Brief introduction of sigismund.

Sigismund (German: sigismund von Luxemburg, Czech: Zikmund, Croatian:? Igmond, Hungarian: Zsigmond,1February 36815-1February 9, 437) was the holy Roman emperor of the Luxembourg dynasty (1433 to 1437 reigned). He is the elector of Brandenburg (1378- 1388,1414165438), 1465438. He is also the king of Hungary and Croatia (1387- 1437 reigns) and the king of Bohemia (1420- 1437 reigns).

His ability is not weak, but his ruling style is controversial, so he has been evaluated by both sides. His core kingdoms-Bohemia and Hungary-were extremely powerful before his father's predecessor and were the strongest countries in Central and Eastern Europe. However, after his elder brother ascended the throne with him, the original powerful country and kingship declined rapidly (the Hungarian royal territory was reduced from 20% to 5%), and the state power fell into the hands of big noble (the Hungarian nobles seized 40% of the country's land), which made him have to fight hard with the nobles.

The Nicopolis Crusade he personally advocated was defeated by Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, which not only symbolized that Ottoman replaced Hungary as the largest power in Eastern Europe, but also greatly reduced sigismund's prestige in Hungary. Several aristocratic giants demanded that he be responsible for the defeat and deprived him of his power (he was also placed under house arrest by the nobles for several months in 140 1 year). He spent more than ten years rebuilding his power in Hungary.

Osman's threat to Hungary temporarily disappeared, because Timur, the lame man, defeated Osman at 1402. 1403, sigismund destroyed the power of Hungarian aristocrats who supported Radislav, the son of the former king. Although Radislav led his troops to Dalmatia in the west of Hungary in order to seize the Hungarian throne, the action was too slow. Sigismund quickly suppressed the rebellious aristocrats and sent Radislav home angrily. This incident also became an opportunity for sigismund to revive the monarchy from the bottom (he issued a decree in 1404, which greatly weakened the Pope's control over the Hungarian church and politics). After the death of Radislav 14 14, his dominance in Hungary became an indisputable fact. 1408, in order to protect the Hungarian royal family and fight against the enemies of Catholicism, sigismund established the Dragon Order.

14 1 1 year, sigismund was elected as the holy Roman emperor. 14 14, he held a religious conference in konstanz, and finally solved the decades-long division of the church in the conference that took several years, but the theologian Hus was executed in the conference, which triggered the Hus War in Bohemia for fourteen years. 14 15 years, he gave his Brandenburg Elector to the Hornsoren family who contributed to him. Hohenzollern rose to the kingdom of Prussia in18th century, and unified Germany in 187 1 year. 14 19 He was also the king of Bohemia, and was forced to leave Hungary frequently to concentrate his mind and attention on dealing with the holy Roman Empire and Bohemia.

Being away from Hungary for a long time, he can only hand over the affairs of state to a few acting nobles he trusts. Although this practice ensured his authority and financial income in Hungary, the agent could not effectively solve the civil affairs problems and often caused public dissatisfaction. At that time, the rise of the urban middle class greatly increased this dissatisfaction, and the national assembly at the central level (with the participation of urban representatives) was given more power and responsibility to govern the country. Although the local power of big noble and the tycoons can't be broken, asking them to provide mercenaries or service money to the country really increases the power of the central government. This development is closely related to sigismund's active policy of supporting middle and small aristocrats politically and promoting urban development, which can be regarded as its most active and effective administrative achievement.

In his later years, he devoted all his energy to pacifying the Hus War (1420- 1434). 1420, the peasant armed forces led by the famous general Jan Jeshka, together with the Hu people's forces, defeated sigismund in the Battle of Viktor Hill (English: Vítkov Hill). Sigismund sent more crusaders, but they all ended in failure. After Jeska's death, the Hu Si faction split, in which moderates and Czech Catholics joined forces to support sigismund. 1434 In the Battle of Lipani, the most radical Hu Si faction was finally defeated, and sigismund finally succeeded in quelling the chaos and began to rule in Bohemia (1436 was officially crowned).

However, the separatist sectarian forces in the Czech Republic and the aristocratic movement that greatly increased autonomy made his kingship dispensable. Facts have proved that both the title of emperor and the throne of Bohemia are far less than the real wealth and power brought to him by the Hungarian throne, which is also the reason and effect for him to actively imitate Hungarian culture and clothing (even with a Hungarian beard) and master Hungarian to win the hearts of Hungarian people.

1In the early 1930s, the Bohemian Hus War once spread to Hungary. In order to put an end to and suppress the Hungarians who responded to the Huss, he put out the rebellion by cruel and tough means, which worsened his image of painstaking efforts in Hungary. Under his rule, Hungary's economy flourished. For example, in order to promote urban development, he legislated to protect domestic businessmen, expanded the power of city courts, attracted foreign technicians, improved the industrial level of domestic consumption, and planned unified measurement. , making the guild system generally established throughout the country, the prosperity and political influence of the city is also growing (the emergence and power of the hierarchical parliament). However, tenant farmers hardly benefited from this economic prosperity, and their lives rarely improved. Therefore, when the Hus Movement, which preached equality and revolution, penetrated into Hungary, peasant uprisings and riots broke out in southern Hungary and Transylvania in 1437 (sigismund died at the end of that year). Later, with the active cooperation of German soldiers he hired and Hungarian nobles, the rebellion was put down in the same year.

Sigismund died on 1437. Under his arrangement, the throne was inherited by his son-in-law, Albrecht II of Habsburg dynasty, and the splendid Luxemburg dynasty came to an end in 1437.