Who can tell us the 5,000-year history of China wine?

Wine appeared in China in Shang Dynasty. Zhang Qian was introduced into the mainland from the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Tang and Yuan Dynasties reached prosperity. It gradually faded from the Ming Dynasty and even declined in the Qing Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that Zhang Bishi, an overseas Chinese, founded Changyu Wine Company that the modern wine industry started. However, the continuous war made the wine industry linger, and Changyu Wine Company almost closed down. After liberation, the wine industry in China has developed by leaps and bounds.

Key words: wine, Shang Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Changyu Wine Company, Great Wall Dry White.

Wine is crystal clear, bright in color, sweet in taste and mellow and pleasant in aroma, which makes countless people fondle it. Since ancient times, the development history of wine has been accompanied by the progress history of human society and the civilization history of human society. 10000 years ago, our ancestors accidentally discovered this kind of nectar fermented from grapes, and our distant ancestors imitated nature and started the process of brewing wine.

Wine appeared in China in the distant Shang Dynasty. 1980 a sealed copper halide was found in an ancient tomb in the late Shang dynasty excavated in Henan province. According to the analysis of Peking University Department of Chemistry, the liquor in copper halide is liquor. Before the Han Dynasty in 206 BC, China had begun to grow grapes and brew wine, and the production scale of wine was also very large, but it was less planted in the mainland, mainly concentrated in the western regions. In BC 138, Zhang Qian, the special envoy of the Western Han Dynasty, went to the Western Regions and saw that "Pu Tao made wine around Wan, and the rich people hid wine above Wan Shi, and those who stayed for a long time were unbeaten at the age of several decades. Customs are addicted to alcohol, and horses are addicted to alfalfa. " Therefore, back to the brewing technology of grapes and wine, the brewing technology of wine began to spread from the western regions to the mainland. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, wine was still very precious. "Fufeng Mengtuo left a barrel of wine, which means that he thought Liangzhou was a secretariat" (see "Taiping Yulan", volume 972 cited "Continued") bribed the emperor's (Han Lingdi) minion (eunuch Zhang Rang) with less than 20 liters of wine. However, due to the seasonal production of grape raw materials, after all, it is not as convenient as grain raw materials, so the brewing technology of wine has not been widely promoted.

Historically, the wine industry in the Mainland has been developing intermittently, not continuously. Although the production technology of grapes and wine was introduced in Han dynasty, it did not spread. After the Han Dynasty, grapes were no longer planted in the Central Plains, and only some remote areas paid tribute to the royal wines of past dynasties in the form of tribute wine.

It was not until Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong that the brewing technology of grapes and wine was reintroduced from the Western Regions. At that time, wine was quite popular, and the brewing technology was quite developed, with better flavor and color. This is a glorious age when all the literati drink, so that many literati write poems about wine, such as William Wang's "Liangzhou Ci" and "Night Glass of Wine". If they want to drink, they are urged to drink the pipa immediately. At the hawksbill banquet, you were drunk in the cup. What can I do in my lotus account? "Guest Travel" "lanling wine tulips, jade bowls filled with amber light; But it can make the owner drunk and don't know where he is. "And Liu Yuxi's:" I'm from Jin, and I can't drink enough of this kind of jade every day. "These are well-known sayings. At that time, the conference semifinals opened a hotel in Chang 'an, selling wine from the western regions.

The Song Dynasty attached great importance to rice wine and created a method of mixing grapes and rice to make wine [Zhu Jun (Yongzhong): Beishan Wine Classic]. From Yuan Haowen's Jiu Fu and its preface, it can be seen that after the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the real wine-making method was almost lost in the Song Dynasty, but in the Southern Song Dynasty, although Lin 'an was prosperous at that time, wine was very rare and precious. This is mainly because the south of the Yangtze River is not suitable for growing grapes, and the grape and wine producing areas such as Taiyuan in Shanxi are under the jurisdiction of the State of Jin. Lu You's poem "Burning dry wood to keep warm at night" says: There seems to be a lot of mink when pouring wine. In the poems of the Northern Song Dynasty, drinking is compared to wearing a mink coat, which shows the preciousness of wine.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the wine production level in China reached the highest level in history. The rulers even stipulated that alcohol must be used for ancestor worship, and opened vineyards in Taiyuan, Shanxi and Nanjing, Jiangsu. Moreover, in the twenty-eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, a wine room was built in the palace, and there was even a method to detect the authenticity of wine. According to the records, "When you arrive in Taihang Mountain, you can tell the truth, if you really enter the water, it will flow, otherwise it will be water and ice." There are also a large number of commercial wines on the market. Kyle. In China's Travels, Poirot said: In Taiyuan, Shanxi, there are many good vineyards, which produce a lot of wine and sell it all over the world. Therefore, there has long been such a poem in Shanxi: "I said that I am from A Jin. I planted this kind of jade and made it into fine wine, which is not enough to drink." The local people regard growing grapes to make wine as a very proud thing.

In the Ming Dynasty, the fermentation and distillation technology of grain liquor was becoming more and more perfect, and distilled liquor began to become the mainstream of China's brewing products. Due to seasonality, difficulty in preservation and low alcohol content, wine production declined. However, wine is still loved by many people. Emperor Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty said, "Some people in Xinyu Temple paid for wine, but it was cold ..." In A.D. 1578, Li Shizhen, a great physician of the Ming Dynasty, introduced grapes and wine in detail, and mentioned the methods of making distilled wine with wine, such as: "... Gao Chang introduced Pu Tao. And "... one of the Tibetans for a long time is extremely cold, and the rest are all ice, but this one is not water, but the semen of wine. "This method is still widely used. It is an important process of modern wine brewing technology to separate the water in wine by artificial freezing and make concentrated wine.

Kangxi, the greatest emperor in the Qing Dynasty, was also a keen drinker. Kangxi developed the habit of drinking a glass of wine every day after malaria until his death. He compared "tasting wine" to "human milk" and thought it was very beneficial to drink it often. However, due to historical conditions, China's wine production has a long history, but it has also had a brilliant peak in the development of human society. However, due to the change of dynasties and constant wars, it did not develop and grow as France, Italy and Spain did.

By the end of the Qing dynasty, due to the decline of national strength and constant wars, people could not even meet basic food and clothing, and the wine industry was even more decadent. Until 1892, overseas Chinese established vineyards and wineries in Yantai, namely Changyu Grape Brewing Company, introduced excellent grape varieties from the west and mechanized production methods, and changed wine storage containers from Weng to oak barrels, becoming the only winery operated by China people themselves. Modern wine production in China began at that time. Later, Qingdao, Beijing, Qingxu, Jilin Changbai Mountain, Tonghua and other wineries were established one after another. Although most of them are run by foreigners and their production methods are backward, the embryonic form of modern wine industry in China has been formed. However, due to years of warlordism, the destruction of imperialism and the plunder of bureaucratic capital, the wine industry was depressed and bleak. It was not until the founding of New China that the party and the government paid attention to it that the wine industry developed rapidly.

During the first five-year plan period, many old factories before liberation were expanded and reformed, which improved their quality, expanded their varieties and increased their output. In addition, wineries have been built and expanded in Shacheng, Zhengzhou, Quan Min, Lankao, Lianyungang, Suqian, Xiaoxian and Dangshan. In the mid-1970s, Shacheng Winery took the lead in developing the first batch of dry white wines in China. 1983 won the silver prize at 14 London International Wine Tasting, which became the highest international honor of China wine in 70 years, sensationalized Europe and America, and was called "typical oriental wine", which created dry wine in China, made the wine industry in China step up to a new level and led the vigorous development of the wine industry in China.

China's Shacheng, Yantai and other grape producing areas have the same latitude and geological conditions as the world-famous grape producing areas-Bordeaux. Now, internationally renowned wines have been mass-produced in China.

After four or five five-year plans, the wine industry in China has a group of skilled teams, and the total output has also increased from 260 tons before liberation to 26,700 tons in 65,438 +0.976, 65,000 tons in 79, 232,000 tons in 85 and 495,000 tons in 2006. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, now, a thriving wine industry has been formed, occupying a place in the world wine industry. Hope to adopt