A complete collection of detailed data of Kalmalan nationality

Cavallin is a branch of the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province and belongs to Pingpu nationality. It is mainly distributed in Yilan, Luodong, Suao, Fengbin Township on the east coast and Changbin Township in Taitung County near Hualien City, with a population of about 3,000. They originally lived in Yanglan Plain, but gradually moved south due to the pressure of Han people competing for land, and they were the last Pingpu ethnic group to be sinicized.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Karmalan mbth: Kavalan Population: 3,000 people: overview, present situation, distribution, brief history, national characteristics, culture, social system, composition characteristics, property inheritance, wedding, important activities, religious activities, witchcraft and divination, origin of place names, root-seeking movement and origin of Karmalan. Since the Qing Dynasty, with the continuous migration of the Han nationality, the dispute and opposition between land and culture forced a large number of ethnic groups to move southward to the coastline of Hualien and Taitung. Only a few tribes, such as Xinshe and Lide, maintain customs and traditions such as language and rituals. Kalmalan is a matriarchal society. Wizards are all women, and men's organizations are at the same age, but they are all integrated with the Ami. Total population: There are more than 800 registered ethnic minorities, mainly distributed in Yanglan Plain, Changbin Township of Taitung County and Fengbin Township of Hualien County. Kalmalan people belong to a branch of Pingpu nationality. They are matriarchal and peaceful in nature. They like to be clean because they live by the water. They were first known to the world because of the Spanish conquest. During the Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, after the defeat of Lin, the remnants of the Party, led by Wusha, Fujian, invaded, which made them gradually enter the fate of decline and assimilation. At present, there are still several elderly people in the old Jialiyuan community in Qingshui Village, the estuary of Dongshan River in Yilan. However, the kinship of Kamalan people is generally integrated into Yilan people, and many people living in Yilan have the characteristics of Kamalan people, which is exactly the same as the situation that there is Tangshan Gong and no Tangshan Grandma in the western plains of Taiwan. At present, Kamalan people moved to Hualien because their hometown was occupied by Han Chinese. That was between 1830 and 1840. The protagonist, headed by Jialiyuan Society in Dongshan Township, moved south to Beipu to establish Jialiyuan Society, and some moved to South Australia. Until 1878, the Kamalan people of Jialiyuan Society were dissatisfied with the Han people invading Hualien again, and joined hands with the local Sackira people to launch the Jialiyuan Qing Dynasty incident. After the failure, they fled to the east coast and lived next to the Ami. Only Xinshe Village, Fengbin Township, Hualien has a relatively large-scale tribe. Although some old people try to keep their own culture and mother tongue, the sinicization and China of the younger generation has become an irresistible trend. Following the Shao nationality, the Aboriginal Affairs Committee officially recognized it as the first 1 1 ethnic group of aborigines in 2002, and the inheritance and preservation of Kalmalan culture will enter a new era. This is a maternal society. Distribution Kamalan people are generally distributed in Yilan, Luodong and Suao, and migrated to the vicinity of Hualien City and the areas of Fengbin Township and Changbin Township in Taitung County on the east coast. Kalmalan nationality is a branch of Pingpu nationality in Taiwan Province, which was originally distributed in Yanglan Plain. /kloc-At the end of 0/8th century, a large number of Han people moved to Yanglan Plain and seized the land of Kalmalan people by various means. Under the pressure of environment and life, Kamalan people moved to remote Hualien and Taitung areas one after another, mingled with the local people and got married. The Kamalan people's settlement in Xinshe Village, Fengbin Township, Hualien County is the area where Kamalan people are concentrated now. A Brief History of Clam Difficult Thirty-six Societies Kalmalan people used to be called "Clam Difficult Thirty-six Societies", but in fact there are more than sixty or seventy settlements. In the past, Kalmalan people were all called Lanyangxi, while those in the north were called Xishifan and those in the south were called Dongshifan. At that time, the important settlements were Malayan Society, Jimei Jianshe Society, Qilidan Society, Jimei Fushe Society, Liuliu Society, Wunuan Society, Waibian Society, New Lohan Society, Li Zejian Society, Jialiwan Society and Wuqi Old Society. The Kalmalan nationality first appeared in the historical records of 1632. At that time, a Spanish merchant ship that occupied the fresh water area was drifted to the "Bangnan" plain by a hurricane. However, the relatively clear Kamalan record was at 1650, when the population data of 39 clubs in this area recorded by the Dutch was more than 340 years ago. Forced to leave their homeland and go to Hualien Plain 1768, Lin Hanhan was born in the first exam, and Kamalan was killed by local aborigines. However, nearly 30 years later, the Han people tried to enter Kalmalan again, but this time the Kalmalan people were forced to leave their original place. 1796, Wu Sha, a native of Zhangzhou, led people from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangdong to enter Kengamalan and establish the first city. This group of Kalmalan people who have lived quietly in this land for thousands of years have begun their earth-shaking changes. Soon after, the influence of the Han people spread throughout 36 eastern and western societies in Kalmalan, and the population of the Han people increased rapidly. Kalmalan people are in an absolutely weak position in economy and society, so they have to make small-scale migration in the plain and start to migrate to Samsung, Su 'ao and other places. After the Kalmalan people gradually lost the land on which to live, from 1830 to 1840, the Jialiwan community in Dongshan Township moved south and established a new settlement in Hualien Huabu, forming a new Jialiyuan community gathering place in the northern part of Hualien Plain. Just as Wusha swept the Yanglan Plain with thousands of people at that time, the Kamalan people who arrived there first quickly ruled the Qilai wasteland, and their people flocked to it, gradually surpassing the Ami and Atayal people who originally lived there. The "big society" in Kerry Bay became the Kamalan people's second hometown. In the early days of Kerry Bay Incident, Kamalan people were forced to migrate mainly because of the advancement of Han people's armed reclamation and "drifting". In the later period, due to social weakness, Han people used contracts to make their income unable to eat and wear, or lost their land. Although immigrants moved again and again, from the implementation of the policy of opening mountains to help fans in the Qing Dynasty to the construction of North Road (about today's Suhua Highway) in the late Qing Dynasty, economic and cultural conflicts and the Qing Dynasty's attitude of favoring Han people finally broke out in Guangxu four years (1878). There are two theories about the cause of the incident. First, Chen Yuejie, a businessman of Han nationality, invaded the land of the Sixth Society in Kerry Bay and caused conflicts. The other is Chen Huihuang, a native of Zhangpu, "refers to the camp and cheats. According to Tianle School, * * * cheats a lot of money; The authorities were forced to be embarrassed and determined to retaliate. " Kalmalan originally lived in Yanglan Plain, which is the latest area for the Han people to recover Taiwan Province Province. However, since the Kerry Bay incident, the main Karmalan ethnic group lost its elite, and the rest fled south or surrendered to the Qing army. After the ban on going to Taiwan was lifted again in the Qing Dynasty 1874, farmers and traders were more actively encouraged to go to Houshan after this campaign. After the war, Wu, as the general commander, adopted the policy of "shifting troops and dividing power" and ordered some Kerry Bay clubs and Sakyamuni clubs to move out. Since then, the Kalmalan people have scattered all over the country and gradually integrated into the society of the Han nationality or other nationalities. Statistics in 2005 show that only 9 1 1 person was found. At present, there are very few Kalmarans living in Pingyang, Yanglan. They are scattered everywhere, and there is no big settlement. On the east coast of Huadong, Xinshe Village and Lide Tribe in Fengbin Township of Hualien are relatively large tribes of Kamalan people. The Kamalan people with national characteristics are most precious and proud of preserving Kamalan culture in their daily lives. As far as Xinhua people are concerned, Kalmalan language and customs (such as the ancestor Palin in the New Year) and ceremonies centered on Meti (such as Pagravi and Patohoka). ), as well as rituals related to agriculture and fisheries (such as storage sacrifices and sea sacrifices), have been preserved, and the Kalmalan people have also restored or created some traditional cultures (such as folk songs and dances, harvest festivals, banana silk weaving, etc.). ). Culture Kamalan is a matriarchal society, and wizards are all women. Men were originally organized by age and class, but they all merged with the Ami. Important ritual activities include Qatapan after the victory of weeding (currently this activity is combined with Ami Harvest Festival), Kisaiz healing ceremony "pakalavi", funeral ceremony "Patohkan" and ancestor worship ceremony "Palilin" at the end of the year. The traditional social form of Kamalan people, like other Pingpu ethnic groups in Taiwan Province Province, is a matriarchal society. However, Kamalan people are an equal society with no class. No matter how rich the family is, there are no servants. Leaders are elected. Other public affairs in the tribe are divided and cooperated by people of all ages. When something happens, use the big conch as a horn to get everyone together. Inheritance of property Kalmalan children Kalmalan people belong to the eldest daughter inheritance system, and the eldest daughter inherits most of the property. If there is no daughter at home, the eldest son will inherit most of the property. Wedding The marriage system of Kalmalan nationality includes wife's marriage and man's adoption. Kalmaran men and women need to work in the fields. Men and women often meet on the ridges of fields and then like each other. When the news reaches the ears of both parents, one of the parents will hold a meeting to discuss the marriage between men and women. Qatapan (Kadaban), a ceremony after the victory of important activities, is held in conjunction with the Ami Harvest Festival; The ceremony of becoming a wizard, Chiseiz; Healing ceremony Pakalavi (Bagraby); Funeral Padokan (Badugan); And the ancestor worship ceremony at the end of the year, Palin. Religious activities in Kalmaran Religious activities play an important role in the life of Kalmaran people. The religious belief of Kalmalan people is centered on ancestor worship, which separates the human world from the spiritual world. They believe that there are ghosts and gods in the spiritual world that can bless or punish mortals, and there are people-to-people exchanges between priests and witch doctors in the tribe to treat their people. "During the year, there are many ceremonies to offer sacrifices to the elderly, such as sowing, harvesting and warehousing. They are all agricultural rituals based on millet. Whenever people sow and harvest, they hold a festival. Everyone sat on the floor, drinking while playing, singing and dancing, and grabbing the food in the rice basket with their hands. In addition to glutinous rice, meat and fish shells, there are also wild vegetables that Kalmalan people are best at picking and cooking, which are called "making years" or "making fields". Witchcraft divination The religious belief of Kamalan people is centered on ancestor worship, which separates the human world from the spiritual world. They believe that there are ghosts and gods in the spiritual world that can bless or punish mortals, and there are priests and witch doctors (Mtiu) in the tribe who are responsible for the communication between spirits and treat people. Mtiu is for women only. In real life, knitting equipment is an important and sacred tool. As the myth says, if it is well preserved, it will end up like Abbas and be punished by death. Therefore, it is natural for women to use such a tool, and at the same time, it has a sacred concept and effect, so it may be used as a medium that can be purified in the ceremony, but how is this concept related to the death ceremony? Mainly through the woman this * * * pass point; Mtiu is a woman, and the weaving equipment is also exclusive to women. In fact, women are more closely related to death than men. In Cavallin society, dealing with death or communicating with ancestors is a woman's full-time job. The place name originated in Yilan, Taiwan Province Province, and was originally called Clam Difficult or Jiazi Difficult. It is a transliteration of the word Kavalan. " Kavalan means "plain people" in Karmaran language, which is mainly used by ethnic groups to distinguish Atayal people living in mountainous areas at that time. After the Spanish occupied the north, the province of Calmaran was defined as the residence of Calmaran. After the Qing Dynasty took over Taiwan Province, Yilan was subordinate to Zhuluo County (now Chiayi), and 1723 was subordinate to the newly established Changhua County. Seven years later, it was incorporated into Danshui Hall, which was also established in 1723. During this period, the Qing Dynasty * * * only had nominal jurisdiction over the Yilan area, but did not really set up management. As Yilan is regarded as an administrative frontier, it often becomes a gathering place for pirates and bandits. In order to facilitate the business development, the magistrate Yang of Taiwan Province Province repeatedly requested the establishment of an administrative region, and then the Karmalan Hall was established in 18 10. In 1875, the abandoned Karmalan Hall was changed to a county, and the word "Lan" of Karmalan was crowned with the word "Yi" and renamed as "yilan county". Since then, the words "Kamalan" have disappeared, and "Yilan" has become the new exclusive name of this county. Kalmalan people, whose root-seeking movement has been semi-forcibly attached to the Ami, are actually completely different from the Ami in terms of sacrifice and language and culture. Therefore, since 1980, Kamalan aborigines began to seek their roots and rectify their names. After long-term efforts, following the Shao nationality, the Aboriginal Committee of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China officially recognized the Kalmalan nationality as an aboriginal 1 1 tribe in 2002. The inheritance and preservation of Kalmalan culture has entered a new era. In fact, the Kalmaran language is still preserved and used by this nation. At the same time, they have compiled and printed Kalmaran dictionaries, grammar and other teaching materials as local teaching materials in schools. Kalmalan people not only have strong national consciousness, but also have distinct religious beliefs and cultural ceremonies. Gamelan Zuqinxiang Social Club