Where do the super-rich in China come from?

Does marriage or divorce work?

Marriage and divorce have always been regarded as an important means for individuals or families to acquire or expand wealth since ancient times. However, in 2 1 1 cases of rich people, except one (Chen Jinxia) who was on the list because her husband died unexpectedly and inherited property, no one was on the rich list only through marriage change.

On the other hand, marriage does play an important role in the process of wealth accumulation. Couples * * * with entrepreneurship is the mainstream, such as Ding Shizhong. At the age of 0/7, Ding Shizhong/Kloc-went to Beijing to sell and start a business with 10000 yuan and 600 pairs of shoes borrowed from his father. 1994, he returned to Jinjiang with the 200,000 he earned and joined Anta Company founded by his father-in-law, Ding Siren. After 1994, Ding Shizhong first served as the director of Fujian Anta, and then as the president. In May 2002, Ding Siren transferred the rights and interests of Anta Fujian and Anta China to Ding Shizhong for free.

Overseas relations and "defection"

Among the 2 1 1 entrepreneurs surveyed, at least 46 entrepreneurs are not from Chinese mainland, accounting for 2 1.8%. Of course, this is only the most conservative estimate, not including the nationality of their immediate family members (especially spouses and children). Many rich people's overseas relationships have brought them economic benefits. The public versions of these rich people's overseas experiences are mostly similar: a young man went overseas in the late 1970 s or early 1980 s and gained a foothold after several failures and successes. It doesn't really matter how these people leave the country, and in fact, in the 1970s, coastal areas had frequent contacts and exchanges with the outside world.

Are all rich people fighting?

The father information of some rich people is clear, so we divide them into eight occupations, while the father information of the rest 16.7% entrepreneurs is completely unknown.

Fathers are "ordinary urban workers" (57 people) and "farmers or craftsmen" (26 people) belonging to the same category. Altogether, there are 83 people, accounting for 39.3%, which is the highest in all categories. The rest of the items have the shadow of "elite reappearance" more or less. Urban or rural middle class (12.9%), intellectuals (9%) and private entrepreneurs (6.2%) belong to the same category. In addition, private entrepreneurs are treated separately as a category. The difference between them and the "second generation" who got rich by inheritance is that their wealth is still largely obtained by themselves, belonging to the "entrepreneur" generation rather than the "business-oriented" generation.

Senior cadres, intermediate cadres and grass-roots cadres of the party, government, military enterprises and institutions all belong to the category of public power departments. The total number of fathers who have served as cadres in party and government organs, enterprises and institutions is 33, accounting for 15.6% of the total, of which the vast majority (2 1) are grassroots cadres, and there are 10 fathers who are middle-level cadres. They are, Mr. and Mrs. Pan Shiyi, Ma, Zhu, couples and couples. The fathers of the other two entrepreneurs can be counted as senior cadres: Rong Yiren, the father of Rong Zhijian, served as vice president from 1993 to 1998. Wang Jianlin's father was the vice chairman of Xizang Autonomous Region. Although these people have different entrepreneurial experiences, they are obviously favored by their family background. On the other hand, even counting entrepreneurs whose fathers are senior and middle-level cadres, only 12 people, less than 6% of the total.

Knowledge is wealth.

How high is the real highest education?

Aside from the titles of MBA and EMBA of the rich, the media counted the real education level of the rich, that is, full-time education versus full-time education. The results show that 33.2% of the rich have received at least full-time undergraduate education. If the "college degree" is also counted as a university graduation, it will rise to 50.2%. Among them, 17 rich people are pursuing graduate degrees, and 3 of them are real doctors: Shao Qiugen, Zhang Chaoyang and Shi. Zhang Chaoyang and Shi are still "returnees". Among college students, 40.6% graduated from "elite universities", accounting for 20.4% of all rich people.

Fathers' different occupations will really have a great impact on whether their children can go to college. Children of middle and senior cadres 12, 9 of whom have gone to college. The proportion of middle-class people going to college is also high. Contrary to many people's imagination, a considerable proportion of workers and peasants' children have gone to college. For example, among 26 urban workers from families, 12 went to university, accounting for 46.2%, and 4 of them went to key universities. Of the 58 people from peasant families, 16 went to college, accounting for 27.6%.

Is professional counterpart important?

Among the "rich college students", science and engineering account for the vast majority (about 60%): 7 people study science (including 6 people study medicine or pharmacy), 49 people study various engineering (military school 1 person, computer or electronics 12 people, 6 people study biology, bioengineering or chemical engineering, 2 people study architecture and 26 people study other engineering). The second university subject is social science, mainly economic management, 2 1 person (including finance, economics and economic management); There are also two students studying social science, law 1 (expensive to study) and international politics 1 (Ye Chenghai). Finally, the humanities, *** 14 people, including Chinese, philosophy, foreign languages, art and so on. The distribution of this major is consistent with the atmosphere of "engineers ruling the country" in 1980 s.

The closer a rich man's initial department is to his major, the more direct his professional diploma will be to get rich. It can be found that most of the departments founded by entrepreneurs who graduated from science and engineering have a certain degree of contact with their majors. 12 among the graduates majoring in computer and electronics, 8 have started businesses in computer-related industries, and this is their main business. Of the six medical graduates, four are engaged in pharmaceutical manufacturing, only 1 is engaged in real estate, and 1 is engaged in "equipment manufacturing", but also produces medical devices (Ming Jinxing).

On the contrary, the entrepreneurial departments of entrepreneurs who study humanities, economy and management are mostly not closely related to their majors. Almost none of the 37 entrepreneurs who graduated from these majors are engaged in industries related to undergraduate majors.

Influence inside and outside the system

What's the difference between inside and outside the system?

The media investigated the last job of entrepreneurs before starting a business. There are 26 party, government and military organs, 42 state-owned or state-controlled enterprises and 24 public institutions. The work units of these three types of people can be considered as "within the system", accounting for 43.6% of the total number. Resignation from these units is the so-called "going to the sea". There are 32 collective enterprises or institutions, 9 foreign-funded enterprises or overseas institutions, 4 private entrepreneurs' own enterprises (mostly family enterprises), other private enterprises or institutions 12, 50 individual industrial and commercial households and 6 schools (students or graduates).

How old was the official before the rich went to sea?

None of them are officials at or above the bureau level. Only two people are at the (deputy) departmental level. One of them is from the party and government departments, namely Ye Chenghai. At the age of 39, he was a member of the Standing Committee of Shenzhen Municipal Committee, secretary of Luohu District Committee and deputy mayor of Shenzhen. 1September, 1984, transferred to Chenzhou, Hunan Province, served as the deputy director of the Economic Commission, and held an idle position at the deputy division level. 1985, 42-year-old Ye Chenghai resolutely resigned and went to sea. From 65438 to 0986, he founded a silk garment factory and an electronic factory producing money detectors in Shenzhen, and started his own way to get rich. Another CPC cadre is from a state-owned enterprise, namely Huang Hongsheng. At the age of 28, Huang Hongsheng was promoted to the position of executive deputy general manager of South China Electronics Import and Export Corporation, enjoying the treatment of deputy department level. 1987 In the spring, Huang Hongsheng resolutely resigned and went to the sea to pursue his business dream.

There are only six departmental level cadres, namely Wang Jianlin, Lu Zhiqiang, Huang Nubo, Han Jingyuan, Xu Jiayin and Shou Bainian. The first three people belong to the party and government organs. At the age of 28, Wang Jianlin became a regimental cadre in the army. 1987 Wang Jianlin moved to Xigang District Government in Dalian as the office director. 1988 "contracted" a state-owned housing development company on the verge of bankruptcy. 1In August, 1992, Wang Jianlin got the opportunity of enterprise restructuring, and this "state-owned company" became the first "joint-stock enterprise" in Northeast China. Lu Zhiqiang served as deputy director of Weifang Science and Technology Development Center from 1980 to 1985. From 198 1 to 1990, Huang Nubo worked in the Propaganda Department of the Bureau of Cadre of the Communist Party of China and the Bureau of Publicity for Foreign Countries, serving as the director of the department and a member of the Party Committee. After 1990, he worked in the China Mayors Association of the Ministry of Construction and served as the executive vice president of China City Publishing House affiliated to the association.

The last four people belong to the heads of state-owned enterprises. Han Jingyuan used to be the deputy county magistrate and deputy secretary of the Party Committee of qianxi county. 1982 Xu Jiayin worked in Wuyang iron and steel company, a large state-owned enterprise 10 years. He started as a small technician and worked as a workshop director and factory director. Shou Bainian worked in Yinxian County Government, Ningbo Municipal Government Office and China Huaneng Group Zhejiang Company from 1982 to 1998.

In short, those entrepreneurs whose last job before starting a business was in the party and government organs or state-owned enterprises, except Wang Jianlin and Han Jingyuan, all transformed their "contracted" state-owned enterprises into private enterprises, and there was no direct acquisition by management. Their administrative level is also relatively low.