Logic and logical thinking philosophy

Internal cause: it is the internal basis for the change and development of things. Internal cause is the foundation of things' existence, the inherent essence that distinguishes things from other things, the source and motive force of things' movement, and it stipulates the basic trend of things' movement and development.

External cause: the external cause of the development of things, that is, the interaction and influence between one thing and other things. Materialist dialectics holds that external causes are only the conditions for the development and change of things, and external causes can only work through internal causes.

For example, eggs can hatch chickens, but stones can't hatch chickens, because stones lack internal factors (growth and development function), and eggs in boiling water pots can't hatch chickens, because eggs in boiling water pots lack external factors (suitable incubation temperature). From observing surface phenomena to discovering essential laws.

Surface phenomenon is the external embodiment of things, and essential law is the internal embodiment of things. Relativity and absoluteness are two different philosophical categories that reflect the essence of things.

Relative refers to conditional, temporary and limited.

Absolute means unconditional, eternal and infinite. Movement is the inherent nature and way of existence of matter, and it is absolute and unconditional. Static is a special situation when motion is investigated from a certain relationship, which is relative and conditional.

Two static situations:

(1) Although everything is moving all the time, a specific thing may not have a certain form of movement in a certain situation. As long as it does not have this specific form of motion, it is static.

For example, buildings on the ground are static in the sense that they never move mechanically to the ground, but this kind of static only comes from a certain "reference system", which moves from other "reference systems", such as buildings running around the sun with the ground and running with the solar system in the Milky Way.

(2) Although everything is moving all the time, it will not change qualitatively at any time. When something has not changed qualitatively, it is still itself. In this sense, it is static. Quantitative change: quantitative change is also called "gradual change". Not qualitative change. Refers to the increase or decrease of things in quantity and the change of places, which is a continuous, gradual and insignificant change. According to materialist dialectics, quantitative change is one of the basic states of the movement of things, and it is the result of the unity and struggle of contradictions in all aspects of things. It is the continuous change of things all the time, so it is objective and universal.

Qualitative change: things change from one qualitative change to another. One of the basic states of motion of things. The same quantity is relative. Also known as mutation. Qualitative change occurs on the basis of quantitative change, which marks the interruption of the gradual process of quantitative change. Virtual and real are born together.

(1) Imagination contains reality:

There is no complete and pure emptiness, because any emptiness must be based on a certain reality.

For example, the virtual world of the game is "virtual", but this virtual world needs to be based on electronic equipment and is "real". In addition, many laws in the virtual world also exist in the real world.

For example, the movie The Matrix describes a virtual world in which everything is information, but most of the rules of this world are based on the rules of the real world.

(2) Reality contains emptiness:

For example, computer video chat is talking to a real person, but what you see is his image, which is a virtual thing.

For example, we see a red apple. From the knowledge of physics, we know that the red color of the apple is an image formed after the light wave of a specific frequency reflected by the apple reaches the human eye. The difference between red and green is only the frequency of light waves, so the apple itself is colorless. The red we see is only the effect of specific light wave frequency on the human brain, so it is "virtual". Dialectical relationship between inevitability and contingency;

(1) necessarily refers to the inevitable trend of the connection and development of things. Chance refers to the uncertain trend in the connection and development of things. Necessity and chance are the relationship of unity of opposites.

(2) They are opposites. They are two different trends in the development of things, with different causes and different positions and functions in the development of things.

(3) the two are unified, and its performance is:

First, inevitability is always manifested through a lot of contingency, thus opening up a path for oneself, and there is no pure inevitability that is out of contingency.

Second, contingency is the manifestation and necessary supplement of inevitability, which is hidden behind and restricted by inevitability, and there is no pure contingency that is divorced from inevitability.

Third, inevitability and contingency can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.

(4) The principle of dialectical relationship between inevitability and contingency is of great significance in guiding scientific research and social practice.

For example, when Edison invented the electric light bulb, he experimented with thousands of materials before discovering tungsten wire. On the surface, Edison discovered tungsten wire by accident. In fact, Edison couldn't find the tungsten wire without the inevitable factor of "hard work", because without the inevitable factor of "hard work", Edison might be exhausted after trying hundreds of materials.