The Origin, Characteristics and Other Contents of Florence School of Painting

In northern Italy, it is not clear that the Renaissance entered the dawn stage, that is to say, its artistic development is still dragging the influence of the later Gothic trend of thought, probably starting from the end of 14. Under the impact of southern progressive thoughts, this late Gothic art began to show a new trend. Other cities in Italy, especially Venice, Pisa and Genoa, were in the whole intermediary zone of western Europe and the East in the 12 and 13 centuries. After the Crusades excluded the trade interests of Byzantium, Arabs and the Mediterranean region, handicraft production there mushroomed to form a climax, and the cultural climax of these cities also appeared. Italian fine arts in the 5th century, due to the different economic and political conditions of each city, formed a faction centered on each city, and the central city of Florence concentrated the most artists.

There are many talented people in Florence painting school, and their creations also show their magical powers. But as far as artistic tendency and creative characteristics are concerned, there are roughly three main lines. There are representatives in these three main lines: Botticelli, Libby, Cosimo and other painters can be used as a main line. They have progressive humanistic thoughts, but their art tends to be noble and powerful; A main line, represented by Killandayo, advocates life expression. They appeared in the painting world earlier, their skills may be a little naive, and their images are mostly narrative. The third main line, undoubtedly represented by Leonardo da Vinci, is a new realistic line.

If Giotto is the pioneer of Italian realistic painting, then sandro botticelli, a painter born in Florence after 100 years, is the pioneer of this artistic road. /kloc-Florence in the 0/5th century was not only prosperous in industry and commerce, but also the most developed in Italy. The emerging force of the city is the citizen class (that is, the predecessor of the bourgeoisie), who are the literary customers of the city. However, the influence of aristocrats and popes at that time was still very strong, which was definitely in conflict with the emerging civil class in literature and art. Botticelli grew up in an era when Florence's cities and political power were gradually concentrated in the hands of a banking giant, medici family. 15 After the mid-1970s, he was favored by medici family of Lao Lunzuo, and his art was somewhat stained with some royal culture. But he was also a student of the famous monk painter Filippo Lippi. Libby is a realistic painter who dares to express secular life. After Libby's death, Botticelli worshipped the art of more radical left-wing painters in Florence, Ann Bolayoro and Wei Rocchio, and served as their assistants. Therefore, as the last master of Florence, Botticelli's artistic thought is full of contradictions.

Chilandayo is a representative of the early Italian Renaissance. His original name was Pigotti. Killandayo is his nickname (meaning "garland maker"). Later, I studied oil painting with the painter Alaiso Badaviniecki, and my name did not change. Killandayo's painting image is famous for strictly conforming to the perspective law and paying great attention to realism. The characters and props are very three-dimensional (some people say that his color is slightly inferior). Kilanda studied ancient art in Rome in her early years and copied a lot of architectural decorative patterns. These gains are reflected in his later paintings. In addition, Killandayo cares about the reality of life around him in his art. 1480, he painted many portraits of real people in a chapel of Vornison church in Florence, which was really refreshing at that time.

Leonardo da Vinci was born in the town of Vinci between Florence and Pisa on April 1942 1452. His father Sergio Poero is a local notary, and his mother Catalina is a maid in a hotel in a village near Vinci town. Leonardo da Vinci was their illegitimate child. Shortly after giving birth to him, his mother remarried and his father remarried. Leonardo da Vinci grew up in his grandfather's manor. /kloc-before the age of 0/4, Leonardo da Vinci received the enlightenment education of an architect in his hometown, and at that time he showed his extraordinary wisdom; 1468, the whole family moved to Florence. His father followed his character and sent him to the workshop of the famous sculptor and painter Rocchio at that time. The latter is an artist who uses applied scientific methods such as mathematics, perspective and anatomy to explore and practice art. His influence on Da Vinci lies not only in strict painting realism, but also in cultivating his interest in scientific research. This is the key to make him a painting wizard and a variety of scientific and technological researchers in the heyday of the Renaissance. 1472, Leonardo da Vinci's name was included in the list of members of the Florentine Painters Association, when he was only 20 years old. Four years later, although he was famous all over the city, he still worked with his teacher and finished his first masterpiece "The Baptism of Christ" on 1998.

Da Vinci is in an era of great changes in human civilization, and it needs a group of wise people to constantly pursue the truth of the world in order to make the hypocritical "theology" bleak. It takes courage to betray the Bible and despise the authority of religion. What is more important is to explore new things and discover the truth of a large number of objective things to deny the value of theology. In his life, Leonardo spent a lot of time on scientific research. He has close contacts with scholars such as mathematics, medicine and astronomy. In painting, he tried to explore the mystery of plane modeling through scientific understanding of the objective world. He studied perspective and anatomy according to the real images of characters, devoted himself to pondering people's inner activities and describing various manifestations of people's inner activities on his face. To this end, he drew a lot of sketches and sketches. This is how he achieved his outstanding achievements in portrait painting. Mona Lisa is the most famous portrait masterpiece.

Florence School, which was dominated by humanism during the rise of the bourgeoisie, used scientific methods to explore the modeling rules of the human body, absorbed the carving techniques of ancient Greece and Rome and applied them to painting, turning the medieval plane decoration style into a painting method with concentrated perspective, light and shadow effects and three-dimensional expression. In the main theme of religious mythology, the abstract gods are painted into secularized ideal figures that meet the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie, and a new style of figure painting is successfully created. In addition to oil paintings, large murals were also created at that time, mainly serving the court, the church and the upper bourgeoisie, thus changing the face of medieval European painting.

Other representatives:

Giotto (1267-1337)-Giotto Dubanton was born in a peasant family in the northern mountainous area of Florence. In order to pass the time, young Giotto often draws his own goat on a stone. One day, Chimabue, a great Florentine painter, discovered his talent through the village road and persuaded his parents to accept him as an apprentice. Later, Giotto quickly surpassed the teacher in skills. Giotto lived in Rome in his youth, studied under the leader of Roman painting school, Peter Cavari, and produced a large number of mosaic works for St. Peter's colonnade hall; At the age of 36, he moved to Padua, where he created the famous mural "The Story of Jesus in the Arena Church". Almost all the pictures are permeated with a unified blue sky color, and there are a row of moral figures-kindness, wisdom, greed, betrayal, stubbornness, tyranny and so on. Are all created below. It is said that the poet Dante was expelled from Florence forever by the church at this time and went to Padua, where Giotto warmly received him. Italian dignitaries tried their best to win the master of Florence to serve them, but Giotto never wandered around the country against his will. He left his own artistic seeds in various places and promoted the development of humanities and arts. Giotto spent his last 20 years in Florence. At the age of 67, Florence City Hall appointed "Master Giotto" to lead the construction of the cathedral's independent bell tower. Unfortunately, only one floor was built before his death, which was later completed by Francisco Talanti. Today, it is still the best ancient building in Florence, alongside Santa Maria Cathedral.

The innovative significance of Giotto's painting lies in inventing a set of painting experimental methods that directly observe nature and reproduce objective reality, thus creating the early scientific era of painting. The religious figures he created are as rich as statues, all secular men and women with flesh and blood and human feelings, and they are no longer ghosts of the Middle Ages. In the aspect of picture art processing, we strive to reproduce the effect of three-dimensional space on the plane. Space has a sense of space and depth, and the image in the painting has a sense of volume and quantity. In the arrangement of characters, he is good at highlighting the main image and has visual appeal. This artistic treatment became a model of European painting later. Giotto is recognized as the first person to free western art from the artistic process of the Middle Ages, thus becoming the originator of creating realistic painting style, and is known as the father of modern European painting.

The Italian painter Botticelli-(1445-1510) was born in Florence and died here. His original name was Alessandro di Mariano Felipe, and Botticelli was a nickname, meaning "Little Bucket". I studied gold and silver crafts when I was young, and later became a disciple of painter F. Lippi, and opened my own studio at 1470. He mainly paints religious and mythical themes, and The Birth of Venus is one of his representative works. Perhaps influenced by savonarola, he led the movement against Florence's "current abuses" (including painting) during the Renaissance. During the period of 1480- 1500, the reputation was greatly reduced. 15 10 is dead.

-(Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475- 1564) was a sculptor, painter, architect and poet in the heyday of the Italian Renaissance. Born in Florence. At the age of thirteen, he studied painting for one year from Guillain-Dio, and then studied sculpture for one year from Donatello student Bertodo, mainly by self-study. His artistic creation is dominated by humanism and influenced by Savonolola's religious reform movement. With realistic techniques and romantic fantasies, he showed the patriotism and national struggle spirit of the people at that time. Have strong perseverance and magnificent verve in art. The middle-aged statue of David is considered as a symbol of the struggle for a just cause. He worked continuously on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel with an area of 800 square meters for four years, and independently completed the giant zenith painting of Genesis. The sculptures of Medici Mausoleum in his later years, such as Morning, Curtain, Day, Night, etc., have a calm and gloomy tragic nature, showing the contradiction between the excitement and will of the characters and reflecting the mental state of the Italian people who lost their freedom and independence at that time. Other important works include the mural The Last Judgment and the sculpture Moses and Slaves. The architectural design includes the circular handle of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome and the administrative complex of Gabriel Square. There is also a book of poems handed down from generation to generation.

Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)-one of the greatest Italian painters in the Renaissance; Raphael was deified with his superb artistic attainments, representing the highest peak that artists could reach in the cause of ideal beauty during the Renaissance.

Although Raphael's life is as short as Mozart's (there are many similarities in their lives), there are many legends and examples about him. On the one hand, these legends and examples affirm the undisputed talent of the painter, on the other hand, they may hinder the understanding of the painter. When it comes to Raphael, Raphael's artistic style is always inseparable from the adjectives "extraordinary" and "perfect", which started from vasari. This makes it impossible for the general public to deeply understand Raphael (one of the greatest painters in the world art history) and communicate with him, and it is also impossible to immediately distinguish Raphael's works from those crappy works that always want to publicize with words such as "genius" and "genius expression", so as to appreciate life in his works.

Raphael's works fully embody tranquility, harmony, coordination, symmetry and perfect and quiet order-in this sense, his works can indeed be called "the peak of humanism and Renaissance world". What people often forget or ignore is that Raphael reached the peak in the center of history, in a series of major events and some ideological trend that only lasted for a short time. The creator of this miracle is a young man, and this young man can't compete with the two greatest masters-Da Vinci and Michelangelo. These three people live in the same era. Raphael found the "third way", which is a synthesis and transcendence of all artistic achievements of his time. This is Raphael's glory and historical role through unremitting examination, experience and thinking with his art and thought, hard work and rationality. His success is attributed to his extraordinary talent: refining and digesting any kind of inspiration and enlightenment from the lofty revolutionary era of art (from the end of 15 to the beginning of 16). This shows his great wisdom and superb harmony creation. This ability is really unusual.

Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael, the representatives of the Florentine Painting School, took Baishi Road as the base in their initial works, and their painting methods hurt the egg powder painting. However, due to the climate, it is different from the Dutch painting method. Because the climate in Italy is drier than that in the Netherlands, more canvas is used for painting. In addition to gypsum foundation, they also use white glue foundation, and sometimes paint with colored canvas, usually light gray and then light brown. After the painting is finished, the painter draws the newspaper directly on the canvas, draws the outline with chalk or charcoal, and then draws the outline and light and dark tones with transparent brown oil painting color. The dark part is transparent and thin, and the bright part is thick. When the color is dry, coat it with a layer of walnut oil and cover it with transparent color layer by layer. When changing the color of the cover, dye the basic tone, and add dark and heavy colors to the dark parts and depths to keep the bright parts bright. Generally, materials are drawn from interlining and environment to set off the illuminated figures. Be especially careful when drawing middle tones and reflective parts. Dip a clean pen in a clean color, and then apply it gently with oil. If you draw too deep, you can't change it. This is because the transparency of the background color should be preserved. If you have to change it, you have to cover it with white powder paint to brighten it, but this picture is not so transparent. So we can easily see the background and background color of the canvas at that time from the middle tone. When covering transparent color, it is necessary to wait until the first layer is dry before covering the second layer. At that time, in order to gain time, painters often basked in the sun to make them work faster. The techniques of Florence painters are very step-by-step, with delicate painting methods and weak contrast between light and shade. Leonardo da Vinci's early works were painted in strict accordance with the traditional steps of egg powder painting. Later, lay a good foundation with egg powder, and then add oil painting. The picture can be very deep and detailed, so don't pay attention to the change of alto. At the turning point of the dark boundary, there is almost no obvious boundary line. Especially on the face and human body, the turning point is very soft and round. Because the color is very thin, the dark part of the picture is clean and transparent. However, because the quality of the oil he used was not as good as that of the painter Nederland, many cracks appeared in his works later, such as the famous painting Mona Lisa. This kind of cracking phenomenon can't be found in Jan Van Ecker's drawings. Raphael absorbed the traditional painting method of15th century, and at the same time absorbed the techniques of Leonardo da Vinci, forming a round and soft unique style. In his early works, he used a canvas with a white background, and in his later works, he painted with a colorful canvas. Both methods are often used in his works. His wet murals often start with wet murals and end with thick egg powder paintings. Oil painting often begins with egg powder painting and ends with oil painting.