What early management ideas in China does Dujiangyan embody?

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Dujiangyan embodies early Chinese comprehensive management ideas. Ancient Chinese management ideas are extremely rich. The Spring and Autumn Period can be said to be the heyday of ancient Chinese civilization. Various management There has also been a situation where a hundred schools of thought are contending. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, although many outstanding management thinkers have appeared, most of them are supplements and developments based on the predecessors. Therefore, we use Confucianism, Legalism, and Taoism as representatives. In the analysis, it needs to be emphasized that their management ideas cannot be called science, and their attributes belong to empirical management. The main contents of their research are the way to govern the country, the way to be a king, and the rules for officials.

Confucianism first puts forward the basic assumption that human nature is inherently good, then puts forward the management methods of benevolent governance, moral governance, and etiquette, and finally proposes to achieve the management goal of harmonizing the family, governing the country, and bringing peace to the world.

Legalism first put forward the basic assumption that human nature is inherently evil, then put forward the management methods of legal system and criminal justice, and finally proposed the management goals of advocating monarchy and enriching the country and strengthening the army.

Taoism first puts forward the idea that human nature is natural, then proposes a management method of doing nothing, and finally points out that the management goal to be achieved is a world of perfect virtue.

(1) Confucian management thought - theory of benevolent governance and moral governance

Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, as defenders of the unified interest management system, actively advocated the restoration of the Zhou Dynasty The initial management model, and given its own ideals to it, put forward a management model with benevolent governance and moral governance as the main content on the premise that "human nature is inherently good".

①Benevolent government

Confucius proposed "benevolence". ''A benevolent person loves others. "The benevolence of the people is greater than that of water and fire." ” Mencius proposed “benevolent government” based on this. "If you have an intolerable heart and implement intolerant government, you can govern the world in the palm of your hand." "Being intolerant of others is a benevolent heart; a government that cannot be tolerated is a benevolent government." Mencius further pointed out: "The benevolent are invincible. "If the emperor is unkind, he will not protect the world; if the princes are unkind, he will not protect the country; if the county officials are unkind, he will not protect the ancestral temple."

②Government by virtue

Confucianism advocates benevolent government, which is important. The content is to oppose tyranny and arbitrary executions, believing that "tyranny is stronger than a tiger." Confucianism advocates the use of moral influence to rule the people, and therefore advocates rule by virtue. Confucius advocated: "The way is governed by government, and the rule is punished, so that the people can avoid it without being shameful. The path is governed by virtue, and the rule is courtesy, and there is shame and integrity." Government and punishment can only play a suppressive role, making people dare not commit crimes; Virtue and etiquette can win over people's hearts and make them realize their shame. It is necessary to "govern with virtue", "guide people with virtue", "keep them in order with etiquette" and "enable the people to be righteous". Mencius advocated: "Those who convince others with virtue must be happy and sincere."

③Ritual system

To implement benevolent governance and moral governance, we must rely on certain institutional norms, which is "present". "Li" originally referred to sacrificial utensils and rituals. In the Zhou Dynasty, rituals were distinguished from rituals and developed into the slave-owning aristocratic hierarchy of "junjun, minister, father-father, son-son" and the slave-owning aristocracy hierarchy. A patriarchal system based on blood ties. Confucianism believes: "If a person is rude, there will be no life, if something is rude, it will not be successful, and if the country is rude, there will be no peace."

The purpose of "ritual" is the foundation of governing a country. Confucianism believes: "Ritual is the ruler's handle." "Ritual is what guides the country, determines the country, and orders the people, and it benefits the heirs."

The content of "ritual" - a moral system. It specifically includes: benevolence to the king, loyalty to the minister, kindness to the father, filial piety to the son, righteousness to the husband, obedience to the wife, love to the brother, and brotherhood to the brother.

The essence of "ritual" - "harmony". Confucianism believes: "The purpose of etiquette is harmony. "Harmony" refers to harmony, order, and mutual support, thereby forming an effective management order.

From the above brief introduction, we can see the logical structure of the Confucian management ideological system: Confucianism first proposed the basic principle that human nature is inherently good. Hypothesis, and then put forward the management methods of benevolent government, rule of virtue, and etiquette, and finally propose to achieve the management goal of harmonizing the family, governing the country, and bringing peace to the world. Confucian management thought is based on blood and patriarchal relationships, with morality and ethics as the basis, and integrates the entire management and governance thoughts. , strategies are all ethical and idealistic. Confucian management thought ignores the "political" role of laws, systems, institutions, etc., and mainly focuses on the discussion of "governing".

Confucian management thoughts are very rich and have influenced Chinese society for thousands of years, even spreading to nearby Asian countries and still exerting an important influence today.

(2) Legalist management thought - theory of legal punishment

Legalists represented by Han Fei, as the spokesperson of the new landlord class, broke through the blood-related system of unified interests. The relationship-based emotional management system attempts to use the legal system and legal means to establish and maintain a new diversified management system, and proposes a management ideological system with legal punishment as the main content under the premise that "human nature is inherently evil".

① Advocate the monarchy

Legalism advocates the autocratic monarchy. Guanzi believed: "The holy king is the king, the benevolent and wise man is the king, and the brave man is the leader. This is the way of heaven and the love of man."

Legalists advocate monarchy and strive to maintain the authority of the supreme ruler. The purpose is to Promote its management ideas of legal and criminal governance and seek implementation subjects and guarantee conditions. Legalists cannot have modern democratic ideas and link the legal system with democracy. In the era they lived in, it was only possible to link the legal system with autocracy and try to implement their management concepts and systems with the support of autocratic monarchy.

②Advocating the rule of law

On the basis of advocating the monarchy, Legalism advocated the promotion of the rule of law. Shang Yang believed: "There is no distinction between kinship and distance, no distinction between high and low, and everything is based on the law." Guanzi believed: "The law is the one where the monarch and his ministers are established." "Both the monarch and his ministers, whether noble or low, obey the law." The main legal thought of Legalism Including the following content:

Power is the asset of "victory". To implement the rule of law, rulers must first establish their own power. Guanzi believed: "The reason why a mortal king is a king is his power." Han Fei believed: "The power is the ability to win over the masses." It specifically includes: First, power is the guarantee of the monarch's status. The master's ability to control his ministers and the people lies in "the importance of the master's power and the prosperity of the master's power." Second, power is the basis for the monarch to maintain his majesty. Han Fei believes: "Having authority is enough to convince people", but losing authority means "a fallen phoenix is ??not as good as a chicken". Third, power is the source of ruling power. Han Fei believes that when a king loses his power, he is like a tiger losing its claws and claws, unable to control all beasts. Position, majesty, and strength are the core contents of the Legalist thought of power, among which "power" is the premise, "power" is the condition, and "force" is the means.

The legal system is the treasure of governing the world. Legal system mainly refers to using the legal system as the basis for governing the country. Legalists advocate that the law should be the basis and the law should be the teaching. Han Fei believes that the governance of the country must be "ruling by law", "governing according to the law" and "governing only by the law", and opposes the governance strategies of "interpreting the law and appointing wisdom", "regarding the law and promoting the virtuous", and "removing legal ethics" . He advocated using the law as teaching and officials as teachers, and implementing "one teaching", "one punishment" and "one reward".

③Implementing punishment

The means to implement the legal system is to use severe punishments to enforce the law and to protect the law. Han Fei said: "Penalty and reward are the king's main handle." The legal system advocated by Legalists mainly highlights the important function of punishment and supplements it with reward. It specifically includes the following content:

Governing the people requires severe punishment. Han Fei believes: "Those who punish harshly are feared by the people; those who are punished severely are hated by the people. Therefore, the sage states what he fears to prevent his evil, and sets out what he hates to prevent his treachery. Therefore, riots are caused by national security. No. I understand that benevolence, righteousness, love and favor are not enough, but severe punishment and severe punishment can govern the country."

Punishment and reward must be combined. Han Fei believed: "Rewards are generous but trustworthy, and punishments are severe but necessary." Guanzi believed: "Punishment is not enough to fear one's ambition, and killing is not enough to convince one's heart." Therefore, one must follow one's desires and combine punishment with reward to achieve success. Orders and prohibitions.

Rewards and punishments must be appropriate. Rewards and punishments must be based on "justice" and facts, so that rewards and punishments are appropriate.

Legalist management thinking is very rich, and it is by no means all of the above. Legalism's management strategy of emphasizing the rule of law and advocating strength is of great significance to the development of Chinese history. The Qin Dynasty used Legalist theory to unify the country and made outstanding achievements. The Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, which did not completely eliminate the legalist strategy. It only changed the legalist strategy from explicit to hidden, and clothed state violence with a moral cloak. It used righteousness to control interests, and force to supplement virtue, so as to make up for the shortcomings of moral governance and education. . At the same time, the above introduction also allows us to see that although the legalist management thoughts served the autocratic imperial power, some of the basic principles and methods of legal management they revealed still have valuable reference significance today.

(3) Taoist management thought - the theory of governing by doing nothing

Taoism is a school centered on Laozi's "Tao" theory, which uses Tao to explain the nature of all things in the universe. , composition and change, advocating that "Tao follows nature", the way of heaven is inactive, and all things are born naturally, so it believes that human nature is natural. In managing the country, we advocate being pious, quiet and inactive, governing by doing nothing, obeying the rules of nature, letting nature take its course, living quietly and practicing simplicity, saving desires and spending money, abandoning holiness and wisdom, and abandoning benevolence and righteousness.

①Natural inaction - the way to govern the country

Taoism advocates that Tao follows nature. Taoists believe that the origin of all things in the world is Tao, and the fundamental characteristic of Tao is natural inaction. Laozi believes that "Tao follows nature." "Man follows the earth, the earth follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature." "Natural" refers to the operating state of the heaven and the earth, which refers to the inevitable state of being free and unrestrained without any reluctance or external constraints, that is, "it is like this" state. "Wuwei" refers to the state of the subject of action, which refers to the state of not forcing anything, not pursuing selfish desires, and letting nature take its course.

Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing. Since the way of heaven is natural, the way of humanity requires inaction, and to govern the country, we must "govern by inaction." Zhuangzi believes that "inaction is called heaven", "inaction is called virtue", and "inaction is the transformation of all things". "If you do nothing, you will have more than the world, and if you do something, you will have less than the world." Therefore, "do nothing" and "take inaction as the norm". Specific methods of governing by doing nothing include: adhering to the road without selfish desires; complying with the people's nature without intervening. The rulers themselves must "always be unintentional and take the people's hearts as their heart" and "do things without doing anything, and teach without doing anything."

Taoists further believe that "only by doing nothing can we do everything." Laozi believes that "the Tao is always inactive and does everything." Zhuangzi believes that "doing nothing and doing everything". Because if you practice the path of inaction, all things will naturally grow and develop freely according to their nature, and people will realize all their wishes. Lao Tzu said: "The Tao always does nothing but does nothing. If the princes and kings can guard it, all things will turn white."

In short, follow the Tao, obey the people's nature, have no selfish desires, no selfish wisdom, no stubbornness, no interference, no Only by coercion, not rashness, and letting one's life take its course can the people live in peace and order and the world be well governed.

②A world of perfect virtue - an ideal state

Taoism discusses the ways and techniques of governing a country in order to pursue the ideal state of its society - a world of perfect virtue, Laozi calls it As a "small country with few people". The characteristics of a world of perfect virtue are:

Nature. The basic characteristic of Taoist ideal society is naturalism. Taoists believe that this is the "sage rule", "the supreme rule" and "the world of supreme virtue".

Simple. The people are simple in nature, ignorant and desireless, selfless and inactive, and live completely according to their normal instincts.

Equality. All people are equal before nature. This is the inevitable interpersonal relationship formed by the natural world and the natural people. Therefore, there is no distinction between high and low, virtuous and unworthy, wise and foolish, superior and inferior, superior and inferior.

Freedom. In the most virtuous world, everyone is free. This kind of freedom is not only external freedom, not restricted by social norms; it is also internal freedom, not influenced by one's own inner selfish desires and pursuits. "Working when the sun rises, resting when the sun rises, being far away between heaven and earth and feeling contented."

Tranquility. People live in peace and harmony and their basic living needs can be met. Laozi said: "The food is sweet, the clothes are beautiful, the home is comfortable, and the customs are happy." First, it means that the reason why people feel sweet, beautiful, peaceful, and happy is because they are calm and contented, without extravagant expectations. This kind of peace is actually a kind of psychological peace. The second refers to the harmonious relationship between man and nature, without harming each other.

Lao Laizi (about 599 BC to about 479 BC) was a famous thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period and one of the founders of "Taoism". A native of Chu, he was born in the period of King Kang and died in the period of King Hui. He wrote books, taught disciples, and promoted Taoist ideas. In the sixth year of Duke Aigong of Lu (489 BC), Confucius was trapped in Chen and Cai, and King Zhao of Chu welcomed Confucius to Chu. Confucius went out and met his disciples. When the disciple returned home, he told Lao Laizi: "There is a man over there. He practices upwards and then goes down. He is crouched and his ears are back. He looks as if he is surrounded by the sea. I don't know who his son is." Lao Laizi said: "This is Qiu, and I have summoned him. "Confucius met and asked Lao Laizi how to help the king.

Lao Laizi taught: "You feel sad about the suffering of the world, but despise the disasters your actions have brought to all generations of descendants. Is this poverty and ignorance or failure to achieve your goal? Rather than praising Tang Yao and criticizing Xia Jie, it is better to have Yao, If you are unruly and die, you will put away those praises and criticisms, but nature will be damaged, and restlessness will lead to evil. You are easy to do things with others, so you are always successful. What can you do? You think you are virtuous!" Confucius wants to change that. Aiming to run the world, with a virtuous and conceited attitude. At the same time, it also reveals the idea of ??giving up arrogance, being indifferent to fame and fortune, letting go of likes and dislikes, and following nature. He also used the metaphor of "teeth and tongue" to teach Confucius how to serve as a king. Most of these languages ????are quoted by famous scholars and strategists from various countries. His thoughts are "for the purpose of Taoists." Although he does not seek to govern the country, he still pays certain attention to society. Later, the Taoist Zhuangzi "method of grouping people to the south". It expands and develops Lao Laizi's elimination and inaction side.

Lao Laizi did not want to "accept official salary and be controlled by others", so he lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests. In the fiftieth year of King Hui of Chu (479 BC), the "Bai Gongsheng Rebellion" occurred, and then the Chen Kingdom invaded the south. To avoid the troubled times, he and his wife fled to the sun of Mengshan Mountain more than a hundred miles north of Ji'nan City, "Jiaqiang Peng" The house is furnished with wooden beds and mats, with food and clothing, and the mountains are cultivated and protected. "King Hui of Chu drove there to welcome Lao Laizi to take up an official position in the capital of Ying to assist in state affairs. He declined and said: "A servant from Yeshan is not good enough to guard the government." In order to avoid King Hui of Chu coming to recruit him again, he abandoned his hut, crossed the Yangtze River, and settled in Jiangnan area of ????Jiangling. , according to its remains are enough to eat "a secluded life."

The remaining works include 16 chapters of "Lao Laizi" (15 chapters in one theory), which were lost during the Han and Wei dynasties. A small number of remarks have been collected in books such as "Zi Shu" and "Warring States Policy", from which his life and ideological views can be discussed.

Lao Laizi is also a famous filial son in Chinese history. He was a filial piety to support his two elderly parents. When he was 72 years old, in order to make his elderly parents happy, he often wore colorful clothes and made baby movements to please them. Later generations used "Lao Laiyi" as a metaphor for filial piety to the elderly. Meng Haoran, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "In the Ming Dynasty, when worshiping Jiaqing, one must wear Lao Lai's clothes."

Song Su Shunqin's poem "Lao Lai Zi": Sa Ran has white temples and wears colorful clothes.

This old man is very filial to his parents, considerate of them, and does everything possible to please them. In order to make his parents happy, Lao Wright raised several beautiful and singing birds for his parents to play with. He himself often teases birds and makes them make beautiful calls. My father was very happy after hearing this and always said with a smile: "The sound of the birds is so beautiful!" Lao Lai was very happy when he saw the smiles on his parents' faces. Lao Lai is actually not young anymore, he is also over 70 years old. Once, the parents looked at their son's gray hair and sighed: "Even my son is so old, and we don't have long to live." Lao Lai was afraid that his parents would worry, so he thought of ways to make his parents happy. He specially made a set of colorful clothes and pretended to dance when he walked. His parents were very happy to see him. One day, when he went to the church to fetch milk for his parents, he accidentally fell. He was afraid that his parents would be sad, so he deliberately pretended to make the sound of a baby crying and rolled on the ground. His parents really thought that Lao Lai fell down and rolled on purpose. Seeing that he couldn't get up, they smiled and said, "Lao Lai is so fun. Get up quickly." This idiom describes children who try their best to make their elderly children happy. The parents are in a good mood.

Guan Yin, a native of the Spring and Autumn Period (one theory is the Warring States Period), was named Gongwen. In Taoist books, he was called Guan Ling Yin Xi, Guan Ling Yin, or Yin Xi. Later, he attained the Tao and became an immortal, named Mr. Wenshi. He was certified as the supreme real person, the prime minister of Yuqing, and one of the four prime ministers of Tianfu. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty granted the title Wen Shi Yin Zhenren, the Supreme Taichu Bowen Wen Shi Zhenjun. One of the Taoist sects, Louguan Taoism, is regarded as the founder. "Guan Yinzi" is also known as "Wenshi Jing" and "Guan Lingzi", and its full name is "Wenshi Zhenjing". Just like "Lao Yu", "Zhuangzi" and "Liezi", "Guan Yinzi" is also named after the author. However, "Guan Yinzi" is just named after the official. Pass refers to the pass through which Laozi left Hanguan. The person who guarded the pass was called Guan Lingyin, and his name was Xi, so he was called Guan Lingyin Xi, and later generations respectfully called him Guan Yinzi. In Taoist books, it is called Guan Ling Yinxi.

The origin of Guan Yin: Guan Yin was a native of Tianshui in the Spring and Autumn Period. His courtesy name was Gongdu, and he was called Guan Ling Yinxi in Taoism.

It is said that he was good at tomb picking, astronomy and astronomy. He was a doctor during the reign of King Kang of Zhou Dynasty and served as a guest in the East Palace. He is one of the early representatives of Taoism. Guan Yinzi is a very famous archery teacher. So many people came to worship him as their teacher.

Guan Yinzi taught Liezi how to learn archery. One time Liezi hit the target and was so excited that he ran to ask Guan Yinzi: "I have learned it almost." Guan Yinzi asked him and said: "Do you know why you can hit the target?" Liezi shook his head and said, "I don't know." Guan Yinzi said, "I don't know, does that still count as learning archery?" Guan Yinzi asked Liezi to go back and learn more. Liezi studied for three years...Three years later Liezi went to consult Guan Yinzi again. Guan Yinzi asked him again: "Now do you know what you are asking to hit the target?" Liezi replied: "I know." Guan Yinzi said OK, I will ask you now: "If the enemy is riding on the horse and you are standing on the How will you deal with him on the ground?" Liezi replied: "I will shoot the horse's feet first to make the enemy roll off the horse, and then aim at the enemy and shoot an arrow." Guan Yinzi said, "Okay, now you know. Learn why you can hit the target, and remember it in the future. Remember the reason why you hit the target, and never violate it."

A thinker from the Warring States Period. A native of Chu. Once it is made of Juanhuan, it means Juan, also known as Juanzi and Juanzi. Learn Huang Lao's moral skills and be as famous as Zhan He. He once gave lectures on Jixia and compiled Lao Dan's quotations into the first and second chapters of the Tao Te Ching, which contributed to the preservation of the original Taoist ideological materials. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" contains thirteen chapters of "Zhuzi", which were lost early. It is said that Huanyuan is Guan Yin, who was at the same time as Lao Dan.