Agricultural problems in Yunnan

Yunnan is rich in rapeseed variety resources, including mustard type, cabbage type, cabbage type and oil radish seeds, and each type has various varieties. According to the preliminary collection and arrangement by the Oil Research Institute of the Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, there are 397 rapeseed varieties in Yunnan Province, including 238 mustard varieties, 45 cabbage varieties/kloc-0, 9 cabbage varieties and 5 others. It is one of the provinces with rich rapeseed variety resources in China.

(1) mustard type

It is cultivated in the area with an altitude of 1 400 ~ 2 500 meters, and mainly distributed in the main rapeseed producing areas with an altitude of L400-2. 100 meters. According to the height of plants, the height of branches and the order of maturity, it can be divided into three types: tall trees, short trees and medium trees:

A tall variety. It has the characteristics of tall plants, high branches and long growth period. The representative varieties are Kunming Gaojiaozi, Jiangchuan Hi-Tech, Chuxiong Gaojiaozi and Dali Gaojiaozi.

Dwarf variety. It has the characteristics of short plant, low branching position and short growth period. Representative varieties are Fumin dwarf cabbage, Yuxi dwarf cabbage, Jiangchuan dwarf yellow, Qujing dwarf mustard wax and Quxi dwarf cabbage.

Medium variety. Plant height is high, drought resistance is strong, and soil requirements are not strict. Representative varieties include Luoping dwarf cabbage, Jiangchuan Zhongke, Yuxi Zhonghuang, Zhanyi pine forest black spot cabbage and so on.

(2) Chinese cabbage type

It is mainly distributed in the valley areas in the south and northeast below 1 0,500m above sea level and in the north above 2100m above sea level. According to the altitude of the planting area, it is divided into three categories:

Cabbage varieties in areas below1500m above sea level. Short growth period, small leaves, barren tolerance, drought tolerance and late sowing tolerance. Representative varieties are Zhenkang red rape, Jiangcheng black cabbage and Zhenyuan black red rape.

Cabbage varieties in areas above 2 100 meters above sea level. Strong frost resistance, small particles and high oil content. Representative varieties are: rape, Heqing middle street dwarf and so on.

An altitude of 1500-2 100 meters. It has the characteristics of strong growth potential, large leaves, large grains, early maturity and high yield. The representative varieties are Nanhua Wuguan Dacaizi, Yuxi Dahei Caizi, Chengjiang Dwarf Tree, Chenggong Dacaizi and so on.

In addition, in mountainous areas and alpine mountainous areas, oil radish seeds, also known as orchid seeds and horsetooth flowers, are mainly planted. Radish seeds for oil are divided into spring radish seeds and autumn radish seeds. Chunzi is a perennial plant, distributed in mountainous areas below 2000 meters above sea level; Qiu Zi is an annual plant, which is distributed in fallow land and secondary wasteland in the alpine region with an altitude of 2300-3300m.

2. Sugar cane

Yunnan is one of the origins of sugarcane, with a long history of planting sugarcane, rich sugarcane variety resources and more wild sugarcane and related plants. At present, the scientific research department has collected 6 species 1 variety of sugarcane in Yunnan (i.e., pig excrement bean species, spotted grass species, golden cat tail species, hebawang species, tropical species and China species), and 6 marginal genera of sugarcane belong to 8 species (i.e., Yunnan sugarcane grass, sugarcane grass, Taiwan Province sugarcane grass, imperata rhizome, five-section awn, golden grass and bamboo). Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys pubescens, which have high value in sugarcane breeding, are distributed in three climatic zones: cold, warm and hot. Among them, the hand-dense seed sugar has excellent properties, and the brix of 22 materials is above 15 degrees, of which 18 degrees is 2, 19 degrees 1 serving, 20 degrees 1 serving, and 22 degrees I 1 serving.

In the early days of the founding of New China, Yunnan mainly planted local varieties such as "Luohan sugarcane" and "Lutan". Later, improved varieties such as "Taiwan Sugar 134" and "India 4 19" were introduced for trial planting demonstration. After achieving the effect of increasing production, biological resources began to be widely promoted in the fourth quarter. In recent years, new and improved varieties with high sugar content, such as Yuntang 7 1/388', Xuanzhe 3, Guitang 5, Yuetang 56/268' and Yuetang 59/, have been popularized in order to gradually realize the purpose of matching early, middle and late varieties, advancing the pressing date and increasing the yield and sugar.

3, flue-cured tobacco

The water, soil and climate conditions in most parts of Yunnan are suitable for growing tobacco, but the original sun-cured tobacco cannot be made into cigarettes. From 19 14 to the founding of new China, Yunnan introduced Jinyuan, Dajinyuan, Tezi No.400 and Tezi No.401from the United States for trial planting, and achieved success. Three varieties, such as "Dajinyuan", were selected from 10 and popularized in the whole province. After the founding of New China, Lunan County selected "Honghuadajinyuan" with good fertilizer tolerance, drought resistance and tobacco quality from 1960 mutant tobacco plants, which was widely popularized in the whole province. 1972, Yuxi Tobacco Experimental Station successfully introduced "G-28" flue-cured tobacco variety from the United States, and planted it as an excellent variety in a large area of the province together with "Honghuadajinyuan". 1985, the provincial tobacco research institute introduced 15 flue-cured tobacco varieties such as "K326" from the United States for trial planting, among which "K326" was of good quality and was approved as an excellent variety by the National Tobacco Variety Approval Committee, which was popularized throughout the country. At present, the main varieties planted in Yunnan are "Honghuadajinyuan", "G-28" and "K326".

4. tea

Yunnan is recognized as the origin of tea by scholars at home and abroad. Tea planting has a long history, and tea variety resources are extremely rich. It is a natural gene bank that attracts worldwide attention.

There are 40 species of subgenus Camellia in the world, 3 1 species and 2 parent species in Yunnan. * * According to the investigation on the distribution of tea resources in 15 prefectures and 6 1 counties, 4 kinds of tea materials were collected, including 4,570 pressed specimens and 384 classified identification materials, belonging to five-room tea series, five-column tea series and bald-room tea of camellia, camellia subgenus and tea group. Except Pu 'er tea, Dali tea and Yunnan-Burma tea, 17 species and 1 variety were found for the first time in China. Now it is named as: Guangnan Tea, Dabao Tea, Maguan Tea, Hani Tea, Yuanji Tea, Multi-petal Tea, Old Black Tea, Dehong Tea, Longchuan Tea, Multi-pulse Tea, Multi-calyx Tea, Purple Fruit Tea, Quasi-thin Calyx Tea, Gaoshu Tea, Sparse Tooth Tea and Yuanjiang Tea. This new variety is named Kucha.

Yunnan's complex ecological environment and long-term cultivation choices have formed and preserved many excellent cultivated varieties, including big leaves, middle leaves and small leaves. Among them, Yunnan big leaf species is the dominant species cultivated in this province. In 1950s, the local species were mainly Ye Qun such as Mengku (Shuangjiang County), Fengqing, Menghai, Jingdong and Jinggu, and small and medium-sized Ye Qun such as Zhaotong Taicha, Humboldt Tea and Kunming Shilixiang Tea. In 1960s, 46 improved varieties such as Fengqing Changye Tea, Menghai Daye Tea, Jinggu Dabai Tea, Jingdong Daye Tea, Mengku Daye Tea, Lancang Daye Green Bud Tea and Yuanjiang Nuocha were newly bred and popularized. In 1970s, there were 53 new clonal varieties or materials/kloc-0, and new varieties such as Yun Kang 10, Yun Kang 14, Yun Kang 43 and Nagano Bai Hao were planted and popularized in large areas inside and outside the province. In addition, there are 73-6, Yun Kang 50, Yun Xuan 9, Yun Xuan 10, 73.8, 73. 13, 76.38, 76.50 and other newly selected high-yield and high-quality clonal materials, waiting for propagation and promotion. Yunnan Daye Tea Group was listed as a national local fine variety in 1950s. 1980, Fengqing big leaf species, Mengku big leaf species and Menghai big leaf species were recognized as local excellent varieties by the state. 1987, Yun Kang 10 and Yun Kang 14 were recognized as newly bred varieties by the state.

Yunnan Tea Research Institute in Menghai County has been preserved since the early 1950s. In order to properly preserve 752 local tea varieties or resource materials, 1984 established the first national resource preservation bank with an area of 2 hectares for living preservation of resources. Of the 752 improved varieties or materials, 127 have been submitted to the national registration, which is listed as the wealth of national tea variety resources, accounting for 19.3% of the 660 tea variety materials in China, ranking first among the five tea-producing provinces in China.

In addition, Yunnan is also rich in wild tea resources. The ancient and famous tea tree king has been cultivated in Nannuo Mountain of Menghai County for more than 500 years. The wild tea tree in Daheishan, Song He, Bada District, Menghai County has been called Bada Tea Tree for about 1700 years. Wild tea trees are distributed in the forests on both sides of Lancang River, Nujiang River and Yuanjiang River. Big tea trees are widely distributed and numerous, not only sporadically distributed, but also in forests. It is really a treasure house of tea germplasm resources in the motherland.

5. Vegetables

Yunnan is extremely rich in vegetable varieties. According to the investigation, there are more than 0/00 cultivated species, belonging to 63 genera of 26 families, some of which are rare species and varieties. In addition, there are many wild vegetables and wild edible fungi.

(1) Rare vegetables. Mainly include: pepper melon, Banna cucumber, Yunnan black seed pumpkin, bergamot, towel gourd, snake melon, bitter gourd seed, woody tomato, cherry tomato, pepper, big tree pepper, kidney bean, multi-flowered kidney bean, common vegetable, water spinach, Xianghe and so on.

(2) famous dishes. Mainly include: Yunnan mustard, Qiubei pepper, Kaiyuan Bitou, fenugreek, Malayan eggplant, sour soup tomato, Indonesian green vegetable, Simao loose-leaf cabbage, March radish, oily stalk green vegetable, elephant ear green vegetable, Dongchuan black leaf white, Panxi lettuce and so on.

(3) Wild vegetables and wild edible fungi. According to the investigation, there are more than 0/00 kinds of wild vegetables in Yunnan, mainly including Panax japonicus, Grifola frondosa, Japanese cabbage, safflower, Baba leaf and so on. There are many kinds of edible fungi in Yunnan, which are delicious, such as the famous chicken 5i bacteria, dictyophora, Tricholoma matsutake, mushrooms, boletus, Ganba bacteria and so on, and there are about hundreds of them.

6. Natural rubber

There are more than 2,000 kinds of plants containing rubber in the world, the most important of which is the Brazilian rubber tree, commonly known as rubber tree. 1906, Ganya (now Yingjiang County) Tusi Anren introduced 8,000 rubber seedlings from Singapore for trial planting. 1948, Huaqiaoqian imported 20,000 rubber seedlings from Thailand, planted them in Olive Dam in Jinghong City, and established a rubber plantation in Siam. For various reasons, most of them died, reaching 19565438. After the founding of New China, more than 70 foreign rubber tree varieties 170 were introduced from 1957, from which four clonal varieties, such as PB86, PRl07, RRIM600 and GTl, were screened out, and large-scale planting began from 1962. In addition, Yunnan Tropical Crops Research Institute also bred Yunyan 277. 15 and Yunyan L, which were popularized in rubber planting areas of Yunnan Province.

7.coffee

Native to Africa and India. Yunnan was first introduced by French missionaries in 1902. Up to now, there are still 24 coffee trees over 90 years old in Binchuan County. 19 14 Ruili Jingpo border people introduced Nongxian Village from Myanmar. Variety types are small, medium and large. Yunnan mainly grows small seed coffee, such as "Kent 288", "Tiebika" and "Bobang". These varieties have good adaptability, high yield and mellow taste, which are very popular with consumers.