What is the most distinctive feature of Chinese paper-cutting?

Shanxi paper-cut folk paper-cut is a very common mass art in Shanxi. Grandmothers who are over half a century old and simple and handsome girls often use a small pair of scissors or a meat cleaver to cut out patterns on paper naturally and flexibly to decorate their lives. On the occasion of the Spring Festival, I walked into the village courtyard in northwest Shanxi and saw yellow mounds in the distance and gray caves in front of me. The colors here seem too monotonous. However, if you look out of the window, colorful window grilles and patterns, doorplates fluttering in the wind, cupboards, grain depots and corrals full of auspicious colored paper flowers, you will surely admire them sincerely, as if you felt the rich flavor of life. Yes, paper-cutting is such a folk art form that is rooted in the people and closely related to people's lives, adding color and joy to thousands of families. In the old countryside, people often regard the paper-cutting skills as a sign to judge the dexterity or clumsiness of their daughter-in-law, and rural women naturally become folk inheritors of paper-cutting technology. Paper-cutting is an important part of folk activities, and rich folk activities provide a broad world for paper-cutting to create freely. Folk paper-cutting is closely combined with local customs and habits, which contains the basic quality of national spirit and national psychology and is an organic part of national traditional culture. Seasons, residences, costumes, births, weddings and funerals, and birthday banquets are all reflected in paper-cutting. Take the new year as an example. On the first day of the first month, every family hangs a banner stick grilles, which is a festive atmosphere. On the fifteenth day of the first month, colorful lanterns should be pasted with paper cuts, which are more beautiful and attractive. In Tomb-Sweeping Day in March, paper-cutting should be put on the sacrifice to express the feelings of remembering the ancestors. May Dragon Boat Festival, cut and paste the "five poisons" to avoid the epidemic. On July 7th, the girls got together to cut patterns and compete for wisdom. On the Double Ninth Festival on September 9, the flag of Double Ninth Festival was cut and carved, which meant climbing higher and higher step by step. On October 1st, Hannong Festival, in the north of Shanxi, five-color paper was cut into clothes to keep out the cold, or made into clothes, hats and shoes, and burned in front of the door or cemetery to express the grief of the living for the dead. From the perspective of weddings and funerals. When you get married, you should put red double happiness characters on both sides of the gate, and in some places, you should cover the dowry with large paper-cuts such as "Fish flapping lotus", "Kirin sending the child" and "Yuanyang playing in the water" as decoration. Embroidery on pillows and handkerchiefs is also based on paper cutting. Paper banners, cash cows, Jinshan Yinshan, chariots and horses at the funeral ceremony are all made of paper. Although these very ordinary paper-cut works are not as luxurious and brilliant as pearl jade, they involve everyone's heart, accompany the lives of thousands of families and exude charming artistic charm. The subjects of folk paper-cutting are mostly people, animals, plants and flowers. What is commendable is that it can use common things in life to form a symbolic artistic picture through homophonic and symbolic means. For example, "dragon and phoenix become auspicious" and "phoenix beats peony" symbolize the happiness and sacredness of marriage. Liu Hai Xi Jin Chan symbolizes the sincerity of love. "Persimmon Ruyi" means happiness, peace and happiness in the four seasons. "The magpies climb the branches" means jubilant and full of happy events. The pattern on the fat pig is composed of a group of piglets, which is a metaphor for "more children" The new wife holds a doll in her arms, which means "having a child" or something. In the art world of paper-cutting, people's skillful hands can describe all ideal things with imagination and show their cleverness, originality and beauty with form. The genre of Shanxi folk paper-cutting is adapted to local folk customs and actual needs. The most common is window grilles, the size of which depends on the shape of the pane. For example, the window formats in northern Hebei are diamond, round and polygonal, and the tracery varies with the window, which is small, exquisite and clever, full of childlike interest; The big ones are "group flowers" with four corners, six corners and eight corners, which are elegant and generous. In Xinzhou area, when celebrating the Spring Festival or holding a wedding, it is necessary to post "full window flowers", that is, cut off persimmons, ruyi, peony, bergamot, lotus, osmanthus, sheng, etc., and wish the newly married wife wonderful workmanship, early birth and happiness. Generally speaking, the style of folk paper-cutting in the northern region has the characteristics of rough expansion, grandeur, simplicity and simplicity. However, due to the similarity of regional environment, living customs and aesthetic concepts, paper-cutting varies from place to place. For example, the paper-cuts in southern Shanxi, Jinzhong, southeastern Shanxi, northwestern Shanxi and Lvliang mountainous areas are mostly monochrome paper-cuts, with simple and rough styles. Dyed paper-cut popular in Yanbei area is elegant and magnificent, especially represented by "Yuxian window grilles". People compare life to an evergreen tree. Then, we say that the art under scissors is flowers and fruits on evergreen trees. Folk paper-cut is rooted in the people, spread among the people, original and simple, and always exudes the fragrance of art-Guangling paper-cut "Guangling paper-cut" is famous for its vivid modeling, exquisite carving and bright colors. Its raw material is a piece of white rice paper, and its tools are several oblique-edged carving knives of different sizes. The procedure is to carve out the finished paper-cut products with a knife and then dye them. Folk craftsmen attach great importance to knife carving and coloring skills. They can carve many finished products in just a few minutes with simple tools, mainly negative carving, supplemented by positive carving. When coloring, use good white wine to color, and add a small amount of alum in darker places, which can not only make the painted colors bright and moist, but also ensure the long-term preservation of paper-cuts. Guangling paper-cut has won a reputation for its exquisite skills, and now it has been sold to France, the United States, Japan, Poland and other countries, becoming a cherished work of art by overseas friends. On June 5438+ 10, 2009, Guangling paper-cut was selected into the third list of representative works of human intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO, ranking first among Chinese paper-cuts. Jincheng paper-cut is represented by magnetic paper-cut, which is unique in the country. Magnetic paper-cutting can be attached to magnetic photo frames, magnetic drawing axes and magnetic writing boards by its own magnetism, and can also be attached to iron objects such as refrigerators, security doors, cars, filing cabinets and pencil boxes. Spray some water or clean it, or stick it on glass or other smooth surfaces. Magnetic paper-cutting can more fully reflect the through-carving characteristics of paper-cutting and the through-air effect of paper-cutting. Magnetic paper-cutting is the inheritance and development of paper-cutting art, and its contributions to paper-cutting are as follows: first, magnetic paper-cutting expands the market of paper-cutting; Second, magnetic paper-cutting enriches the theory of paper-cutting; Thirdly, magnetic paper-cutting enhances the artistic expression of paper-cutting, and the artistic creation techniques are innovative and the artistic expression techniques are more diversified. Magnetic paper-cutting is a utility model patent (patent number: ZL 200420067 15 1.0), which was awarded by the Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China on August 17, 2005. The patent of magnetic paper-cutting adds scientific and technological elements to the paper-cutting culture with a history of 1500 years in China, making it more fashionable and more widely used, which embodies the value concept of scientific and technological progress. There are folk paper-cuts in Shaanxi from south to north, especially in the Loess Plateau and Qinchuan, where red, green and green paper-cuts can be seen everywhere. Gu Zhuo's modeling, with rough style, interesting implication, various forms and exquisite skills, occupies a very important position in Shaanxi and the national folk art. Shaanxi paper-cut is called a "living fossil" by experts, because it completely inherits the ancient modeling patterns of the Chinese nation, such as the face of a fish, the head of a lion, and a "stuffed bun-catching doll" similar to Zhou Wenhua. The Map of Niu Geng is similar to the portrait of the Han Dynasty. Inherited China's philosophy of Yin and Yang and the concept of reproductive worship. Such as eagle stepping rabbit, snake rabbit, crane holding fish, fish playing lotus, frog, deer, fish and birds in paper-cut in northern Shaanxi. Shaanxi has been the political and cultural center of the Chinese nation since ancient times. The legendary Yellow Emperor was buried in Tongling Bridge Mountain, Shaanxi Province, and the Yangshao cultural site 5,000 years ago was discovered in Banpo, Lintong, Jiangzhai and Beishouling of Baoji. Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang and other 13 dynasties all established their capitals in Shaanxi, leaving a rich folk cultural heritage. Shaanxi paper-cutting is a folk art form with a long history. Among the paper-cutting arts with different styles and characteristics all over the country, the ancient and quaint Shaanxi paper-cutting is loved by people for its unique charm. The main forms of paper-cutting in Shaanxi are window kiln top flower, kang flower, door painting, hanging curtain, pillow flower, table skirt flower, shoe flower, wedding double happiness flower, costume ornament flower, shrine decal and so on. Various forms and rich contents. Window grilles are the most common. Every Spring Festival, no matter where the countryside is, white paper is pasted on the windows, and window grilles cut from red paper are pasted to celebrate the New Year. Shaanxi window grilles, in terms of performance content, first, inherit the tradition, and second, be close to life and reflect the reality at close range. There are people's activities, flowers and birds, fish and insects, birds and beasts, folk stories and legends, etc. The shape is rigorous and full of folk flavor. Shaanxi paper-cutting mostly comes from the hands of peasant women, and its characteristics are simple, rough, concise and clear. The paper-cuts they created are full of rich earthy flavor and strong emotional color, without any pretense, and the folk customs are simple. On the one hand, they are influenced by folk culture, and on the other hand, they carefully observe and understand life, condensing the wisdom of ordinary working people. Through bold and rich imagination, they use paper-cutting to express their feelings about life and their understanding of beauty. In Shaanxi paper-cutting art, folk paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi is the first one. Because the traffic in this area is blocked and the country has been closed for nearly a hundred years, it is difficult to introduce foreign culture, but the ancient culture and art have been inherited by peasant women and passed down from generation to generation. For example, some paper-cuts inherited the style of stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty, and the outline was extremely simple and full. Vivid and imaginative. For example, the limbs of the "melon seeds doll" posted on the door of the farmhouse during the Spring Festival were cut out of paper and the head was replaced with melon seeds. Because the authors are farmers, with a wide range of people and different ages, the themes of paper-cutting are rich and colorful. Vegetables, flowers and trees, grazing textiles, weddings and funerals, folk customs, etc. are all the objects of the elderly authors' performance. Guanzhong paper-cut is deeply loved by people because of its beautiful shape and meticulous realism. There are not many paper-cuts in southern Shaanxi, which are characterized by exquisiteness, exaggeration, delicacy and truth. Paper-cutting is a culture created by women. There is a custom of "being smart when looking for a wife" in northern Shaanxi. When looking for a daughter-in-law, "don't ask people if they are blind, look at their hands first." Cleverness means looking at paper-cut embroidery. There is a saying called "Look at the window and see the curtain". Looking at the window is to look at the cut window grilles, and looking at the curtains is to look at the embroidery skills. It is generally believed that women who can arrange flowers must be smart, and the dolls born in the future are naturally smart. Nowadays, in the rural areas of northern Shaanxi, whoever can arrange flowers is still respected by the whole village. In the twelfth lunar month, aunts and aunts learn from each other to cut flowers, come out to look good and compete for samples. In the first month, women visit each other to see who has the best window grilles and the most dexterous hands. There are various forms of paper-cutting in Shaanxi, one is monochrome paper-cutting, the other is collage paper-cutting, the third is stippling paper-cutting, the fourth is infiltration paper-cutting, the fifth is paper-plastic window flower, and the sixth is smoked paper-cutting. Paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi is dominated by monochrome paper-cutting, with simple and simple shape, emphasis on exaggeration and deformation, and inheritance of ancient aesthetic taste and modeling concept. In terms of content, animals and flowers are the main ones. It is said that Confucius enlightened the world, but he neglected northern Shaanxi, so the temperament of northern Shaanxi people is not as gentle as that of Guanzhong people, so they are very creative and emotional, so they have a strong personality. In Jingbian, Anbian and Dingbian in northern Shaanxi, people cut paper on three sides, and paper-cutting has become another style, subtle, small and exquisite, small and medium-sized, and accurate in description. "Lele" is as thin as a needle, and the trimming is as thin as a hair. It is different from Yan 'an Sui and rough paper cutting, and it is also different from Jiangnan's originality and realism. According to textual research, Trilateral was once a frontier town, and the court often sent southern generals to guard it. They live here with their families, and also bring the folk culture of the water town, which is combined with the local folk art in Gu Zhuo to form a unique trilateral paper-cut. Due to the good economic foundation, the paper-cutting forms in gap area have become diversified, such as monochrome, stippling, collage, paper and plastic. The content is mainly opera characters, and flowers, birds and animals often add piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, eight treasures and so on. , a symbol of cultural symbols, has a strong cultural characteristics of the Central Plains. Ku Lan Shu is a master of folk collage paper-cutting in Xunyi County. She is over eighty years old this year, and she is a master of paper-cutting art named by Shaanxi Provincial Department of Culture. She developed collage paper-cutting to the extreme, which amazed experts and scholars. Taiwan Province Han Sheng publishes a large-scale picture book for Ku Lan Shu. CCTV and Shaanxi TV stations filmed feature films for reporting. The paper-plastic paper-cut created by Luo Zhanhua, an old man in Heyang County, is based on the characters in the play, which vividly depicts the strokes and styles of the characters in the play. Weibei's monochrome paper-cut is influenced by its shadow play modeling, and Xifu's monochrome paper-cut is influenced by woodcut New Year pictures, which shows the profound cultural heritage of the Central Plains. Shandong Folk Paper-cutting North School-Shandong Paper-cutting Shandong folk paper-cutting can be roughly divided into two categories in terms of modeling style. One is the boldness of Bohai Bay, which is in the same strain as the paper-cutting in other provinces in the Yellow River Basin. One is the exquisite paper-cut with characteristics in the coastal area of Jiaodong, Shandong Province, which is mainly line-based and combines line and surface. It seems to come down in one continuous line with the subtle and complicated style of stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty in Shandong Province, and with its intensive decorative means, it makes the simple and refreshing appearance more full and rich. Shandong Jiaodong called a woman with good skills a "liar". No matter which village she was in, people were proud of her. Their flower patterns are often spread around with fireworks on wallpaper, becoming the flower arrangement of villages far and near. The most common use of paper-cutting is to decorate windows. Most of the windows in Jiaodong are slender lattices, and generally only small flowers can be attached. Women give full play to their creativity, cut the big composition into strips by breaking it into parts, and then stick it on the window to form a complete picture. This kind of paper-cut called "window flower" is usually stuck on the "window heart". There are also "horn flowers", "window flowers" and "cockfighting flowers" hanging in front of the window, which constitute a series of "inter-culture". In order to match the layout of holiday rooms, paper-cutting is also used to decorate walls and ceilings, as well as decals for utensils. Among them, the paper-cut spread in Gaomi, Shandong Province, from the doors and windows of the farmhouse, the roof of the shed to the cabinets and wardrobes. Generally, the production is straight-cut, without making a draft, and it is characterized by the combination of sawtooth pattern and straight line to form an image. Since ancient times, Shandong paper-cutting has shown its unique aesthetic function more and more. Therefore, folk "magicians" who are good at juggling pay more attention to skills. Those broken lines and burrs as thin as mosquito's feet often make people feel a wonder that ordinary people can't achieve.