Architecture of the future

Guo Xiaoping: Today’s topic is called Towards Future Architecture. This means that through our energy-saving buildings, we will reach a building process called zero consumption. This process is relatively difficult, but now we start to discuss and start doing it, I think there will be results.

The buildings in 2050 are not designed by us, but by our children, so we must educate our children to love architecture. This is our world, we live in this big and small place, and we have to love it. More and more people live in cities and pay attention to environmental protection and ecological protection. This is the obligation of each of us. As an architect, you should always be ready to change your ideas and positions. 90's of buildings had no architects. For a long time, our human technology and understanding have been integrated into architecture, but without the planning of architects. Architecture is sometimes like a journey, an adventurous activity, it gives us a lot. Each of us likes to live in a beautiful city, like beautiful buildings, and even more like the production of more excellent buildings in the future. Against the idea of ??the avant-garde, today's architecture has no style. It should be responsible, sensible, tolerant, and liberation is our principle. We need more modernity.

Modern styling. Stylish solution. Every form is a new creation, and free thinking is the prerequisite and must. This is a China Merchants Bank Building project we did in 2007. It is fused into one building through the twisting combination of four individual units. It will become a landmark in the city.

Energy and resources. The concept of energy comes from ancient Greece and is called (energale). Its concept is the power of influence. In 2003, the British Institute of Architects and the Institution of Engineers made a calculation, and the results were surprising. The lights will go out in London in 2020. The calculation is very simple, because the current situation in the UK is that 33% of its energy comes from coal. 23 from nuclear energy and another 28 from natural gas. The EU's policy is that in 2016, the use of coal will be banned. If the use of coal is banned, 33% of the energy will not be supplied, then the lights in London will go out, including the factory workers who have been working for 4 years a week. Only the bedrooms have heating, but not the living room. Heating. There is no new solution to this situation. So in the end, there is a common sense that is energy saving. And the best energy source is energy conservation. So we need to develop more energy-saving buildings. RWE headquarters building, RWE is a German energy company. It is one of the world's top 500 companies, ranking approximately 276th. It supplies electric energy and heat energy to the entire Europe. In 1992, it held a tender for all Europe and needed to build an energy-saving building. Our company participated in this tender. For us architects, we had no idea how to build an energy-saving building at that time. . Its concept of energy conservation is completely different from our current energy conservation. Its energy-saving concept is that there are no auxiliary facilities and it needs to balance the whole thing. We conceived a double-glazed curtain wall system at that time. This system has been used before, but it is the first time it has been used in high-rise buildings. The biggest feature of the double-glazed curtain wall is that it creates a space that makes it possible to save energy. In our picture, you can see that each piece of glass is a structure, and there is an air cover inside. This air cover prevents heat energy from entering the room in the summer, and prevents cold energy from entering the room in the winter. This is called the earliest energy-saving structure, and we call it the fish mouth structure.

It basically solves one of our biggest energy-saving problems. Our construction is not complicated. It is no problem for an architect, but it is also understandable for a non-architect. Our overall construction is double The most important connotation of the fish mouth is that the sun can enter our interior as much as possible. This is the outer glass curtain wall and the inner glass curtain wall. The inner glass curtain wall can be opened. After staying, you can enter our passage and then enter the room. We know that we are at high altitude, in a 120-meter high-rise building, or 180 meters. You cannot open the windows, so there is no way to ventilate. If there is a glass curtain wall, you can open it and absorb fresh air. This This laid the foundation for our entire energy-saving system.

We call this construction an analog construction, and today it has developed into digital. The most important reason for this construction is that there is such a ventilation duct, and there is a sunshade between the ventilation ducts. It will not be affected by wind pressure at high altitudes and can effectively block the sun. The others are our heating equipment, which constitutes an entire sunshade system.

This building is also known as a model of industrial products. Because I will talk about industrial products and buildings in the next picture. In this building, all building construction is basically processed in the factory and installed at the construction site. Only pouring is inherited at the construction site, which is more environmentally friendly and efficient. architecture. In this control panel, we are the first to control our lights, temperature, shading, calls, etc. This is their chairman's office, very simple. We made a high window to allow outdoor sunlight to enter the room as much as possible, and then convey it to the corridor through this high window. This is the concept of energy saving in every detail. This building is a very simple building, using very simple materials. Cement, aluminum alloy handles, glass. Aluminum alloy, very simple and very strong. This is the roof garden on the 32nd floor. We paid attention to the pillars. We saw that this is our window cleaning machine, which can wipe all the surrounding glass. A conference room located on the 32nd floor is a conference room completely composed of industrial products, and the top can be opened.

Another feature of this building is that the orientation is very clear. This is an elevator floor and elevator room located outside our building. Through this glass, we can see the entire city. Our elevators are completely different from those in our country. They are completely made of modern materials. They no longer use so-called stone materials. They are completely made of aluminum alloy and are processed in factories. They are more modern and fashionable. A section of the roof, completely cement, is then spray-painted. This roof is called a combined roof. This concept is processed in a factory and combines all functions into one structure. For example, strong light and low light are combined in industrial products. This is how our future buildings will develop. You can see that this is a cut-off wall. The cut-off wall is completely processed in a factory. This is also the case in China now. This building has achieved 100% industrialization.

Participated in the bidding of Shanghai World Trade International in 1995. This building was completed in 2004, but when it was completed, it was completely different from our previous plan. Many problems arose in the middle. The financial crisis of 1998 brought the project to a halt. At the beginning, we planned a double-layer glass curtain wall system, which was also designed based on the Rhine headquarters building. World Trade International Plaza is located at the junction of Nanjing Road and Tibet Road in Shanghai. We designed a 330-meter high building here. It was an office building at the time. Now it will be a five-star hotel, a 49-meter-high shopping mall, and A 48-meter glass roof. Here are a few photos of the model, complete with all-glass facades. Able to express the structure of the entire building. The antenna part reaches 330 meters, and the roof part is 265 meters, which is currently the highest. The most important reason is that we have developed a building here that is suitable for the current situation in China. The air must be very clean. However, we tested the air quality in Shanghai and found that the temperature and humidity in Shanghai cannot reach a standard. That is development. A closed glass curtain wall creates an internal circulation and still achieves the effect of energy saving. A layer of sunshade is placed in the middle to block heat. We implemented this project and it was completely successful. The energy saving can reach 60%. This is part of our development of glass curtain walls. This is a photo I took last year and it’s completely different. The final rendering.

Our concept of ancient buildings and new buildings is to appreciate the ancient buildings, but not to copy them. Because we have now solved the problems that the ancients did not solve. Using modern technology to build a fashionable building, we should try to take back or re-plan the old buildings to create a beautiful space. While doing new construction, you should think about the repair work 30 years from now.

This is a high-rise building called Munich. We participated in the bidding in 1992 and the construction was completed in 2002. At that time, Party A was a German bank. We designed a double-glazed curtain wall system, and the access was controlled by a computer. After the design was completed, Party A changed in 1999 and was replaced by an American real estate developer. They paid more attention to it. For efficiency, they need a single-layer glass curtain wall, so we re-plan, but the concept of a single-layer glass curtain wall is not the single-layer glass curtain wall we imagined, and it has the effect of a double-layer glass curtain wall. We developed such a ventilation structure. We designed three heights for this building, one was 320 meters, and later it was designed to be 280 meters, and finally it was built to be 140 meters. Because Munich does not allow the design of high-rise buildings. Our ventilation structure uses a motor, controlled by a computer, to open outward, and then perform natural ventilation. This ensures that your office receives natural air, and the air enters through the side, so you will not have wind pressure. Our natural ventilation system has been completed, and it is a single-layer glass curtain wall, which is very suitable for our Chinese architecture, because its cost is much lower than that of a double-layer glass curtain wall. The most important thing is that the architect must have a good idea and cooperate with The engineer completes the design. For a full 10 years, single-layer glass curtain walls have the effect of double-layer glass curtain walls, and now the technology is more mature. It is such a construction to complete our entire ventilation. Today's technology and craftsmanship have no problem with these constructions. A scene seen from the Olympic Center,

Beautiful. Beauty is a real concept in Greek. If it's wood, it should look like wood. If it's bamboo, it should look like bamboo, and that's our reality. Beautiful architecture, simple volume. This is a design we participated in the 2002 European Airbus assembly workshop. We designed a roof with contemporary significance. Beauty and fashion are a correct decision in architecture. Correct buildings are often beautiful, while ugly buildings are often A wrong result. Beauty and purity, beautiful form. This is a design that Wuhe International participated in in 2007 called China Merchants Bank. We designated it as NV Plaza. This design is called gradient and has Chinese significance. We know that the new design is to twist a building, twist it into a square shape and put it there. This is the European approach, but we in China are more subtle. This building is like this. The bottom floor is a straight line, and gradually becomes an arc on the upper floor. This gradient diagram gradually transforms from an arc to a straight line. When you turn around from the building, you will find that what looks like a straight line from below turns into an arc from above. This is an implicit twist in China. It can be seen that the bottom is a straight line, and when it goes up, it changes into a circle. The bottom is round, and when it goes up, it turns into a straight shape. It is a simple and connotative shape.

There is no convention, and new ideas are not bound by convention. Architecture should make the city more attractive. Before designing a building, you must consider the results and effects after the building is completed. Then we can't look back on the past before the construction is completed, we must make a decision first. These two photos can be compared. To build or not to build. It's a right decision to build, or it's a right decision not to build. This is a Berlin residence. When building a new historical building in Berlin, our concept is that it is better not to build it.

Zero energy buildings are the prerequisite for our future buildings. We try to make our building run without any other auxiliary equipment. This is our zero energy building. We want to make some buildings collectors and then balance the overall energy. This road is very difficult and very complicated. We should start working now and it should be taken seriously by all parties. (Sugat Sound) The railway station is a representative of zero-energy buildings. The Sugat Railway Station is a 21st century project. The entire investment is 2.5 billion euros. The renovation of its old buildings is only one part of this project. This project is In the world bidding in 1998 and 1999, world-famous architects were invited, and our company also participated in this project.

My colleagues and I went to Sugat Park and found that the park was very beautiful. The Sugat government wanted to preserve this garden, but most of our architects designed a horizontal hall, which destroyed the entire palace garden scene. Let us tell you a fairy tale. I said that the Sugat railway station we designed was placed underground, and then added a roof and made some light eyes. This is our railway station. It does not have a lot of philosophy. It is very simple, but it works. is very complex. This is the landscape around Sugat railway station, very beautiful. A 1:30 model, you can see the train station placed underground, and the scene above enters our Sugat train station through two semicircular glass shells. This is the scene of the old train station. In this way, we preserved the perfection of the entire palace garden through the arrangement of light eyes. We designed a light eye, which solves several of the most important problems, namely ventilation and natural light ventilation. The most important thing about this project is that its structural system is very complex and something we have never encountered before. Our structural part is made by a world-famous structural master. He is the director of the Sugat Cleaning Research Institute. He made a model out of soap powder in 1993. It is very simple and looks like this in terms of structure. A combination of independently supporting a membrane must pass through a hole to achieve it. We sent this picture to him, and he said that I have done this before. If you can do it, go to work. A lot of experimental research and experiments were carried out on this project, especially on the structure. This is the first structural network diagram. Use a tennis racket to study forces. The study of forces. Membrane research. This is our final finished light eye. Through a 1:30 model, we finally found that the light directly entering the photoeye is 5 to 15. During the day, it is enough to illuminate the underground train station through the photoeye. It can be said that this energy can become a zero-energy building. Various optimistic experiments. Including the wind direction experiment, which is a model experiment of light illumination at noon. One of the most important aspects of energy conservation in buildings is the use of natural light. Many of our offices in Beijing now use lights instead of natural light. Because our sunshade technology has not broken through this problem. The most important aspects of energy saving are ventilation, shading and the use of natural light. The use of natural light at Sugat Railway Station is very obvious. At night, through the lights next to the platform and reflected on the curved roof, we will feel a unique landscape. In winter, the ventilation windows originally prevent the cold air from entering the room. Because the building is 6 meters underground, it creates an effect. The temperature in winter never drops below zero, while in summer it never exceeds 20 degrees. So this building is called our zero-energy building. Here are some renderings. A perfect palace garden scene. Thank you for your attention.

You can ask any questions you have.

Moderator: Thank you very much Mr. Guo Xiaoping for your speech. We say that the city is the carrier of architecture and architecture is the soul of the city. I believe that after listening to Mr. Guo’s speech, they have a new understanding of new buildings and new technologies. If you have some questions, just what Mr. Guo said just now, or Ask questions on topics that interest you.

Question: I just saw the railway station in Sugat, I think Beijing South Railway Station. I would like to ask if there is any comparison between the initial investment and the use of natural light in the case just now. .

Guo Xiaoping: Sugat Railway Station is a project of Sugat in the 21st century, so the investment itself is very large. For the city government, it is an industrial city, so there is no problem with funding. During the bid, the question of funding was never raised. For our project, we participated in the bidding in 1999, won the bid in 2000, and started planning in 2005. The planning was not completed until 2009. It is currently under construction and will not be completed until 2013 or 2014. Therefore, the city government did not raise the cost issue with us. But what's most important? For Germans and Europeans, energy is an issue. We just mentioned that in Germany and the UK, coal basically accounts for about 30% of electricity. By 2016, this coal will be abolished, and after 2020, our nuclear power plants will also be abolished, so energy is very important. Therefore, European developers and architects are working hard to build energy-saving buildings.

Question: What about night lighting for the zero-energy train station you just talked about?

Guo Xiaoping: We have laid solar panels around the building to assist its lighting. Because of the heating and lighting, heating, ventilation, and cooling are not needed. Just an illumination. There is no problem with today's technology. Now we are planning a zero-energy city, which costs about 50,000 yuan. We call it a zero-energy city. The main technology comes from General Electric technology in the United States. It is very simple, but not complicated. Solar energy and wind energy, but the most important thing in a building is to ensure that your building can save 50% of energy, and the other 50% is completed by solar energy, wind power, and geothermal energy.

Question: In what direction do you think China’s future energy-saving buildings should develop? In addition, if you were a designer of energy-saving buildings in China, what measures would you take?

Guo Xiaoping: This is a very good question. As an architect, civil buildings and industrial buildings are two different systems. Civil buildings, single buildings and group buildings are different systems. What we need to do is to use high technology in office buildings and public buildings. Techniques, civil buildings mostly rely on sustainable development, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal, in fact these technologies are very mature, it is just a matter of use. Solar energy has been widely used in Europe, but the key issue is policy, because solar energy has a system, one system is to produce heat energy, and the other is to produce electricity, but if you produce electricity by a single company, you There is no way to use this electricity yourself. You have to inject it into the region or have a storage. This storage is very expensive. This is the case in Europe. If you want to produce one kilowatt hour of electricity, the country will give you the price of three kilowatt hours of electricity. China does not have it now. I think the policy will gradually change and civilian power generation will gradually develop. A few young people in the UK have developed wind power generation. They can just put a wind power generation unit in their house. Now that the technology has been purchased by RWE, it is now producing generators that can be installed in every home. And new energy is developing very fast in Germany.

Question: We often mention people-oriented. The most comfortable temperature for people is between 20 degrees and 23 degrees. From the building we just saw, including some so-called energy-saving buildings in China, I think zero energy Energy consumption cannot be realized, because from the current research on energy, one energy drives another energy. This technology requires some energy. I think zero energy is just a gimmick. How does this come about? understand?

Guo Xiaoping: When we are promoting technology and development issues, many developers will discuss them in terms of cost, implementability, and technology. This is not a problem. The key is whether we are willing to build an energy-saving building. In the current situation, China does not feel the energy crisis. We only feel the increase in automobile oil prices. Electricity increases every year in Europe. If our electricity increases again, our development will There will be an urgency, and energy-saving buildings will be needed. Speaking of technology just now, the air in Germany and Europe is cleaner than ours. There is no problem for them to open the windows. Our technology is very simple. If it is a double-glazed curtain wall, you can convert hot air into cold air through a conversion. Technology will complete everything, just like the current geothermal. The geothermal heat is taken out through a pump and the groundwater is converted. The groundwater may only be 20 or 30 degrees, but through conversion it will be the temperature you need. And our current Chinese craftsmanship has no problem being able to do things like Europe. However, due to time and cost issues, not every developer can build these buildings in Europe. RWE is a Fortune 500 company, Lufthansa Group is also a Fortune 500 company, and Audi is a very big company. China is developing, and I think it will be realized soon.

Question: We know that in China, Vanke is currently engaged in residential products, and there has been a relatively regular development. But in the public sector, such as office buildings, the actual productization is very, very low, almost non-existent.

For example, our project designer said that when building the lobby, we actually need to find a lot of corresponding information. There may be relatively little information from abroad. I would like to know more about it. For example, for the RWE Building, it The lobby, or the one you know is relatively highly productized, to what extent is it now? Can it be processed in the factory? Let me just talk about one thing: what is the situation in the lobby?

Guo Xiaoping: Our design is like this. After we won the bid, our company had such a system. There were 150 people at that time, and there was a product design department. This design department had eight product designers. We had Architects take the lead, and then they cooperate with us. During this period, we give the task to our product designers. After our product designers design, they then hand it over to the factory and Siemens to do it. So in Germany It’s very simple. As soon as we start making products, product designers join our team to do it. All construction of the RWE headquarters is processed in the workshop, and only on-site cement pouring is done. This problem cannot be solved in China. Yes, but this system has not yet been established. After the architectural design is completed, it is handed over to the interior design, and then the factory begins to make the ceiling.

Question: Can it be understood that companies like Siemens also have some standard models in German architectural design that can be referred to, so that the molds they actually produce have already been formed? A long-term cooperation?

Guo Xiaoping: Yes. Our product designers are different from us architects. Product designers pay more attention to the craftsmanship of products. They have a very good understanding of processes and processes. What they make can be directly produced, but we architects, in our development process, have to go through the development of glass curtain walls. The glass curtain wall company is a medium between architects and factories. After we design, through their development, They will tell us whether this can be done, but they will not take responsibility. The responsibility lies with the architect. If the build doesn't run, it's the architect's problem. Product designers in Germany are very mature, and for architects, not only architectural design, but also the entire product design has been developed. And it is a complete industrialized product design. I have prepared some furniture in a German design office, through their long-term partners, like Siemens, and then put it on the market. As an architect, I only get the design fee.

Question: Can things like lighting design be completed in the factory?

Guo Xiaoping: Yes. In the future, there may be two things: the developer selects matching products, or the design is processed in the factory.

Question: You mentioned a combination ceiling many times just now. What functions do most of these combination ceilings have?

Guo Xiaoping: Both systems, in our RWE building or the Lufthansa headquarters in Frankfurt, combine what is needed indoors, such as sprinklers, strong lights, and weak lights, and then these combined lights , will all be displayed on a display panel and controlled by our analog control panel. In our buildings, the fewer these collections, the better. We architects simplify these systems and then combine them on one panel for installation.

Question: For example, for sprinklers, it must have pipes. This combination ceiling is different from another combination ceiling because the pipes are different. This combination cannot be produced in a factory.

Guo Xiaoping: It is also produced in a factory. There is a unified design, and then product designers are assigned to complete it. There are no other problems.

Question: It’s that heating pipe.

Question: You don’t know much about the energy system, do you?

Guo Xiaoping: Yes. These two systems are like this, including building buildings. One architect is not enough. He has to cooperate with other engineers. If you want to make a simple building, Chinese architecture currently needs the ideas of architects. To make a good building, like Sujia For a special train station, or like the one in Munich, the energy company must help you realize it, and you must choose the corresponding product and buy a cooling roof from General Electric to install it.

But the most important thing is to have a systematic design.

Question: Teacher Guo, towards future architecture, future architecture is a bit too far away. I am more concerned about China's current architecture. Mr. Guo, can you give us your evaluation of China's current architecture? What problems does it have?

Guo Xiaoping: As an architect, China Architecture has made many excellent buildings, and I think many buildings in Beijing are a correct decision. For example, the Bird's Nest, Water Cube, and Opera House. This is definitely the right decision. As an architect, I am not a critic, so it is difficult to talk about these issues in depth.

Question: Because now there are some projects or buildings in China that use some high technology or some specific energy saving. What do you think of the current use of this energy-saving technology in Chinese buildings? What do you think? The double-glazed curtain wall you mentioned has also been used in some projects. Is there any technical difference between the double-glazed curtain wall they use and the double-glazed curtain wall you mentioned? The main design purpose is energy saving. What do you think of this energy-saving design? What do you think of these designs?

Guo Xiaoping: Fengshang is definitely doing very well, and it has done a good job in energy-saving buildings. At the current level of energy-saving buildings in China, some are relatively mature, but there are relatively few. In fact, energy-saving buildings in Europe have only been in the past few years, and the technology is not mature yet. The earliest energy-saving buildings started in 1995 and have been developed for more than ten years now. There are some architects, including many architects in Europe, who are not doing very well. The distance between us and Europe is not very big.