Victorian Romanesque Byzantine Baroque Rococo

The Victorian style formed in18th century has far-reaching artistic influence. As far as interior design is concerned, the colors are gorgeous, bold and contrasting. The combination of neutral colors such as black, white and gray with brown and gold highlights luxury and atmosphere. This style is often used in star hotels and luxury houses. Its exquisite shape, exquisite space division, rich levels, perfect combination of decorative beauty and natural beauty. Victoria is the true embodiment of aestheticism, and a large number of detailed modeling elements are still industry classics. This style of design and construction technology has become the first choice for those who pursue luxury and exotic customs. "Victorian Style" is still a considerable design direction in today's interior design market in Taiwan Province Province. Although it is not popular with young and rational ethnic groups, it is an ideal style for homeowners who have a strong preference for European impressions. Decorative classical details, complicated wiring boards and fireplaces, crystal lighting, lace window screens, colorful wallpaper, exquisite porcelain and exquisite oil paintings are all indispensable elements to embody the Victorian style.

Try visiting Victorian Style on Google, and you can get at least 28,000 related searches. You will find that this word has been widely used in all aspects of life: names, places, furniture, fashion, utensils and so on. , and even become synonymous with a way of life. This vocabulary with the most British flavor contains not only the characteristics of luxury, decoration and gorgeous in colonial period. It can be said that it is an artistic restoration style formed during the reign of Queen Victoria of England in the19th century (1837- 190 1 year). It reinterprets the meaning of classics, abandons the aesthetics of mechanical rationality and begins human beings.

For the19th century, an era of rapid political, economic and social changes, the most remarkable result is the sharp increase of the wealthy middle class. The possession of wealth and the promotion of status have aroused the consciousness of the middle class to change their living environment and interior decoration style, and they are eager to clarify and show off their achievements in residential buildings. As a result, the "Victorian style" with decoration as the mainstay came into being. The industrial revolution made large-scale production possible, so the design and manufacture of "safety style" became a convenient, cheap and universal standard, which brought the easiest opportunity for Victorian style, which liked to freely combine various styles of decorative elements, and finally defeated other styles. In fact, it is difficult for you to accurately classify the Victorian style, which actually includes various decorative elements, the mixture of styles and the application of innovative decoration without obvious style foundation, which are typical characteristics of furniture and other items design at that time.

In architecture, the most direct embodiment is the revival of various architectural styles in history, which formed a fashion throughout the Victorian period. Gothic revival style was highly respected in Britain at first. Emerging wealthy businessmen and bourgeoisie are eager to have the same life as aristocrats. They are not interested in the accuracy of style, so they often use elements of several styles at will: Renaissance, Romanesque architecture, Tudor, Elizabethan or Italian. However, the reinterpretation of these styles in Victorian era was not just a simple copy, but added more modern elements and used new building materials to improve the original construction methods. In a sense, it is the perfection of the original style and the fusion of various styles. Undoubtedly, with Britain's status and influence in the world at that time, the United States and subsequent British colonies Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and other places began to become popular with Victorian style. The difference is that they all adopt locally available materials and manufacturing processes, and timely transform the style of houses according to different local climatic conditions. Take the United States as an example, at least eight different styles were formed in this period, such as Gothic Renaissance and Italian style at first, later paste style,1Queen Anne style in the United States in the late 9th century, Richardson Romanesque architecture, roof style and colonial revival style. At the same time, the characteristics of Egypt and the East have also been integrated into it. These styles overlap in time, with no obvious beginning and end. Most houses are mixed and personalized.

With the development of new materials and technologies in Victorian era, the types of articles have changed completely. Plywood, iron and copper pipes can be used as simple and practical items, and are also suitable for decorative design. They enrich the decoration. Most Victorian designs are decorative. Furniture takes the form of curves, prominent decorations and complex carved frames, and decorative details are copied by machines. Indoor furniture should be both comfortable and gorgeous. Summer sleeping mat matches the wooden frame, often thick and prominent, with some folds and bundles. The spring in the mat is used to support the soft and full surface, and the exquisite and gorgeous weaving pattern is the standard of its covering material. These furniture are large-scale and over-decorated, which is a symbol of identity. In the Victorian era, decorative ceilings were very popular with people, and the ceilings of big houses provided a lot of opportunities for gypsum. Roses and plaster relief have survived from the neoclassical era and are widely used in various revival styles. Exquisite pendants, ribs and flowers and colored knots. Just like cornice patterns, they fully show their essential characteristics. Shallow relief is a kind of compressed lightweight wallpaper with line feet, which is widely popular and used to add texture to the flat ceiling. Wallpaper is also a particularly popular wall treatment method, which can be used on wooden wallboard or simple powder wall. Its patterns can be geometric, floral or even scenic. Design an egg arrow or Greek thread foot on the edge of the wallpaper to create a suitable composition. In some simple houses, it is also a good choice to use flat pine flooring and carpet, then polish it separately with beeswax and turpentine, and spread geometric patterns with small pieces of hardwood of different colors. The hall is usually decorated with oil-colored tiles and laid in geometric patterns. Decorative tiles provide a durable and easy-to-clean surface, which is very popular in halls and bathrooms, with rich colors and colorful floors.

Victorian four-poster beds have strong Gothic details-arch carving decoration is applied to the bed itself.

In this country bedroom, the four-poster bed is dominant and has strong Victorian early characteristics.

Purple and yellow themes were very popular in American bedrooms at that time. Exquisite federal big bed, imperial decorative cabinets, mirrors with eagle patterns on the top, and relatively simple curtains and fabrics are typical features of early Victorian American style.

/kloc-the Victorian style in the 0/8th century is an important stroke in the history of international design. The admiration and popularity of Goethe's style in the Middle Ages made the design performance better reflect the artistic needs of the royal family.

In visual design, affectation, complicated decoration and exoticism occupy a very important position.

However, it is undeniable that the Victorian style has brought absolute visual splendor and separation, and the aesthetic embodiment of nature and decoration has been maximized. Therefore, in modern design, it has not disappeared, but has developed in the new era.

Victorian handicrafts, furniture and architectural decoration have the following distinctive features:

1. The shape is huge, full and the decoration is eclectic.

2. Patterns derived from various retro styles, such as Rococo scroll patterns, Gothic spire patterns, Renaissance twisted patterns and so on, are often mixed together.

3. Start using various new technologies to manufacture furniture, handicrafts, multi-layer plywood, electroplating and so on.

4. The animals, birds, flowers and fruits in the decoration are presented in a realistic style.

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Romanesque style

Romanesque architecture is a kind of architectural style in European Christian popular areas from 10 to 12 century. Roman architecture originally meant Roman architecture, and also translated into Roman architecture, Roman architecture, Roman-like architecture and so on. Roman architectural styles are common in monasteries and churches.

Roman architecture inherited early Christian architecture and adopted some traditional practices of Roman architecture, such as semi-circular arches and cross arches, and sometimes it was decorated with simplified classical columns and details. After a long-term evolution, the wooden roof of the early Christian church was gradually replaced by the vault, and the Roman arch ticket technology was constantly tested and developed. The buttress was used to balance the lateral force of the heavy vault, and later the heavy vault was gradually replaced by the skeleton certificate. A plane or a Latin cross. In order to worship icons and sacred objects, a number of small worship rooms have been added at the eastern end, and the plane form has become more and more complicated.

The typical features of Roman architecture are: the wall is huge and thick, the wall adopts serial coupons, and the portal adopts concentric multi-layer coupons to reduce the heavy feeling. There are one or two bell towers in the west, and sometimes there are bell towers at the intersection of Latin crosses and horizontal halls. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged alternately in rhythm. Narrow windows create a dark and mysterious atmosphere in a large internal space. The simple central hall contrasts with the magnificent altar, and the huge spatial change between the central hall and the side gallery breaks the sense of balance in classical architecture.

With the development of Roman architecture, the central hall is getting higher and higher. In order to reduce and balance the lateral spinal force of the arch foot on the towering middle hall and make the vault adapt to different sizes and forms of planes, Gothic architecture came into being later. As a transitional form, Roman architecture not only combines the heavy structure with the vertical rising momentum, but also successfully organizes the tower into a complete structure for the first time in architectural history. Famous examples of Roman architecture are: Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, and Worms Cathedral in Germany.

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Byzantium

During the prosperous period (4th-6th century), Constantinople was mainly built according to the appearance of ancient Rome. In the 6th century, a large Hagia Sophia with the dome as the center appeared.

Mid-term: (7th-12nd century), due to the invasion of foreign enemies, the territory was reduced, the number of buildings was reduced, and the scale was not as good as before. It is characterized by less land occupation and high development level. The big dome in the center is gone, and it is changed into several small dome groups, with emphasis on decoration, such as St. Kyle's Church in Venice.

Later period: (13-15th century) Crusades caused great losses to the imperial court of the Lunar New Year. At this time, there were neither many buildings nor any new creations. Later, most of them were damaged after Turkey entered the country. Byzantine architectural style

There are four main aspects: the first aspect is the roof modeling, and the "dome" is widely used.

The second feature is that the overall modeling center is prominent. Tall and large domes often become the center of the whole building.

The third feature is that it creates the structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and the corresponding centralized architectural modeling. Its typical practice is to distribute coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with diagonal diameter between four coupons, as if a complete dome was cut by distributing coupons on four sides, and its weight was completely borne by four coupons, thus making the internal space extremely free.

The fourth feature is bright colors.

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grotesque

Baroque is a style term, which refers to1the main artistic style popular in Europe from the beginning of the 7th century to1the first half of the 8th century. The word comes from Portuguese barroco, which means irregular pearl. Renaissance humanist writers used this word to criticize works of art that were not made according to classical norms. Although Baroque style inherited the tradition of illusion reappearance established in the Renaissance, it abandoned the simple, harmonious and steady classical style and pursued a complex, magnificent, magnificent and dynamic artistic realm. The greatest representative of Baroque style in painting is Flanders painter Rubens, and the main representative in architecture and sculpture is Italian bernini.

Since the eighteenth century, art historians and archaeologists have paid special attention to the study of style. The so-called "style" means that a work is composed in a certain combination way, which has its inherent harmony and consistency, but it is obviously different from other styles, so it can give people a deep impression. The formation of style is, of course, a manifestation of the artistic maturity of a certain era and the author.

However, Baroque, as a style, has always been a controversial issue among art historians. The original meaning of the word "baroque" contains irregular, distorted and grotesque meanings, which is probably a title given by classicists in the18th century to art that their predecessors did not quite agree with. In terms of time, "Baroque" was popular from17th century to18th century. So some people compare the whole art countries of the 17th century-Italy, Spain, Flanders, Holland, France. . . . . . Be included in the scope of "Baroque".

Baroque has become a unique style because it is obviously different from the Renaissance in artistic spirit and techniques. If the Renaissance can be classified as classicism, Baroque can be classified as romanticism. It developed with the consolidation of aristocratic rule after the restoration of feudal Catholicism. However, we can't simply call "Baroque" art and its representatives "anti" and "retrogressive" art. Although individuals are subject to history, they reflect various historical factors (including all past traditions) and bring new things to contemporary history. This has formed a changeable, rich and gorgeous image of history.

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Rococo

Rococo style, 18, which was produced in France in the 1920s and popular in Europe, was developed on the basis of Baroque architecture, mainly in interior decoration. The basic characteristics of Rococo style are delicate, gorgeous, exquisite, sweet, gentle and complicated. Against the background of the decline of European feudal aristocratic culture, it shows the decadent and flashy aesthetic ideals and thoughts of the declining aristocratic class. They can't stand the seriousness and rationality of classicism and the noise of baroque, and pursue beauty and leisure. The word rococo evolved from French ro-caille (shell craft), which originally meant shell-like patterns in architectural decoration. 1699, architect and decorative artist Marley adopted this curved shell pattern in a large number of decorative designs of Jin Mansion, hence the name. Rococo style first appeared in the interior decoration of buildings, and later extended to painting, sculpture, handicrafts, music, literature and other fields.

Rococo architectural style is characterized by bright colors, exquisite decoration, and exquisite and complicated furniture, unlike Baroque style with strong colors and rich decoration. The interior space of Rococo architecture in southern Germany and Austria is very complicated.

The characteristics of rococo decoration are: delicate and gentle, often using asymmetric techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially like to use shells, eddies and rocks as decorative themes, winding grass and flowers, lingering and winding into one. The ceiling and the wall are sometimes connected by curved surfaces, and murals are arranged at the corners.

In order to imitate the natural form, indoor buildings are often made into asymmetric shapes, which vary greatly, but sometimes they are artificial. Indoor wall painting, love to use bright light colors such as light green, pink, rose red and so on. And most of the feet are gold. Indoor dado boards are sometimes made of wooden boards and sometimes made into exquisite frames. There is a circle of lace around the frame, and the middle is often lined with light-colored oriental brocade.

Rococo style reflects the life interest of the nobles of Louis XV, France, and pursues exquisiteness, exquisiteness, glitz and triviality. It is also known as "Louis XV style" and once swept Europe. Rococo decoration mostly takes natural themes as curves, such as scrolls, waves, circles, etc. The color is charming and shiny, and ivory white and gold are its popular colors; Glass mirrors and crystal lamps are often used to enhance the effect. Representative works of Rococo-style decoration include the Prince Salon of Eric Shanto (1722, designed by Jean Aubert), the Salon of Soubise Hotel (1732, designed by germain Bofran) and the Worry-Free Palace in Potsdam.

Catherine _ Palace _ Ballroom Rococo's secular architectural art is characterized by a garden-like mansion with a light structure, which increasingly crowds out the grand palace architecture in Baroque period. Here, individuals can develop freely without interference from the boastful court society. For example, the names of Xiaoyao Palace or Guan Jing Mansion indicate the private characteristics of these mansions. Prince Eugene's garden palace is a vibrant whole, consisting of seven symmetrically arranged pavilion-style buildings, and its folding compound sloping roof spreads gracefully and symmetrically from the middle to the domes of four turrets. The single-story main hall with gables on it has almost the comfort of the middle class, while the two spread-out double-story wings show the luxury of the master, but not the pride of the princes and nobles. Two single-storey buildings with moderate width are located between the pagodas, and the magnificence of the pavilions makes the whole building have the characteristics of a solid castle-in short, completely different architectural concepts are unified in an elegant internal connection. It is this careless configuration of architectural groups whose forms and styles are almost contradictory that clearly embodies the spirit of rococo art.

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