What is a maritime alliance?

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchen nationality between Baishan and Heishui rose rapidly and became increasingly strong. In the fifth year of Song Zhenghe (1 1 15), Akuta (Wan Yan Man), the leader of Jurchen Wanyan Department, officially proclaimed himself emperor and established Daikin Kingdom. Under the cruel rule of Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen nationality rose up and resisted under the leadership of Akuta. In the year of bumper harvest (1 1 15), the Jin army attacked the Liao country after defeating the Liao army that came to suppress it. The Liao army retreated one after another and the situation in the north changed greatly.

The establishment and strength of the Jin Dynasty made the rulers of the Song Dynasty feel a glimmer of hope, and they could take the opportunity to recover the northern land ceded to the Liao Dynasty in the late Jin Dynasty, so as to transfer and ease various domestic contradictions.

Prior to this, in the first year of the Song Dynasty (111), Evonne sent Tong Guan to Liao to learn about the domestic situation. When passing Lugou (now Yongding River), there was a Ma Yan in the middle of the night. Tong Guan was very surprised after talking with him. When he came back from the mission, he also brought him back and changed his name to Li Liangsi. After returning to Kaifeng, Tong Guan recommended him to North Korea. Upward, Li Liangsi offered a plan and said, "Nuzhen hates Liao people to cut bones, and Tianzuo is dissolute and heartless. If the DPRK sends envoys from Penglai (now Shandong Province) and Lailai (now Ye County, Shandong Province) to the sea, get married with Jurchen and join them to attack Liao, the country can also make plans. " When Zhao Ji summoned him, he said, "If a woman is really successful, it is not a problem to strike first and then strike first." Evonne accepted his suggestion and named his country Zhao. And appointed Cheng as secretary. From then on, Song Ting began to plan for Yanjing.

In February of the first year of Yong (1 1 18), the Song Dynasty sent doctor Wu Yi and defense envoy Ma Zheng to the Jin Dynasty by sea to discuss the attack on Liao, and proposed that "after the demise of Liao Dynasty, the Five Dynasties fell into the Khitan Han Dynasty and wished to return to the land." In the first month of the second year. Li, a Bohai native of Jin School, a mature jurchen Xiao Sanduo and a natural jurchen Boda, accompanied her to the Song Dynasty with credentials. The book says: "The land you invited should be attacked by Song now, and the winner will get it." When the three envoys of the Jin Dynasty came back, Ma Zheng and his son Ma Hong (Ma Kuo ornaments) were ordered to go to the Jin Dynasty again to discuss attacking the Liao Dynasty again, seeking to return the land occupied by the Liao Dynasty and promising old coins. However, Xiao Sanduo was given the position of Yong Lian ambassador by Song Ting of Song Dynasty, and Yan Hong Aku was so angry that his aides beat him and took his office. Therefore, when Ma Zheng returned, Jin Ting reassigned Li Zilie, Rudy and others as special envoys to the Song Dynasty to discuss the issue of attacking the Liao Dynasty again.

After the exchange of envoys of Song and Jin Dynasties and repeated discussions, an agreement was finally reached. In the second year of Song Xuanhe (1 120), Zhao Liangsi was appointed as the ambassador, and Henry Hui Wang (Wang Huan) was appointed as the deputy ambassador. He still sailed from Dengzhou to Jinjing. Finally, it was agreed with the Jin Dynasty that Song and Liao would meet to attack Liao, gold would take Dadingfu (now Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia) in the middle of Liao, and Song would take Liaoyanjing and Xijinfu (now southwest of Beijing). This is the "maritime alliance".

After the conclusion of the "maritime alliance", the army was ordered to gather in Hebei and prepare to attack Liao. At this time, however, the rebel army led by Fang La dealt a heavy blow to the Song Dynasty's rule in Zhejiang and Zhejiang. In order to suppress the Fang La Uprising Army as soon as possible, Evonne ordered Tong Guan to lead the assembled army to the south for conquest. The news that Song and Jin concluded a "maritime alliance" was also introduced into the Liao Dynasty. Evonne was worried that the Liao Dynasty would send troops to retaliate against himself, and he could not help but "deeply regret his previous actions and intentionally break the contract". The Song Dynasty hesitated to attack Liao, which made the rulers very dissatisfied. In the third year of Xuanhe, the ruler sent messengers to urge the Song Dynasty to send troops as scheduled, but Evonne still hesitated and dragged on. Six months later, the envoy of the ruler came back. At the end of the year, Di Chin Yan Hong Man took Hu Bo as the commander-in-chief of the internal and external armies, Wu Bo as the deputy commander-in-chief, and Ibo as the deputy commander-in-chief, while Zongwo, Wang Zong and Zongpan made personal expedition to the Liao country. In the first month of the 4th year of Xuanhe, 8 Jin Jun was trapped in Dadingfu, Liaozhong, and Lu Ye Yan Xi, the Emperor of Liaoxi, fled to Datong (now Datong, Shanxi). Jin Jun followed closely and defeated Liao Army again in March. The Liao army has been defeated and defeated, and gradually retreated. Yeluchun, the imperial clan of Liao country who stayed in Yanjing, became emperor with the support of Li Chuwen, the royal family of Yelushi and the ruling group of Liao country fell apart. Song Tingjun felt that it was time to attack Yanjing. In addition, the ruler once again sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to urge troops. Evonne is afraid of missing the fighter plane, and Yanjing will be occupied by 8 Jin Army. Tong Guan was appointed as the ambassador of Hebei and Hedong, and Cai You was appointed as the deputy ambassador, stationing troops in the northern boundary and preparing to move northward. But at the same time, the Liao army stationed in quiet (now Beijing), Yan and other places was summoned in an attempt to make the Yanjing Liao army surrender to the city with the help of private soldiers. It is even suggested that if the Liao army resists, it will "patrol the border according to the soldiers and return to the whole division."

In May, Tong Guan led an army to Xiongzhou (now Xiongxian County, Hebei Province) and ordered the commander-in-chief of the Seed Division to divide his troops. Although Tong Guan, Zhongshidao and others were armed to the teeth, they still had no intention of fighting Liao, imagining that Liao army would surrender on its own, so they also ordered Song Bing to "take military measures if he dared to kill one rider". Marching several ways from Xiongzhou, the former military commander Yang met the Liao army in Langoudian and was defeated. Then he fought with Liao general Xiao Wo in Baigou and was defeated again. On the other hand, under the leadership of Xin Xingzong, Song Jun fought the Liao army in Fancun, and also failed. In June, all the troops in Song Jun were defeated, so Zhongshidao had to lead the troops to retreat to Xiongzhou. Soon, the Liao army pursued it to the gate. When Evonne learned that the front line was defeated, he was frightened and immediately ordered all troops to retreat.

In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1 122), in April, the Jin army captured Datong Prefecture in western Liaoning and continued to pursue the Liao emperor in the Western Expedition. In June, Yu set out from Beijing and went to the government (now south of Bahrain, Inner Mongolia) to personally levy Liao. Lu Ye Yan Xi, the emperor of Liao Dynasty, was defeated and led the remnants to retreat into the desert. Ye Luchun, who was emperor in Yanjing, died. These changes in the situation once again made Song Tingjun feel the opportunity. Prime Minister Wang Fu, citing the death of Yeluchun, ordered Tong Guan and Cai You to rally their forces again, taking Liu Yanqing and Heyang as their capitals, and planned to declare war on the defenders of Liao and Yanjing. But at the same time, Song Tingjun still has illusions and even fears about hitting Yanjing. Lang, who was scattered, wrote to advise the court to send troops to the northern expedition, which provoked Wang Fu to become angry from embarrassment. Evonne wrote a letter to Song Zhao, saying, "Dismiss, Stop, Widen South and Merge". Soon, the envoys of the rulers were lonely, and the birds rested in the Song Dynasty to discuss the date of Song Jun's re-invasion. Evonne, Wang Fu and other ministers failed to discuss, so they had to send Zhao Liangsi to the government for temporary treatment. At this moment, great changes have taken place in the front of Liao and Song Dynasties. Guo, the commander-in-chief of Zhuozhou in Liao Dynasty, surrendered to Song Dynasty, offering Zhuozhou and Yizhou, and the defense around Yanjing was greatly weakened. Guo Yao's fighting capacity for men and women is very strong. After the Song Dynasty, it also strengthened the momentum of Song Jun. This change made Song Tingjun feel that there is much to be done in taking Yanjing by soldiers. In October, the soldiers and horses did not move, and Song Tingxian changed Yanjing to Yanshan House, and at the same time renamed eight states, such as Zhuo and Iraq. Subsequently, a group of generals, such as Guo Yaoshi, set out from Xiongzhou and entered Zhuozhou in the north.

Guo saw that the military discipline was lax, so he advised to strengthen the alert, otherwise the Liao army would ambush and attack it. Liu Yanqing turned a deaf ear. When I arrived in Liangxiang (now southwest of Beijing), I met Liao, and Xiao Wo led his troops to stop me. Liu Yanqing ordered Song Bing to fight with him, but he was defeated, so he closed the base and didn't dare to fight. Guo Xiang asked for war, thinking that the army was only 10 thousand. Now, he has sent people out to meet him, and the Yanjing Yugoslav capital will inevitably kill Xu. Request to allocate 5000 elite cavalry soldiers to attack Yanjing and capture the city. At the same time, I hope Liu Yanqing will send his son Liu Guangshi to lead the troops as backup. Agree to send generals Gao and Guo to lead 6000 troops to attack Yanjing. Guo made a detour with his troops. At dawn, the Zhenguan Department led by Chen Wu captured the Yingchun Gate with 5000 cavalry and attacked Yanjing City. Then, Gao and Guo also led the troops into the city to fight, and launched a fierce street fighting with the Liao army in the city. After Liao Xiao heard the news, Xiao Mo was ordered to withdraw the rescue quickly. After Guo attacked Yanjing, he fought against the Liao army. However, the reinforcements led by Liu Guangshi did not appear. General Gao was killed and Guo fell under his horse. He was almost captured and had to quit Yanjing. Seeing that the attack on Yanjing failed, Liu Yanqing ordered to camp in Lugou (now Yongding River). When Xiao Wo saw that he was stationed in the garrison, he divided his troops to harass and block the grain transportation, and captured Wang Yuan, a grain officer in the Song Dynasty, and two soldiers alive. Xiao Mo ordered Song Bing to stay in the tent. In the middle of the night, he lied that the Liao army was three times that of Song Jun, and would attack Song Ying with elite soldiers, and divide it into the left and right wings. Immediately, a Song Bing was released, and the captured Song Bing returned to Song Ying and reported to Liu Yanqing. The next morning, when Liu Yanqing saw the fire on the north shore, he really thought that the Liao army was attacking, so he quickly burned the camp and fled in panic. During the panic retreat, Song Jun soldiers trampled on each other, and the dead were abandoned on hundreds of miles of roads. All the ordnance and equipment stored during the years of Xining and Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong were lost.

Song Jun failed to attack Yanjing in the north twice, but he failed. Song Tingjun had to request the rulers to send troops to attack Yanjing with Song Jun.

In November of the sixth year of Jin Tianfu (1 122), Yan Hong wrote a letter, warning Yanjing officials that wherever Jin Jun went, all those who surrendered would be pardoned and their official positions would remain unchanged. In December, Yan Man personally led the troops to crusade against Yanjing, with 7,000 soldiers as the vanguard, and ordered Digunay (Yan) to lead the troops out of Shengli Pass (now Beijing North), and Brother (Keke) to lead the troops out of Juyongguan Pass (now Beijing Northwest), with Lou Shi and his men as the left wing and Po Luhuo and his men as the right wing; Take Juyongguan as an example. 8 jin j's massive attack frightened the liao army, which supervised Gao Liu's surrender. Yan Hong Man entered Yanjing City from the south gate, leaving his brothers and Lou's family in array at the gate. Liao learned that Zuo Qigong and Yu of the Privy Council, Tang Yongyi and Zhang were all involved in the political affairs of Kang Gongbi and others. 8 8 8 jin j occupied yanjing city, only Liao Xiao escaped with several officials. After the rulers occupied Yanjing, they sent Li Jing to the Song Dynasty the following year. They put forward that the annual tribute in Yanjing area belongs to the rulers and the gold belongs to Yanjing and the land of the six countries on the grounds that the "maritime alliance" has an agreement. Song Tingjun thought it was impossible at first, but after many diplomatic envoys exchanged visits, the two sides repeatedly discussed and reached an agreement: Song Tingjun not only handed over the "old coins" originally exported to Liao countries to Jin countries, but also increased 6,543,800 yuan each year as "Yanjing tax money" and handed them over to Jin countries. The Jin Dynasty returned the lands of Yanjing, Shun (Shunyi, Beijing), Tan (Miyun, Beijing), Zhuo (Yixian, Hebei), Yi (Jixian, Tianjin) and Jing (Zunhua, Hebei) to the Song Dynasty.

However, for the return of Yanjing and its subordinate States, there are still differences within the ruling group of the Jin Dynasty. Liao Dynasty ministers did not want Song Ting to take over Yanjing, thinking that since it was occupied by Jin Jun, it should not be assigned to Song Dynasty. Wan Yanshen, as commander-in-chief of the 8 Jin Army, felt the same way, and immediately proposed to Manchu to abolish the established agreement. Only the two States of Iraq and Zhuo, which Guo offered when he led his troops to surrender in the Song Dynasty, were placed under the Song Dynasty, and Yanjing and other counties were owned by the rulers. Hong Yan Li Man pushed his way through the crowd and insisted on fulfilling his promise to return Yanjing and its counties to the Song Dynasty. However, when the Jin army withdrew from Yanjing, it plundered the wealth of gold, silver, silk, officials, wealthy businessmen and ordinary people in the city. When Tong Guan and Cai You led the troops into Yanjing, it was already a "high market in the city, a foxhole" and a desolate and miserable scene.

The "maritime alliance" in Song and Jin Dynasties also involved the ownership of Datong government in western Liaoning and the states under its jurisdiction, such as Wu (ruling the northeast of Shenchi in Shanxi), Ying (ruling Yingxian in Shanxi), Shuo (ruling Xishuo in Shanxi) and Wei (ruling Yuxian in Hebei). After Yanjing and its subordinate counties were redeemed with "tax money", Song Tingjun and his ministers used the method of "adding money" to redeem Datong County again. This request was opposed by officials of the Jin court. Only Di Chin Yan Hong Man said that he would "be friends with the Song Dynasty forever, and franchise the land of Xijing and the people", and only asked Song Ting to pay military expenses to the rulers. However, before the delivery of Xijing, Yan Hong died in August of the seventh year of Tianfu (1 123), and his brother Wu (Wan) succeeded him. In the second year of Jintianhui (1 124), the Song Dynasty sent an envoy to Beijing according to the agreement, demanding that Xijing and its subordinate counties have Datong Prefecture. The southwest and northwest roads of the Jin Dynasty were unified by peace, and it was demanded that Datong House and other places should not be cut for the Song Dynasty. Wan thought it was "against the orders of the first emperor, and the sooner the better". However, Han Zong and others did not comply with Di Chin's wishes, instead, they intensified their efforts to obstruct the delivery of Datong House. Soon, he proposed that the Song court "appealed for rebellion", and the Liao Emperor fled to the west without being captured. If Xijing Datong Prefecture and other places are allocated to the Song Dynasty as agreed, the Jin Army will lose its "resting place". Wan agreed to this proposal and decided to abolish the original agreement and not return it to Xijing and other places.