Wang Mang’s mausoleum. Wang Mang’s head was collected by royal families for three hundred years after his death. What is the use of collecting him?

After Wang Mang’s death, his head was collected by royal families for three hundred years. What is the use of collecting him?

Wang Mang was a civil servant in the Later Han Dynasty who finally won power. Therefore, during Wang Mang's time, royal families of all dynasties collected his head as a warning to themselves. How many emperors' tombs are there in Xi'an?

There are 72.

There are 72 imperial tombs around Xi'an, including the tomb of Qin Shihuang, the "one emperor through the ages", the ruins of the four major capitals of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang, 11 tombs of emperors of the Western Han Dynasty and 18 tombs of emperors of the Tang Dynasty, large and small There are more than 700 ancient buildings such as Wild Goose Pagoda, Bell and Drum Tower, and ancient city walls.

Xi'an is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation. More than ten dynasties have established their capitals here in history. Fenghao Capital, Qin Afang Palace, Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Han Dynasty Weiyang Palace, Changle Palace, Sui Dynasty Daxing City, Tang Dynasty Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace, etc. outline the "Chang'an complex".

Extended information:

Xi'an is the best tourist destination in China and one of the cities with the best international image in China. Two and six heritage sites are included in the World Heritage List. They are:

The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, the Small Wild Goose Pagoda, the ruins of the Daming Palace in Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty, the Weiyang Palace ruins of the Han Chang'an City, and the Xingjiao Temple Tower.

There are also Xi'an City Wall, Bell and Drum Tower, Huaqing Pool, Zhongnan Mountain, Tang Furong Garden, Shaanxi History Museum, Forest of Steles and other attractions. Xi'an has 7 "double first-class" universities including Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, and Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology.

Baidu Encyclopedia_Xi'an The tombs of kings are all "backed by mountains and facing rivers". Why is Liu Xiu's tomb "resting on the river and stepping on the mountains"?

Because Liu Xiu believed that as an emperor, he had not done anything beneficial to the people, so he did not want to build the mausoleum in a so-called Feng Shui auspicious place that could bring blessings to future generations. Extensive construction work. In addition, Liu Xiu was an emperor who cared about the people and advocated frugality. He wanted to build his tomb as simple as that of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, without being too extravagant and wasteful.

Liu Xiu developed the habit of thrift because his family was poor since he was a child. However, he had great ambitions, and after going through many hardships, he overthrew Wang Mang's rule and established the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, he immediately began to embark on the great cause of reform, hoping to let the people recuperate and live a good life. With his hard work, the Eastern Han Dynasty soon created a great situation called "Guangwu Zhongxing".

According to unofficial history, Liu Xiu originally wanted to build a mausoleum on Beiman Mountain on the south bank of the Yellow River, but he was worried that the prince Liu Zhuang, who was always at odds with him, would bury him on the beach of the Yellow River, so he delayed No mausoleum was built. Until Liu Xiu became seriously ill, he hesitated and told the prince to bury him in the Yellow River. The prince couldn't help but feel sad, and decided to finally obey his father's will and bury him in water. The coffin fell into the river, and the river bed was exposed and raised, so this place became the location of Liu Xiu's original tomb.

However, according to historical research, Liu Xiu built a mausoleum and tomb between Beimang Mountain and the Yellow River very early. However, Liu Xiu was humble by nature. He believed that he was "of no use to the people. His funeral should follow Emperor Xiaowen's system and he must be frugal." The mausoleum only needed smooth drainage, and even his burial objects only needed earthenware vessels. So Liu Xiu's tomb was built in a simple and solemn way, and no one ever robbed the tomb. How were civilians in the Han Dynasty buried after death?

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, only three times of loess and one roll of bedding could be used. After years of campaigning, he could hardly eat, let alone the burial objects. Recently, a large-scale civilian Han tomb complex in Xuzhou was opened in Jiawang District, Xuzhou City. Found in the west of Renlu Village, Zhuangxiang. After nearly a month of excavation, local archaeologists cleared hundreds of cultural relics from more than 200 tombs. The tombs are distributed on a hillside that is 310 meters long and 230 meters wide. Most of these tombs are stone pit tombs with vertical pits and are small in shape. The area of ??each tomb is about 2 square meters and the depth ranges from 1 to 3 meters. The tombs are arranged in rows and closely adjacent to each other. Most of the unearthed cultural relics are pottery tripods, pots, plates, cups, bronze mirrors, iron knives, coins, etc. of poor quality.

The side length of each group ranges from 260 meters to 314 meters, and its scale is quite large.

This kind of layout method with two axes vertically and horizontally and complete symmetry on all four sides is probably the common practice of ancestral temples in the late Western Han Dynasty. And it can be seen in the flat forms of Mingtang, Piyong, mausoleums, early Buddhist temples and some altars. Why was the tomb of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty extremely simple after his death?

Take the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang as an example. It took 39 years to build. It is backed by Mount Li and faces the Wei River. There are also two layers of rammed earth walls protecting the mausoleum, covering an area of ??more than 75,000 acres.

However, there was an outstanding emperor who could be called perfect. His mausoleum covered an area of ??only 25 acres, less than 1/3000 of the Qin Mausoleum. He was Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. In the twenty-sixth year of Jianwu (AD 50), Liu Xiu ordered the construction of a mausoleum and personally designated the site between Beimang Mountain and the Yellow River. In addition, he cited the example of Emperor Hanwen's overbearing mausoleum to Dou Rong, who was in charge of the construction work, and asked that the area of ??his mausoleum should not be more than 2 hectares, let alone fill the mausoleum with earth or collect water to form a pond, as long as the mausoleum can be drained smoothly.

Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu (January 15, 5 BC - March 29, 57 BC), the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, was born in Jiyang County, Chenliu County (now Lankao County, Kaifeng, Henan), Eastern Han Dynasty The founding emperor was an outstanding statesman, strategist and military strategist in Chinese history.

At the end of the New Dynasty, Liu Xiu took advantage of the situation and raised troops in his hometown. In the 25th year, Liu Xiu openly broke with the Gengshi regime and ascended the throne in Qianqiu Pavilion, Hebei Province. In order to show the rejuvenation of the Liu family, he still used "Han" as his country's name, and it was called "Eastern Han" in history. After a twelve-year unification war, Liu Xiu successively annihilated the separatist regimes in Guandong, Longyou, Xishu and other places, ending the warlord melee and separatist regime that had lasted for nearly two decades since the end of Xinmang. .

Liu Xiu reigned for thirty-three years. Politically, he reformed the central government offices, rectified the official atmosphere, streamlined the structure, and gave preferential treatment to meritorious officials. Economically, he liberated productive forces, adopted recuperation and recuperation, and vigorously developed the economy. Culturally, he promoted and promoted Confucianism. In terms of integrity, the Eastern Han Dynasty was also praised by later historians as the era of "the most beautiful customs and the most prosperous Confucianism" in Chinese history (Sima Guang and Liang Qichao said), also known as the Golden Age of Jianwu. On the fifth day of February in the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan (first work of Zhongyuan) (1st year of Zhongyuan), Liu Xiu passed away in the front hall of Nangong at the age of sixty-two. On the fifth day of March of the same year, he was buried in the original mausoleum. He was named Shizu in the temple and his posthumous title was Emperor Guangwu.

Liu Xiu is the ninth grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He comes from the lineage of Liu Fa, the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty and Prince Ding of Changsha. Liu Xiu's ancestors were descended from the feudal lords because they followed the principle of "turning favor orders". By his father Liu Qin's generation, he was only a small official like the Jiyang County Magistrate.

In the first year of Jianping of the Western Han Dynasty, in the 12th lunar month of the 6th year BC, Guangwu was born in the county house. Liu Xiu was born in Jiyang County, Chenliu County. At that time, a red light illuminated the whole room, and the rice crop (Jiahe) had nine ears per stem, hence the name Xiu. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (Year 3), Liu Qin passed away. Liu Xiu and his brother and sister, who were only 9 years old, became orphans and had no support in life. They had to return to their ancestral home in Baishui Village, Chongling, Zaoyang, and relied on their uncle Liu Liang to raise them and became ordinary civilians. .

Because Liu Xiu was diligent in farming and his brother Liu Xiu was a good warrior, he often made fun of Liu Xiu and compared him to Liu Bang's brother Liu Xi. During the Tianfeng period of the New Dynasty (14th to 19th year), Liu Xiu went to Chang'an to study "Shang Shu" and gain a general understanding of righteousness.

Since Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, the government has been declining day by day. When Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty became emperor, he was so comatose that he entrusted his mother clan with government affairs. As a result, the Wang family's relatives group, headed by the Queen Mother Wang Zhengjun, monopolized the power of the government; they also favored the Zhao sisters, thus forming a situation where "the Zhao family is chaotic at home, and the outside family is good at court."

After the death of Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, Wang Zhengjun's nephew Wang Mang successively established the two young rulers of Han Ping Emperor and Ru Ziying. Their status went through "Anhan Gong" and "Regent Emperor". On the surface, it was almost a repeat of the former Zhou Gong Regent. Repeat. In the first year of the first year (8th year), Wang Mang deposed Ru Ziying (Liu Ying) as Duke of Ding'an, officially ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty, established a new dynasty, and "founded the country" in Jianyuan. The Western Han Dynasty finally perished after 214 years of rule.

In the last years of Xinmang, the reforms implemented were blindly advocating for the ancients and were unrealistic, which also touched the interests of the powerful, powerful, and common people. In addition, natural disasters such as floods and droughts continued, and the vast Central Plains was thousands of miles away. Tragedy fills the land. Finally, during the Xinmang Tianfeng period, dozens of large and small peasant armies such as Chimei, Lulin, and Tongma rose up one after another, and a large number of powerful landowners also took advantage of the situation and began to act recklessly. Suddenly, the sea fell apart and the world was in chaos.

Although Liu Xiu is called a descendant of the royal family, his branch belongs to the distant branch. Liu Xiu was different from his eldest brother Liu Xiu. Liu Xiu did not care about his family and business. He devoted himself to bankruptcy and made friends with the world's heroes. Many of his disciples in Nanyang wanted to take advantage of the chaos to raise armies and pursue great things. Liu Xiu, on the other hand, was a man with "many powers". "Sorrow" and be extremely cautious in handling matters. After careful consideration, Liu Xiu decided to raise troops when he saw that the world was indeed in chaos. In November of the third year of Emperor Dihuang's reign (22nd year), Liu Xiu came to Chongling from Wancheng. Together with his eldest brother Liu Yan, under the banner of "restoring the cause of the great ancestor and setting the autumn of all generations", they officially launched an army in Chongling to rebel against Mang.

Because the Liu Xiu brothers and the descendants of the Nanyang clan raised an army in Chongling Township, Nanyang County (now Zaoyang, Hubei Province), the soldiers and horses of the Liu Xiu brothers were called the Chongling Army in history, and the main force of the Chongling Army was The Liu clan of Nanyang and the heroes of the county had few soldiers and poor equipment. Even in the early days, Liu Xiu rode an ox into battle. This has also become a good story in later generations' romances, the so-called "man on an ox's back". Founding Emperor". After a fierce battle, Xin Yewei was killed, and Liu Xiucai had a war horse. In order to strengthen their momentum and strengthen their anti-mang strength, the Chung Ling soldiers united with the largest main force among the three green forest armies of Xinshi, Pinglin, and Xiajiang, thereby expanding their mutual strength, and successively fought in ?a Shui and Yuyang. In other places, they fought fiercely with Xinmang's conquest army, defeated the Mang army, and killed Xinmang generals Zhen Fu, Liang Qiuzhen and others.

In the first year of Gengshi (23rd year), Liu Xuan, a clan member of the Western Han Dynasty, was proclaimed emperor by the main generals of the Green Forest Army. Jianyuan "Gengshi" was the Gengshi Emperor. Liu Yu and the Nanyang clan named Liu were extremely dissatisfied with this. However, due to the large number of Green Forest soldiers in the coalition forces and the strong enemies ahead, they had to give up temporarily. Liu Xiu was granted the title of Grand Situ, and Liu Xiu was granted the title of General Taichang. The Gengshi regime was established and the banner of the Han Dynasty was reused. This move greatly shocked the new dynasty. Wang Mang immediately sent the Grand Commander Kong Wangyi and the Grand Situ King to find 420,000 elite soldiers from various states and counties to attack Kunyang and Wancheng in one fell swoop. Destroy the new reform regime.

In May of the same year, Wang Yi and Wang Xun led their troops west out of Luoyang and southward to Yingchuan (now Yu County, Henan Province). They met up with Yan You and Chen Mao, forcing Liu Xiu's troops to leave Yangguan. (now northwest of Yu County, Henan) withdrew to Kunyang. There were only 9,000 Han troops in Kunyang. They were afraid of being outnumbered and wanted to abandon the city and retreat to their hometown in Jingzhou. Liu Xiu persuaded the generals to stick to Kunyang on the grounds that "it is still possible to win by joining forces, but it is difficult to preserve the force if we disperse". At this time, Wang Mang's army was approaching the north of the city. Liu Xiu led 13 cavalrymen out of the city at night and went to Dingling and Lin counties to mobilize reinforcements. Later, 17,000 elite infantry and cavalry troops went to assist Kunyang.

Wang Yi and others relied on their strong military strength and threatened: "A million troops will be destroyed if they pass by. Now we will slaughter this city, march in with blood, sing in front and dance behind, don't worry about it!" Wang Yi's army marched towards them! Kunyang City launched an attack and dug tunnels to build cloud chariots. The Kunyang defenders had no way out and held on to the dangerous city. At this time, Wang Mang's army was exhausted from the long battle and its vigor was greatly reduced. On June 1, Liu Xiu led more than 10,000 troops on foot and cavalry to help Kunyang. Liu Xiuqin led more than a thousand elites as the vanguard and repeatedly charged forward, killing more than a thousand of Wang Mang's army. The morale of the Han army was greatly boosted. Then, with 3,000 warriors, they detoured to the enemy's flank, crossed Kunshui (today's Huihe River in Ye County, Henan Province) secretly, and launched a fierce attack on Wang Yi's base camp. Wang Yi still underestimated the enemy and ordered each battalion to rein in their troops and refrain from sending out troops without permission. He went on his own to fight with Wang Xun and ten thousand people. Wang Yi's soldiers and horses were in trouble, Wang Xun died in the battle, and the generals did not dare to send reinforcements. Seeing the victory of the Han army outside the city, the defenders of Kunyang took advantage of the situation and attacked. Wang Mang's army was in chaos. They fought for their lives and trampled on each other, leaving corpses everywhere. At this time, there was a sudden strong wind and heavy rain, and the new dynasty claimed to have a million-strong army. The main force was destroyed at the foot of Kunyang City, the three auxiliaries were shaken, and the Xinmang regime collapsed. In September of the first year of Gengshi, the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an. Wang Mang died in the melee, and the new dynasty was destroyed.

From the first year of Jianwu (25th year) to the beginning of the sixth year of Jianwu (31st year), after nearly six years of eastward and westward conquests, Liu Xiu had basically controlled everything except Longyou and Bashu. The vast Central Plains outside the country basically unified the east of China, forming a tripod with Kaixiao in Longyou in the northwest and Gongsun Shu in Bashu in the southwest.

In April of the fifth year of Jianwu (30th year), Emperor Guangwu went to Chang'an and informed General Weixiao to send Jianwei General Geng?m and seven other generals to attack Shu from Longxi. Wei Xiao objected and sent general Wang Yuan to lead his troops to occupy Longdi (now northwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province) and cut down the city and road to prevent the Han army from attacking. In April, the Han army crossed the Longshan Mountains along the Weibei Plain to attack Longdi, and was defeated. Wang Yuan followed and pursued, but fortunately Ma Wu led his elite cavalry to cut off the enemy, allowing the Han army to withdraw. Liu Xiu left Geng to guard Qixian County (today's Binxian County, Shaanxi Province), and Feng Yishou left to guard Qixian County (today's Bin County, Shaanxi Province). ?诔ぐcloth?岜?ΑZ癙?垥淥曰BU?Look for Wu?踉?「倔倀?change靼苋Jprepared for the warbler to travel and the bird to stir up the confusion?ソ鸪 Leadń窀Shi嬬Jia Fu-shaped martingale protection? Kuopu? Sheng? That Jiacha wolf Kangkangwei badger acetate? Sheng? Gongcheng Xiao Z Sheng?镂婩В? Salisbury Sheng? Thirsty stern and decadent armor and scratching Lai? Youzhao chaff only? 呓廒癙?Z Sheng? In the spring of the sixth year of Jianwu (31st year), Gongsun Shu established Wei Xiao as King Shuoning and sent troops to aid Long. In the autumn, Wei personally led the troops. He rode 30,000 troops to attack Anding County (the county is located in Gaoping, present-day Guyuan, Ningxia), and advanced to Yinjia (present-day east of Jingchuan, Gansu Province). Another force was sent to attack Gan County in an attempt to seize Guanzhong, but Feng Yi and Ji Zun were defeated respectively in the spring of the following year. She led an army of 2,000 troops and secretly attacked Lueyang from Fanxu and returned to Zhong, threatening the Hebei county occupied by Xiao. Kuai Xiao concentrated his elite troops to counterattack Lueyang but failed to conquer it in the fourth month of the month. Liu Xiu used Wei Xiao to strengthen his troops. When the city and soldiers were exhausted, they marched into the first city of Gaoping. Dou Rong also led tens of thousands of Hexi infantry to join the army. In the 16th year of the county, more than 100,000 troops surrendered, and Wei Xiao led the remaining troops to flee to Xicheng. When the remaining peasant army resurrected, Liu Xiu rushed back to Luoyang. When Cen Peng flooded the West City, Kaixiao's generals Wang Yuan, Xingxun, and Zhou Zong led 5,000 Shu reinforcements and counterattacked from the high ground. The Han army was caught off guard. Wang Yuan and others broke into the West City to welcome Kaixiao's entry into Hebei. Due to the difficulties, all the tribes were forced to leave Longxi. In the first month of the ninth year, the tribesmen supported their youngest son, Kai Chun, as king. > In August of the seventh year of Jianwu (32nd year), Geng Xun and Kou Xun captured the first city of Gaoping. In October, Lai She and Gai Yan attacked Luomen. Wang Yuan fled to Gongsun Shu alone, and Wei Chun and others surrendered. , it took 4 years for Longxi to be pacified.

After the pacification of Longxi, Liu Xiu launched an offensive against Gongsun Shu in Yizhou from both directions.

Jianwu. In March of the 11th year (35th year), Grand Sima Wu Han led 60,000 Jingzhou soldiers and 5,000 horses, met with Cen Peng at Jingmen, and went west along the Yangtze River into Shu; Laishe and Gaiyan led the troops from southwestern Longxi. Attacking Hechi and entering Sichuan, Cen Peng's army on the southern route went up Jiangxi, captured Jingmen, captured Cheng Xun, and beheaded Renman. Tian Rong retreated to Jiangzhou (today's north bank of the Jialing River in Chongqing City, Sichuan), and Peng Sui drove straight from the Three Gorges to the counties along the way. After surrendering, the army pressed directly against Jiangzhou.

In June of the same year, the She army from the north defeated Wang Yuan and Huan'an army, captured Xiabian (now northwest of Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Hechi, and advanced into the middle of Shu. Gongsun Shu sent people to assassinate Lai She, and Liu Xiunai sent General Liu Shang to continue to lead his army southward. Jiangzhou City had a lot of food and was difficult to break, so Cen Peng left troops to besiege him and led his main force to Dianjiang (now Hechuan, Sichuan) to attack Pingqu. (Today's east Hechuan, Sichuan). Gongsun Shu ordered his generals Yancen, Lu Qian, Wang Yuan, and Gongsun Hui to lead their troops to resist the defense of Guanghan (the county was Zhangtong, now part of Sichuan) and Zizhong (now Ziyang, Sichuan). He also sent Hou Dan to lead 20,000 people to resist the defense of Huangshi. Hengshitan, northeast of Fuling, Sichuan today).

Cen Peng stayed in Zang Palace in Pingqu to resist Yan Cen, the main force of the Shu army, and then led his army back to Jiangzhou, went westward, attacked Huangshi, doubled the route and traveled more than 2,000 miles, detoured to the middle reaches of the Minjiang River, and captured Wuyang (today's Pengcheng, Sichuan). Shandong) and attacked Guangdu (south of present-day Chengdu, Sichuan, on the northeastern bank of the Minjiang River). Gongsun Shu sent people to assassinate Cen Peng. Liu Xiu ordered Wu Han to lead 30,000 troops to the front line and take over Cen Peng's command.

In January of the twelfth year of Jianwu (36th year), Wu Han defeated the Shu army at Yufujin (now the Minjiang River ferry in Meishan, Sichuan), surrounded Wuyang, and annihilated more than 5,000 Shu reinforcements. Go west and break through Guangdu, approaching Chengdu. Wu Han was eager to win and led 20,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Chengdu, but was defeated. Wu Han immediately changed his tactics and secretly retreated to the south bank of Jinjiang River at night to join forces with his deputy Liu Shang. They fought against the enemy with all their strength and turned defeat into victory. After that, Wu Han fought against the Shu army between Chengdu and Guangdu according to Liu Xiu's tactics of attacking again when the enemy was tired, annihilating a large number of Gongsun Shu's effective forces, and approaching the city of Chengdu. In November, Zang Gong captured Fan (now northwest of Peng County, Sichuan) and Pi (now Pixian County, Sichuan) and joined forces with Wu and Han to encircle Chengdu. Gongsun Shu recruited five thousand warriors and put them under the command of Yancen in preparation for the decisive battle. Yancen defeated Wu Han in Shiqiao (now the southern suburbs of Chengdu, Sichuan). Wu Han concealed his elite troops and showed weakness to lure the enemy. Gongsun Shu attacked rashly, and the Shu army was defeated. Gongsun Shu was seriously injured and died. Seeing that the situation was over, Yancen led the Chengdu garrison to surrender.

From the first year of Jianwu to the twelfth year of Jianwu (36 years), it took Liu Xiu twelve years to finally conquer the world after he ascended the throne, causing the country to be divided and war-torn since the end of Xinmang. China was unified again.

To be honest, this Beimang Mountain is really a geomantic treasure. As the old saying goes: "Born in Suzhou and Hangzhou, buried in Beimang." Almost all the emperors who established their capitals in the Central Plains immediately considered Beimang Mountain as their resting place. Naturally, Liu Xiu, who was in power in Luoyang, would not miss this great opportunity. Wang Mang(62) Collection(4)