to Taiwan Province Province through Penghu. As Tadao Luye, a Japanese scholar, said in his book The Prehistoric Cultural Layer of Taiwan Province Province: "Rope pottery was introduced directly into Taiwan Province Province from the Asian continent, not from the southern islands." Professor Lin Zaifu from Taiwan Province Province also said, "We can think that Chinese mainland rope pottery culture, Penghu rope pottery culture and Taiwan Province rope pottery culture originally belonged to one family. It can be inferred that Chinese mainland, Penghu and the west coast of Taiwan Province had communication in ancient times. Moreover, because of its geographical location, Penghu must first spread the culture of Chinese mainland and then introduce it to Taiwan Province Province eastward. "