Introduction to adolescence

Refers to the first reproductive period marked by the maturity of reproductive organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, marked by the first menstruation of females in human beings and higher primates; Generally refers to the age of puberty. Adolescence refers to the transition period from children to adults. Adolescence is a critical period for the rapid growth and development of human body, and it is also the second peak of growth and development after infancy.

major feature

Overall characteristics

Physical growth with sexual maturity as the main content has a great influence on the psychological and social aspects of teenagers, forming several important characteristics of this period:

Adolescence is a transitional period.

Adolescence is the transition period from children to adults. Usually, people clearly distinguish between adolescence and childhood, and the dividing line is sexual maturity. For men, the sign of sexual maturity is nocturnal emission (usually nocturnal emission); Women menstruate, that is, for the first time. The physiological development centered on sexual maturity makes teenagers have obviously different social and psychological characteristics from children. Individuals depend on adults in childhood, and adults constrain and decide the main contents and aspects of children's lives and activities; Children are not responsible for their actions. With the increase of age and the complexity of life scope and activities, teenagers have different characteristics from children. They gradually have a certain intention and sense of responsibility, and decide how to carry out certain activities by themselves. You should bear certain criminal responsibility for your actions, especially some criminal acts. But teenagers are also different from adults. Although they have some independence, they are not completely independent; In many ways, especially in material life, we have to rely on our parents; They have not yet become fully responsible persons and are not criminally responsible for all their actions. It can be seen that this transitional state between children and adults makes teenagers become marginalized people in sociology. The uncertainty of their identity and the uncertainty of social demands on them have caused many special mental health problems.

Adolescence is a period of development

Adolescence is a period when a person's physical development is completed. Research shows that there are two stages in a person's life: the rapid growth of the body and the significant changes in the proportion of various parts of the body. One is in the prenatal period and the first half year after birth, and the other is adolescence. green

(Figure 4) Rapid growth and development in spring is called rapid growth in adolescence. In fact, this phenomenon begins before or at the same time as sexual maturity and ends six months to one year after sexual maturity. The rapid growth of men began at the age of 10.5 ~ 14.5, peaked at the age of 14.5 ~ 15.5, and then gradually slowed down. By the age of 18, the height has reached a fully developed level, and the weight, muscle strength, shoulder width and pelvic width have also increased. For example, while women are experiencing external changes such as menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics, the reproductive organs gradually mature, pubic hair begins to appear in the vulva, vaginal secretions begin to increase, the uterus becomes larger, and follicles in the ovarian cortex begin to develop in stages. Everything shows that the transition to sexual maturity has begun. Due to the physical and sexual development, it has a great influence on the psychological characteristics and social life of teenagers, which also produces a series of mental health problems.

Adolescence is a period of change.

Adolescence is the most rapid and obvious period of physical and mental changes of teenagers. During this period, men are divorced from the characteristics of children in terms of body, appearance, behavior, self-awareness, communication and emotional characteristics, and outlook on life, and gradually become mature and close to adults. These rapid changes will make teenagers have mental health problems such as confusion, inferiority, anxiety and even bad behavior. In this period, people's development from children to adults is predictable, but what will happen or what problems will appear in the development process is unpredictable.

Adolescence is a period of resistance.

Due to the gradual development and maturity of body and mind, individuals often take a negative and rebellious attitude towards life during this period, denying some good qualities they have developed before. This rebellious tendency will make teenagers resist other requirements and norms of parents, schools and social life, which will lead to some mental health problems that are not conducive to their social adaptation.

Adolescence is a period of heavy burden.

Judging from the problems they have to deal with, adolescence is also a period of heavy burden. Adolescence is a transitional period. Teenagers should gradually undertake some tasks undertaken by adults, and the environment may constantly hand over some things handled by adults to them, which will increase their burden, but these burdens are indispensable for their maturity. If they are not burdened, they will not mature in the future. They have to cope with all kinds of changes and problems brought about by the maturity of height, weight and muscle strength. Especially when they are sexually mature, their psychological pressure increases relatively fast. They must abandon all kinds of childish ideas and behavior patterns and gradually establish more mature ideas and behavior patterns that are more in line with social norms. Teenagers should try their best to maintain and protect the normal relationship with society while coping with their own rebellious tendencies. In addition, heterosexual interests, heterosexual communication, and heavy learning tasks. It also causes great burden to their body and mind, and sometimes even becomes the main contradiction.

male

At the age of twelve or so, male testicles and scrotum began to enlarge, scrotum turned red, and skin texture changed. From 12 to 13 years old, the penis becomes longer, but the growth rate of circumference is slower. Testicles and scrotum continue to grow, pubic hair appears, and prostate begins to move. 14 ~ 15 years old, the scrotum and penis began to enlarge, the penis head and roots developed completely, the scrotum became dark, the testis matured, and wet dream appeared.

female features

Refers to the period from the beginning of the development of sexual organs, the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics to the full maturity of reproductive function.

Because the ovary develops earlier than the testis, the physical development of girls is 1-2 years earlier than that of boys. Girls' puberty starts and ends at the age of 9- 12 and 18-20 respectively.

Height and weight increase rapidly; The functions of various organs of the body tend to be mature, the nervous system structure is close to that of adults, the thinking is active, the ability to respond to things is improved, and the ability to analyze problems and memory are enhanced; When the endocrine system matures, the adrenal gland begins to secrete androgens to stimulate hair growth, and pubic hair and axillary hair appear. The hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis system of reproductive system is mature, and the ovary begins to secrete estrogen, progesterone and a small amount of androgen, which stimulates the development of internal and external reproductive organs and produces secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast bulge, subcutaneous fat fullness, wide pelvis and high voice. Menstruation is the most prominent symbol of adolescence.

Stage division

At present, there is no uniform staging standard for adolescence, and some scholars divide it into:

Early adolescence: the second sexual characteristics began to appear until menarche appeared in girls, and nocturnal emission appeared for the first time in boys, which showed a sudden acceleration of physical growth, and the age was about 9- 13 years old.

Mid-adolescence: the development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics is the main thing, starting from menarche of girls and first spermatorrhea of boys, and ending with the maturity of secondary sexual characteristics. The age is about 13- 16 years old.

Late adolescence: from the maturity of secondary sexual characteristics to the full maturity of reproductive function, the growth of height stops, and girls begin to have periodic menstruation at this stage, and their age is about 16- 18 years old.

sexual maturity

Mentally or physically characteristic of an adult.

sexual precocity

If children are psychologically or physically more mature than ordinary children because of genetic (including endocrine disorders such as sex hormones), living environment (economy, family, peer pressure, education or excessive intake of environmental hormones) and other possible reasons, they may even end adolescence ahead of schedule. In Taiwan Province Province, people in Taiwan Province are also called early autumn, but it has a negative color. Physiological changes are mainly manifested in the early adolescence, and appear in the form of obvious growth in height, which generally occurs in girls aged eleven to thirteen and boys aged thirteen to fifteen. Generally speaking, boys develop later and faster than girls. The physiological development of adolescence is invisible to all aspects of bones and muscles, even to the eyes. Most people are nearsighted during this period.

Edit this female adolescence

Period division

Adolescence can be further divided into three periods:

1. Early puberty (Tanner stage): from the first appearance of secondary sexual characteristics to menarche, the age is 9- 12 years old, mainly due to sudden physical growth;

2. Middle puberty (Tanner Ⅲ-Ⅳ): the development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics is dominant, and menarche comes, with the age of 13- 16 years old;

3. Late adolescence (Tanner ⅴ): From the appearance of periodic menstruation to the full maturity of reproductive function, the height growth stops, and the age is about 17-20 years old.

It is also reported that adolescence is divided into two periods: morning and evening. In early adolescence, sexual characteristics begin to develop until menarche appears, and in late adolescence, reproductive function is completely or nearly mature, and physical development stops.

Although various sexual characteristics in adolescence begin to develop at different ages, most of them are carried out in a certain order (see table). It reflects the orderly changes of secretion and activity of thalamic peptide hormone, pituitary protein hormone, adrenal gland and gonadal steroid hormone.

Average onset age of developmental signs (years) Related hormones Breast development 9-10 Estrogen growth spurt starts 9-10 Growth hormone and IGF-I pubic hair appear10-1adrenal androgen growth spurt peak1/kloc. The development of external genitalia11-12 estrogen menarche12-13 adrenal androgen before and after menarche.

According to statistics at home and abroad, there are great individual differences in the age when various sexual characteristics begin to appear in normal adolescence. For example, breast development can start at 8 years old at the earliest and reach 13 years old at the latest; Pubic hair age 8- 14 years old; Menstruation can be from 9 years old to 17 years old; The sudden increase in height can start from 9- 14.5 years old. In addition, there are differences in developmental order among different individuals. For example, general breast development is the first sign of youth development, but about 20% of girls' pubic hair can appear before breast development; Unilateral breast can develop several months earlier than the contralateral breast; Usually menarche occurs 2-3 years after breast development, but a few girls can have menarche within a few months after breast development. These are all variations of normal development. [ 1]

Physiological manifestation

For women, adolescence refers to the period from menstrual cramps to the gradual development and maturity of reproductive organs. Generally from 10 to 18 years old.

The physiological characteristics of this period are the rapid development of body and reproductive organs, the formation of secondary sexual characteristics and the beginning of menstruation.

1. Whole body development: With the arrival of puberty, the whole body grows rapidly and gradually transitions to maturity.

2. Development of reproductive organs: With the development of ovaries and the gradual increase of sex hormone secretion, there are obvious changes in various parts of genitals, which is called primary sexual characteristics. The external genitalia changed from infant type to adult type, with swollen pubic mound, thickened labia majora, enlarged labia minora and pigmentation, increased vaginal length and width, thickened vaginal mucosa and wrinkles. The uterus is enlarged, especially the uterine body is obviously enlarged, so that the uterine body accounts for 2/3 of the total length of the uterus; Tubal thickening and curvature reduction; The ovary is enlarged, and there are follicles at different stages of development in the cortex, which makes the surface slightly uneven.

3. Secondary sexual characteristics: refers to the unique signs of women except reproductive organs. At this time, the girl's tone becomes higher, her breasts are plump and bulging, and armpit hair and pubic hair appear. The development of transverse diameter of pelvis is larger than that of anteroposterior diameter, and there is more subcutaneous fat in her chest and shoulders, which shows the unique posture of women.

4. Menstruation: Menstruation is an important symbol of adolescence. Because the ovarian function is not perfect, the menstrual cycle after menarche has no certain regularity, and it must be gradually adjusted to get close to normal.

Adolescent physiology changes greatly, and thoughts and emotions are often unstable. Families and schools should pay attention to their physical and mental health.

Health advice

Breast care

The development of adolescent breasts marks the beginning of adolescent maturity. Protruded breasts also reflect the unique curvaceous beauty and healthy beauty of women's mature figure. It also prepares conditions for breastfeeding babies in the future. Therefore, breast protection and health care are the main aspects of female adolescent health. Some phenomena in the process of breast development may cause girls' confusion and anxiety, such as whether to wear a bra, breast dysplasia, breast too small or too large, bilateral breast asymmetry, breast deformity, breast lump and so on. The following are the suggestions of health care doctors:

(1) Girls should not wear corsets.

Adolescent girls should never wear tight underwear. Girdling is harmful to girls' development and health. First, the heart, lungs and great vessels are compressed when the chest is tied, thus affecting the normal development of internal organs of the body. Second, girdling the abdomen will affect the respiratory function. Under normal circumstances, chest breathing and abdominal breathing cooperate to ensure the normal gas exchange of human body; However, the embrace of the chest affects the chest breathing, so that the chest can not be fully expanded, the lung tissue can not be fully extended, and the amount of inhaled air is reduced, which affects the supply of oxygen to the whole body. Third, the chest encircles and oppresses the breast, which leads to poor blood circulation, which leads to congestion in the lower part of the breast, causing pain, breast swelling and discomfort, and even nipple invagination and breast dysplasia, which affects bodybuilding and makes it difficult to breastfeed in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to repeatedly publicize the dangers of corsets. Girls should be encouraged to tell their mothers about breast development so as to get necessary health care guidance in time.

(2) Wear a suitable bra

After breast development is basically finalized, it is necessary to promptly guide girls to choose and wear appropriate bras. The breast development of female students is basically set at about 15 years old, but there are great individual differences. In general, you can use a soft ruler to measure from the upper edge of the breast through the nipple to the lower edge, and you can wear a bra when the upper and lower distance is greater than 16 cm.

Wearing a bra has the following advantages: first, it shows the beauty of women's bodies; Second, support the breast to prevent sagging; Third, it can prevent breast diseases caused by blood stasis in the lower part of the breast; Fourthly, reducing the local pressure of the heart, promoting the smooth blood circulation, is conducive to the development of lactation; Fifth, reduce breast vibration caused by exercise or manual labor to avoid breast injury; Sixth, protect the nipple from abrasion or pain; Bras also keep warm in autumn and winter. In a word, bra is not only an ornament, but also a key product for women. Because girls have different body shapes and different chest sizes, they should choose a bra with the right size and be comfortable and not tight after wearing it. It is also necessary to change the bra at any time according to the fat and thin changes in physical development. Never blindly pursue the beauty of your figure and force yourself to wear an inappropriate bra. The texture of the bra should be soft and absorbent. Wash and change frequently and keep clean. Take off your bra when you sleep at night. Get into the habit of wearing a bra. No matter spring, summer, autumn and winter, stick to the old age.

Menstrual care

Girls are often frightened by the first vaginal bleeding; When you know that it is normal menarche, you may be at a loss about how to deal with menstruation. Therefore, it is necessary to learn menstrual hygiene knowledge before menarche.

Keep vulva clean

Always wash vulva with clean warm water to avoid scabbing during menstruation. When cleaning vulva, don't soak your lower body in water. Prevent dirty water from infiltrating into vagina. Can't wash vulva with foot towel and feet. The basin for washing vulva should also be separated from the footbath. Wipe the toilet paper from front to back after defecation to avoid bringing bacteria around anus to vulva.

(2) Maintain an optimistic and stable mood During menstruation, girls often have some physical discomfort, such as breast fullness, backache, abdominal distension and headache.

And emotional irritability, irritability or depression, emotional fluctuations in turn have an impact on menstruation. Maintaining a good mood and self-regulating emotions can reduce menstrual discomfort and prevent menstrual disorders.

(3) properly control the amount of exercise

Pay attention to rest during menstruation, keep enough sleep and enhance the body's resistance. Avoid strenuous exercise and heavy physical labor. If a female student is in physical education class during her menstrual period, she can explain the situation to the teacher and take part in some relaxing sports, such as gymnastics.

Take a walk, play badminton or table tennis.

(4) Keep warm. During menstruation, the body's resistance drops and the pelvic cavity is congested. Keep warm. Avoid getting wet in the rain, wading and swimming.

Or take a bath, wash your hair and feet with cold water, and it is best not to sit on the wet ground. Don't drink too many cold drinks in summer, so as not to catch cold, catch cold, stimulate pelvic vasoconstriction, lead to decreased menstrual flow or sudden menopause, and cause other diseases.

(5) Pay attention to food hygiene and strengthen nutrition. You can eat some foods that are easy to digest and absorb during menstruation.

Such as eggs, lean meat, bean products, vegetables, fruits and so on. At the same time, drink plenty of boiled water, increase the frequency of urination, and flush the urethra to prevent inflammation. Do not eat cold and spicy things, keep the stool unobstructed and reduce pelvic congestion.

(6) Record the menstrual cycle.

By recording, you can observe your menstrual regularity or not, and it is also convenient to prepare for menstruation. If menstruation does not come according to the date, you should go to the doctor in time to find out the reason.

Perineal hygiene

Adolescent girls are in the stage of vigorous metabolism, and sweat glands and sebaceous glands secrete more, nourishing the surrounding skin. The wrinkled inner wall of labia majora is easy to accumulate dirt, especially for fatter girls. In addition, in adolescence, due to active ovarian function, vaginal secretions increase, and vulva and vagina are close to anus or urethra, which are easily polluted by urine and feces. These reasons will cause girls' vulva itching.

It can also cause secondary infection and folliculitis. Long-term itching stimulation may cause insomnia, haggard, anxiety and high tension. Therefore, perineal hygiene is very important.

First of all, clean the vulva with warm water every night, generally do not need to use disinfectants such as potassium permanganate, so as to avoid adverse stimulation to the vulva and vagina;

Second, the basin, towel and water for cleaning vulva should be used alone, and should not be mixed with the basin, towel and water for washing feet;

Third, don't wear other people's underwear, choose cotton fabric with good permeability and strong hygroscopicity for your underwear;

Fourth, develop the habit of wiping toilet paper from front to back to prevent bacteria from entering the vagina;

Fifth, pay attention to menstrual hygiene;

Sixth, if there is a large amount of leucorrhea and there is odor or blood color, you should go to the hospital for examination and treatment in time to avoid vaginal infection and vulvar itching.

Edit the passage of male adolescence.

physiological characteristic

The transition from childhood to adolescence is "the second birth of life", which psychologists call "the second crisis". If the first crisis of life-"weaning crisis" is spent in a warm infancy, the child's resistance is at best a powerless struggle and hopeless crying. Then, the second crisis of life-psychological "weaning" from parents, came quickly. At this time, a series of significant physiological changes will occur in the body, which is the best period for male growth and development. There are great changes in both morphology and physiology. In addition to the sharp increase in height and weight, it is mainly the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as the thickening of voice, the appearance of beard and armpit hair, the gradual development of reproductive organs, the growth of pubic hair, the enlargement of testicles and penis, the maturity of gonads and the beginning of nocturnal emission. Personality has also become mature, sophisticated, steady and confident, no longer as naive and ignorant as children.

So, how does adolescence begin? Recent studies have shown that it is regulated by a physiologically active substance called gonadotropin in human body, which affects development and makes it secrete sex hormones to maintain the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive and sexual functions. At the beginning of male puberty, the level of gonadotropin PSH increases, which promotes the gradual development of testis, the development of seminiferous tubules, the maturation of spermatogenic cells and the production of sperm. At the same time, the level of gonadotropin CH also increased, which promoted the development of leydig cells in testis, produced testosterone, and promoted the further development of male reproductive organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

The arrival of adolescence marks the beginning of a man's development to adulthood. He will be a mature individual with reproductive offspring to continue his racial life. This is the most important period in a man's life, which is closely related to society, family education, personal life growth and mental state. When a man reaches puberty, due to the maturity of sex education, under the action of androgen, he will have sexual demands and love for his wife, which is a psychological change accompanied by physical development in the process of youth development and is a normal phenomenon. However, if it is not handled well, it is easy to make mistakes if it lacks proper sexual knowledge and pays no attention to sexual morality. So some people call this period "the critical period of youth".

Adolescence is also a critical period that determines the physical, psychological and intellectual development of a lifetime. Although the body's resistance is stronger than that of childhood, some infectious diseases and common diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, nephritis and myocarditis are not uncommon, while the autonomic nerve (the nerve that manages the smooth muscle, heart muscle and gland activities of various organs) is dysfunctional, and sporadic goiter, hyperthyroidism and neurosis are significantly increased compared with childhood. Therefore, adolescent health can not be ignored. We should pay attention to nutrition, rest, study hard and exercise to lay a good foundation for lifelong health and work.

With the development of secondary sexual characteristics, teenagers have changed psychologically or physically. Generally speaking, people are anxious and irritable, and things they don't like are more likely to lose their temper, but they are full of interest in the opposite sex and curiosity about "sex". This psychological, emotional and behavioral change is greatly influenced by cultural media and social factors, and is called the third sexual characteristic. This aspect has no clear physiological basis, but is formed through the acquisition of social gender roles.

Continuously develop

[2] The age of normal boys entering puberty is 10~ 13. The earliest sign of puberty is testicular enlargement, which is followed by an increase in androgen, a second sexual disease and accelerated growth; The average puberty time of boys is 4.9 years, and their height increases by about 25-30cm. The middle puberty is about 1.5 years, which is a rapid growth period, and the annual growth can exceed 10cm, and then the growth decreases sharply until it stops growing completely. When a boy has a beard under his chin, there is generally no room for growth.

Normal girls generally enter puberty at the age of 9~ 1 1. The earliest sign of puberty is ovarian enlargement (it is difficult to find it in time without B-ultrasound, so it is often marked by the development of breasts), followed by the increase of estrogen, secondary sexual characteristics and accelerated growth. The average puberty time of female students is about 4.7 years, and their height increases by about 20-25 cm, in which the middle puberty is about 1 year, which is also a period of rapid growth, and the annual growth rate is close to 10CM. After menarche, the growth rate dropped sharply, and continued to grow * * * about 4~8CM. Girls have menarche for more than two years and generally have no possibility of growing taller. Some normal girls have no obvious rapid growth period (because the rapid growth period is often a period of rapid growth of bone age, and it is not necessarily a bad thing to have no rapid growth period. If there is a rapid growth period, the age of 1 is 10CM, while the bone age has increased by 2 years, which is no more than 6CM higher than that of 1, and the bone age is only 1 year.

The psychological needs of editing this paragraph

In the face of adolescent children, parents will have different degrees of fear, and even some parents will be nervous. Parents' reaction is normal, because adolescent children always yearn for maturity, miss childhood, pursue perfection and always have shortcomings, refuse to instill and are eager for help. Such ambivalence makes their behavior so absurd and boring to adults, but it is of great significance to children. Parents impose restrictions on their children because they don't understand them, which makes many contradictions and conflicts between parents and children escalate.

First of all, we must understand the four psychological needs of adolescent children.

First, reasonable material needs.

Material needs are the eternal theme of life. After children enter adolescence, there is still demand for clothing, snacks, toys and stationery on the surface, but the real demand is quietly changing. Just entering adolescence, there are fewer children who pursue individuality, and more are asking themselves to follow the crowd. Conformity makes you feel safe and integrated into the circle of classmates, which is not obvious. With the growth of age, familiar with the surrounding environment, understanding the personality of classmates and friends, children began to show their personality and secretly compete in groups. This comparison is of positive significance. Children gain experience and find their place in the group.

Second, the communication needs of friends.

Around puberty, junior high school life begins. Children seem to have entered a brand-new world, contacting new faces, new habits and new ways of learning. This is a visible change, and there is an invisible change, that is, the transfer of thoughts and emotions of children entering adolescence.

Before puberty, children depend on their parents. When you enter adolescence, you begin to transfer to your friends, and then to your friends of the opposite sex. Finally, fix on the opposite sex, get married and have children, and enter a new cycle. This is the only way for human growth and an irresistible force.

The children began to make friends. For friends, they can wait at the school gate, go shopping with classmates and go to Internet cafes. Because friends can stay at school to play basketball or even fight, they don't care about their parents' faces when they come home late, even if they are scolded by their parents. What makes children take risks? This is a question of children's psychological needs.

Third, attention needs from the opposite sex.

When a child enters adolescence, there will be subtle changes in contact with the opposite sex. They began to pay attention to the opposite sex quietly. Attention often just stays on the outside. For example, girls pay attention to handsome and tall boys. The girls get together to comment and have some fresh and exciting feelings. Boys also pay attention to girls, and occasionally talk about some girls in a teasing way. Even if they have weak love, they know they are dreaming. Boys and girls will be stiff. This is just the primary learning stage for children to get out of the family circle and enter the society to know the opposite sex. As time goes by, children become more and more aware of what kind of opposite sex they like and want to get close to him or her. The initial form can be slapstick, simple question and answer, or work exchange with class activities as the theme. Many children can get to know the opposite sex through such simple communication. Many children know that this is not love, just classmates. They think that the beautiful love they expected has not arrived, so more people choose to wait and wait for themselves to grow up.

Adolescence is a prelude to love, and it is also a prelude to love. It is inevitable for children to fall in love. Our parents want their children to be a little later. What should we do? [3]

Psychological problems in editing this paragraph

1, tired of learning

Tired of learning means that students hate learning and going to school. The specific performance is low learning efficiency. Although I study hard sometimes, the effect is not good, and I feel that learning is boring and I am not interested. If parents don't urge them, they seldom take the initiative to study, don't take the initiative to involve other learning contents, feel very tired when studying, need material incentives to complete a certain learning task, often fantasize about how successful they are, rarely find out the reasons when they encounter problems they don't understand, spend more time on TV, computer and entertainment than on learning, have no clear learning purpose, and don't make plans in advance. Some people even have a headache when it comes to studying.

2. Internet addiction

Internet addiction is especially harmful to teenagers. There are some violent information, pornographic novels and pictures on the Internet. For those primary and middle school students who lack the ability of discrimination and self-control, it is easy to indulge in the internet all day and get in touch with harmful information, which will damage their physical and mental health. If children who surf the Internet are seduced by vulgar and sensual content all day, it will do them no harm, just like letting them take drugs or drink. Being online for a long time is harmful to children's mental health. Using computers for too long can easily lead to loneliness, loneliness and even depression. In addition, sitting in front of the computer all day will make people's thinking mode monotonous, which will limit people's thinking fluency under certain conditions.

3. Autism

Autism is an acquired cognitive psychological disorder, and it is a psychological abnormal reaction produced by people in the process of socialization. People will appear in childhood and adulthood. It can happen to children after the age of three at the earliest, and it can also happen at any stage of adolescent growth. Because they are in the stage from the germination of self-awareness to socialization, for normal children, they are willing to make friends, like to share, and strive to feel fun in group activities. However, due to the defects of the growth environment, such as the loss of parent-child life, being neglected or abandoned by parents, being fostered in a family lacking emotional communication, and the patient's own personality defects, such as introversion, timidity, inferiority and depression. They gradually form isolated living habits, and finally develop into a closed life, unwilling to contact society, and it is increasingly difficult to adapt to society.

4. Learning disabilities

Learning disabilities are manifested in many aspects, such as inattention, procrastination, lack of sense of time and task; Laziness, procrastination, poor learning and migration ability, easy to form habitual inertia and masturbation psychology. Social adaptability is deficient, and everything depends on others. Lack of good autonomous learning habits and methods. Slow, clumsy, poor physical coordination, clumsy and childish writing, lack of strokes. Another manifestation of learning disabilities is lack of interest in learning and curiosity and interest in people and things; In other words, the interest in learning is superficial, narrow in scope, unstable and lasting, and is easily influenced by emotions and "changed".