Looking at the fusion of hotels and music in the Song Dynasty, are there any bars since the Song Dynasty?

In the long history of 5,000 years, "wine" has penetrated into all aspects of the history of Chinese civilization, from the creation and entertainment of culture and art to the diet and health preservation of daily life.

The liquor monopoly system implemented in past dynasties, especially after the Han Dynasty, or all measures to control the liquor industry in order to obtain liquor profits are called "monopoly" or "monopoly". The interweaving of official liquor selling and music began with the mouth of Wang Anshi, the god of religion, who suggested that prostitutes should "sit around for fun" and try to sell liquor.

The system of Queyi in Qingbo Magazine of Hui Zhou in the Song Dynasty goes: "Queyi was founded in the Han Dynasty and has been used to assist the country since then." It is reported that in the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the production and circulation of "liquor" were officially controlled, and folk brewing of liquor was prohibited to monopolize liquor profits and supplement government finances. Later generations followed suit to increase government revenue.

During the period of Zhao and Song Dynasties, faced with a large amount of financial expenditure of the army and bureaucrats, Tang Chao fell into a serious financial crisis. Therefore, we will further strengthen the "prohibition of monopoly" and spare no effort to monopolize and monopolize some important means of livelihood, including "wine", in order to seek high profits. China's monopoly system reached its peak in the Song Dynasty.

(A) the official brewing folk brewing "Queyi" method

"History of the Song Dynasty, Food Records" contains: "Song Law: Each state, county and city set up a service to make wine, and counties, towns, townships and villages have to be classified according to their age. If there are benefits, please ask officials to mention more. Three Beijing officials compose music and listen to the people.

There are two main methods of monopoly system in Song Dynasty. One refers to official brewing and official selling, and the other refers to people brewing and people buying.

The former is brewed and sold by the government. Set up a wine service in the city, responsible for brewing and trading. Wine merchants are mostly located in States, counties and some densely populated towns and villages, and the wine tax is high. There are also many hotels under it, also known as "restaurants", "workshops" or "branches" During the Song Dynasty, the number of wine services was very large. As for Xining, it reached more than 1,700 in ten years.

There are also certain requirements for the profit of wine service. If it meets the requirements, the court will give some rewards, and if it does not meet the standards, the court will also give some punishment. Therefore, in order to complete the task, the wine service will allocate its corresponding quota to subordinate hotels to reduce the burden.

The latter, on the other hand, is the exclusive right entrusted by the government to merchants, and a certain wine tax is levied, which is brewed and sold by the people themselves. This situation is due to the fact that in the early days of Taizong's rejuvenating the country, unscrupulous officials sought to overfulfil their tasks, and the people suffered greatly from the sale. As a result, they changed the law, raised the people and brewed their own wine, alleviating the drawbacks of the government's monopoly on wine industry.

According to records, there were many winemakers in the capital at that time. When Song Renzong was born at the age of five, there were about 3,000 people. In order to ensure the interests of their peers, these winemakers use green curtains and white cloth as special symbols of each other. The "distiller's yeast" used in these two methods of monopoly system in Song Dynasty was made by the government.

"distiller's yeast" refers to the brewing raw materials with moldy filaments and hyphae. At that time, there was a Qu Yuan in Sanjingfu. In order to avoid the flooding of koji and the decline of liquor price, there is a corresponding koji quota every year. The revenue from the sale of sake is also part of the government's fiscal revenue.

(b) Collecting "Que" taxes from soldiers and officials.

According to the literature, before 1077, the Song Dynasty had set up more than 1800 liquor services in the jurisdiction of more than 260 cities across the country, that is, in this year, all the liquor services of the Song Dynasty government reached 13600000, even higher than the tax of that year, and the money for buying liquor was not counted.

This is a very huge income, and it also shows the special position of liquor monopoly in the financial revenue of the Song Dynasty. (1) What is the purpose of such a rich fiscal revenue in the Northern Song Dynasty?

First, it is used to raise soldiers. Military expenditure has always been an indispensable and huge expenditure item in all dynasties, and so has the Song Dynasty.

From the northern song dynasty's "paying for extra classes to help the border" to the southern song dynasty's "learning to stay in the state after drinking", "learning is at a loss"

What's more, in the Song Dynasty, in order to raise military expenses, the army began to operate the wine industry. According to records, Yue Fei once owned seven wine depots in Ezhou, with an annual income of more than 580,000 yuan, with an average of more than 80,000 yuan per depot, which far exceeded the scale of wine service in the Northern Song Dynasty.

It can be seen that the income of the monopoly system is playing an increasingly important role in border crossings and military camps, providing a huge financial guarantee for the life and training of soldiers and safeguarding the security and stability of the country.

The second is to raise officials. In order to strengthen the power of the central, local and local governments, the Song Dynasty set up a large number of official posts, which led to the phenomenon of redundant officials abusing government, and official salary expenditure became an important part of financial expenditure. Lu You once said: "All counties depend on expenditure, but only the wine tax."

Under the influence of "monopoly", the hotel music "trying to sell wine" was actually a specific measure designated for the "monopoly" system in Song Dynasty. An introduction explains this: "Since the implementation of the new law, it has been known that it belongs to the public, young crops are scattered in the hall, and restaurants are located at the bridge gate. If ordinary people come out to take money, it will cost two or three times. The king was ignorant, and the officials couldn't ban him. Instead, he sent troops to practice cangue sticks to suppress it, which was called "selling wine". "The name of this' try' was also from the beginning."

(A) the three attributes of "selling wine" music production

In fact, the form and business model of "trying to sell wine" are similar to our current "bar" to some extent. The compulsory implementation of the government and the leading implementation of state-owned wineries have made "trial selling wine" widely popular in official and private pubs, forming a consumption trend and literary fashion with great characteristics of the times. Of course, no matter how this trend changes, it is inseparable from the production of corresponding "music".

The first is the production of "direct attribute" music. According to research, official prostitutes with music records are the main force of "selling wine" in government-run hotels. There is a long-term and stable "contractual relationship" between official prostitutes and restaurants. This "straight-attribute" official prostitute is essentially a musician that the government spends money to raise as soon as possible. Often it is not controlled by itself, but directly subordinate to the government, subject to its jurisdiction and recruitment.

In addition to working in restaurants, I will also pay homage to the imperial palace and some local officials, serve the country and participate in various large-scale cultural activities. This is the state's support and control of the "trial sale of wine" in restaurants, which has the function of promoting the economy and culture of wine industry, spreading music culture and prospering the culture of the times.

Secondly, make "employment" music. As the name implies, restaurants spend a certain amount of money to hire musicians who do not belong to the national government to work here. The research in Song Dynasty pointed out that "human resources" and "female envoys" based on contractual relationship gradually replaced the traditional "untouchables", which, to some extent, belonged to "human resources transaction" rather than "population transaction" arising from the development of commodity economy.

The most "human" musician is also one of the important pillars of the long road of "trying to sell wine" In fact, it is reported that musicians were employed as early as the folk activities in the Northern Song Dynasty, especially in the sacrificial ceremonies of various large festivals.

Zhao Sheng's "A Guide to the Ruling and Opposition" once recorded: Although it has the name of a teaching workshop, it belongs to the teaching and music department of the internal department, but in case of a big banquet, I have the right to enjoy it every time it is sent to our place.

If it is not enough, stay with the hired marketer. In recent years, there are no old people in Yaqianle, and most of them are from other places. It can be seen that the market for hiring musicians at that time was extremely broad, both in the imperial court and among the people. Therefore, musicians as "manpower" not only improve their social status, but also fully reflect their "performing arts" value.

Finally, the production of "random" music. The production of this kind of music is different from the above two kinds. It is neither under the jurisdiction of the government nor bound by the contract, and it is highly mobile, free and uncertain. This attribute makes its music quality relatively low to a certain extent, but it is also closer to people's lives and more interesting, which is the extension and development of producing "direct attribute" and "employment" music.

Generally speaking, at present, the production of "direct attribute" music is similar to the singers and dancers trained by the bar itself, while the production of "hired" music is that the bar hires others to perform outside, while the production of "random" music is more similar to some uninvited talented people improvising on the stage.

The three complement each other, forming our present bar and the diversified production of pub music that implemented "trial selling wine" in ancient times.

(B) music on the road to complement each other

As we all know, the Ci culture in the Song Dynasty is the most prosperous in the Tang Poetry and Song Poetry Yuan Qu. "Ci", also known as "Quzi Ci", is a kind of music culture, and its emergence, development, creation and dissemination are closely related to music.

The "monopoly" system in the Song Dynasty made folk liquor shops perform one after another with the support of the imperial court, which provided an excellent venue and environment for the creation, dissemination and development of music in the Song Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, due to the instability of the external border and the fact that the internal court was full of officials, the fiscal revenue remained high year after year. Most of the income such as wine tax, which was used to raise soldiers and officials, was paid more attention and controlled by the court, so the measure of "trying to sell wine" to increase the income of "monopoly" system was also vigorously promoted.

At that time, the performances of restaurants could basically be uninterrupted all year round. There were many spectators and buyers sitting under the stage, singing every day, regardless of the wind and rain, regardless of the cold and heat. This kind of life constitutes a corner of the prosperity of the streets in the Song Dynasty, which is deeply integrated into the lives of citizens and also allows citizens to participate in this road of music.

Under such circumstances, the common people and court nobles in the Song Dynasty had great enthusiasm for music, which also led to their more and more detailed and standardized requirements for music culture, which made the music creation and communication between musicians and listeners form a good cycle. In order to attract more audiences, many wineries have their own unique tricks, and even there will be a phenomenon of two wineries "opposite tents".

According to historical records, when Chengdu opened the garden, two wineries used the skills of competing musicians to attract tourists. From morning till night, the audience can also choose by voting until the winner is finally produced.

Such activities and the expectations of the audience make the artists in bars have to constantly improve their abilities and create and perform more popular music. The lyrics in these music were "Quzi Ci" at that time. Musicians at that time invited famous poets to write lyrics for their music in order to increase the gold content of their works, which constituted another relationship chain between literati and musicians.

The conclusion part expounds the method and function of "Jueyi". Under the "lack of one" system, music has been given a new mission and new glory. The influence of various systems in the past dynasties was often not one-sided, and the "trial sale of wine" by increasing wine tax further promoted the development of music culture in Song Dynasty. This system combines wine and music closely in people's lives, creating different "hotel music".

The production of hotel music in Song Dynasty is full of vitality and prosperity. Music production with three different attributes is a dynamic road of music and music. Under the influence of the "selling wine" system, this is a manifestation of the commercialization of folk music activities and a grand ceremony of folk music.