The origin of the surname Qi

1. Origin of the surname

The surname Qi (Qí Qi) has four origins:

1. From the surname Jiang, after Jiang Taigong, a descendant of Emperor Yan, The name of the country is Shi. According to "Tongzhi Clan Briefing" and "Yuanhe Surname Compilation", Taigong Wangziya, a descendant of Emperor Yan, was granted the title of Yingqiu and established the Qi State (the old city is in Linzi, Shandong Province today), and his descendants took the country as their surname. "Tongzhi. Clan Brief" records: "Tai Gong Wang was granted the title of Qi, and his descendants took the country as their clan." The ancestor of the Qi surname was Jiang Taigong Ziya, who was after Emperor Yan and originated from Yingqiu (now Linzi), Shandong Province. The story of Jiang Taigong's conferment of Qi is widely circulated. Mainly it is said that Siyue, a descendant of Emperor Yan, was granted a title in Lu State (in today's Nanyang, Henan Province) because of his meritorious service in assisting Dayu in controlling floods. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, a very talented man came out of the state of Lu. His surname was Jiang, his given name was Shang, and his given name was Ziya. He was called Lu Shang after the name of the country. At that time, several generations of monarchs in the Shang Dynasty were either faint or violent. Therefore, although Lu Shang was full of knowledge, he had no use for it. Lu Shang is over seventy and still looking for opportunities to show his talent. At this time, Jichang, the Western Bodhisattva in the surrounding area, was recruiting magi. Lu Shang heard the news and rushed there immediately. But he did not go to see Xibo Chang immediately. But he fished with a straight hook by the Ziquan River, a tributary of the Wei River, and murmured: "Short pole and straight line to guard Pan River. Who knows this mechanism? I only fish for the emperor and his ministers, how can I catch fish in the water?" Everyone who saw it was surprised. ridiculous. One day, Xi Bochang went out hunting and performed a divination, saying that he would get a talented person to help the country during this trip. After Xibochang heard about Lu Shang's fishing with a straight hook, he expected that he was not just an ordinary person, but a genius. So he bowed down and went to the shore of the Wei River to talk to him. After listening to Lu Shang's insightful remarks, Xi Bochang decided to ride in the same carriage with Lu Shang and drive the car with his own whip. He returned to the palace and was named a national advisor, known as "Tai Gongwang". Taigongwang came up with many good ideas for Xibo Chang, which greatly improved Zhou's strength and reputation. After the death of Xibo Chang, King Wu of Zhou respected Lu Shang as "Master Shangfu". He obeyed even more. With the assistance of Lu Shang, King Wu of Zhou finally overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong to carry out reforms. The country became powerful and became the overlord. In 567 BC, Duke Linggong of Qi destroyed the State of Cai. The territory of Qi State expanded to eastern Shandong, reaching the Yellow River in the west, the sea in the east, Mount Tai in the south, and Wudi River in the north, all belonging to Qi State. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Qi was in decline, and the monarchy was gradually replaced by the minister Tian. The descendants of the Jiang surname took the country as their surname and were called the Qi family.

2. It comes from the surname Ji, after Qi Zi, a great official of the Wei Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period, and took the surname of his ancestor as his surname. According to "Tongzhi Clan Briefing" and "Surname Research", after Qi Zi, the official of Wei in the Spring and Autumn Period, his name cannot be tested, and Qi Zi is his given name. His descendants took their grandfather's surname and became the Qi surname.

3. It comes from the surname, which was changed to Qi after Sima Qiguang of Xuancheng County in the Tang Dynasty. According to the "Compilation of Yuanhe Surnames", Sima Qiguang of Xuancheng County in the Tang Dynasty had an original surname of Qi, and his descendants changed their surname to Qi.

4. Coming from other clans who changed their surnames:

① According to the "Book of Jin" (the same below), the Di people in Wudu have Qi surnames.

② The surnames of the Eight Banners of Manchuria in the Qing Dynasty, such as Xitala and Qijia, were all changed to Qi.

③ In the Qing Dynasty, the people in Shigu, Zhongjiang and other places in Lijiang Prefecture in Yunnan always had the same surname, and they were the Naxi people.

④ Today, the Manchu, Hezhe, Mongolian and other ethnic groups all have Qi surnames.

The ancestor who got the surname: Jiang Taigong. His name was Shang, whose courtesy name was Ziya (some say Wang), because he was a native of Lu State in the late Shang Dynasty, and was also named Lu Shang, a descendant of Emperor Yan. He was a famous military strategist and politician in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty. He once fished on the shore of the Wei River and was hired as an auxiliary minister by King Wen of Zhou Dynasty. When King Wu conquered the Shang Dynasty, he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Shi clan (referred to as Shi). He was revered as Shi Shangfu, named Taigongwang, and also Taishi Shangfu. In the Battle of Muye, he made a contribution by annihilating the enemy and was the first founding hero of the Zhou Dynasty. When he became king, he was granted the title of Qi and built the capital Yingqiu. He was granted the privilege of conquering the five princes and nine uncles, and his status was higher than that of other feudal states. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, after the Tian family replaced Qi, the original Qi royal family took the country as their surname and called the Qi surname. They respected Taigong Jiang as the ancestor of the Qi surname.

2. Migration Distribution

As can be seen from the above, the Qi surname originated from the Qi State in the Zhou Dynasty. In 386 BC, King Zhou An was forced to recognize Tian He as the Marquis of Qi. At this point, the Jiangshan family of Qi State was replaced by the Tian family, and it was known in history that the Tian family replaced Qi. Because there was no large-scale bloody conflict between the Tian family and the Qi Dynasty, and it was a peaceful evolution, most of the descendants of the Qi family still stayed in Qi State.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, historical data show that the Qi surname began to spread to Henan, Hebei and other places. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Qi surname was distributed in more places in the north, and formed large settlements in Gaoyang County, Zhongshan County, Runan County and other places. After multiplication, the Qi surname gradually formed Gaoyang Junwang, Zhongshan Junwang, and Runan County. Nanjunwang. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to warlord disputes and the invasion of the Yi tribe, the Central Plains area was devastated. Because Gaoyang and Zhongshan counties were far away from the Central Plains, and Runan County was located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, the Qi surname in Runan, like other surnames in the Central Plains, suffered the effects of war. Chaos broke out, and the whole family had no choice but to flee. At this time, in the early Tang Dynasty, the Qi surname in Runan was almost wiped out, and it was inevitable to move to the south. I wanted to return to my hometown as soon as the war was over, but the war continued and peace was far away, so I had to settle down and let my descendants stay. foreign land. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the political clarity and social stability, the Qi surname in Gaoyang and Zhongshan counties was particularly prosperous, with flourishing branches and high officials. In the early stage, the Qi surname moved to Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places and also developed. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, because Zhao Gou was located in the south of the Yangtze River, the Qi surname was more widely distributed in the south. However, after the Qi surname in the north was ruled by foreigners, there were fewer wars, so the Qi surname still flourished in the north at this time. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Shanxi surname Qi was one of the surnames of the people who migrated to Hongdong Dahuai tree in the Ming Dynasty. They were relocated to Hebei, Henan, Beijing, Tianjin and other places today. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a small number of Qi people crossed the sea to Taiwan and then moved overseas. After the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty, many people with Qi surnames from Hebei, Henan, and Shandong entered Guandong. Today, the Qi surname is widely distributed across the country, especially in the three northeastern provinces and Hebei and Henan. The Qi surname in the above five provinces accounts for about 62% of the Han population in the country. Qi is the 134th surname in China today. It has a large population, accounting for about 0.1% of the country's Han population.

3. Historical celebrities

Qi Ying: Gaoyang, Yingzhou (now part of Hebei Province), minister of the Tang Dynasty. After becoming the top scholar in high school at the age of 22, he successively served as a supervisory censor, a member of the criminal department, a judge, and other positions. After being promoted to Tongzhongshu, he was demoted and died at the age of 48.

Qi Kang: A native of Yifeng, Dingzhou (now Anguo, Hebei Province), a minister of the Tang Dynasty. He served as a supervisory censor, an imperial censor, a household minister, a minister of the Cangbu department, and other middle-ranking officials. Later, he was worshiped by Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty as the assistant minister of Zhongshu and the subordinate of Tongzhongshu. As an official, he must strive for excellence and have no far-sightedness or broad strategy. .

Qi Tang: A native of Kuaiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), an official and scholar in the Song Dynasty. He studied hard when he was young, won the first prize in the palace examination, and became a member of the imperial family. There are "Xueyuan Elite" and "Shao Wei Collection".

Qi Tai: Minister in the early Ming Dynasty. Initially named De, he was given the name Tai. A native of Lishui (Lishui, Jiangsu Province) in the Ming Dynasty. In the seventeenth year of Hongwu's reign, he ranked first in the Yingtian Township Examination and became a Jinshi the following year. In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), he was promoted to the left minister of the Ministry of War. When Taizu was dying, he summoned Gu Ming to assist the emperor's grandson. Emperor Jianwen was established and ordered to participate in state affairs with Huang Zicheng. Soon after, the Minister of War of the Jin Dynasty proposed to cut down the vassal vassal. When the "Jingnan" army rose up, he asked the King of Yan to cut off his status, punished him for his crime, and advocated the attack on Yan. Later, Jianwen's army suffered repeated defeats, and Qi Tai and others were dismissed from office. They were summoned back by the emperor and demoted. When the capital was lost, Qitai traveled to other counties in an attempt to recover. He was held in charge of the capital and died unyielding, bringing disaster to the nine clans.

Qi Shen: A new savage from Henan Province and a general in the Qing Dynasty. He was promoted to admiral for his meritorious service in suppressing the White Lotus Sect, Tianli Sect, and Zhang Geer's rebellion. During the Opium War, when the British army attacked Zhenjiang, they were defeated and were dismissed from their posts.

Qi Wannian: A powerful commander of the Di people during the Western Jin Dynasty and the leader of the Di and Qiang people's uprising. In the sixth year of Yuankang (296), the Di and Qiang people in Guanzhong responded to Hao Duyuan's rebellion against the Jin Dynasty, promoted Qi Wannian as emperor, and supported hundreds of thousands of people who repeatedly defeated the Jin army. In the ninth year, he was defeated by the Western Jin army and captured.

Qi Jiruo: Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty. Lu Zhi took charge of the examination in Zhenyuan Dynasty. He tested Ming Shui Fu and Yugou Liu Shi. He was on the same list as Han Yu, Ouyang Zhan, Jia Ji, Chen Yu and others. "They are all great men in the world, and they are called the Dragon and Tiger List."

Qi Tianjue: A scholar in the Song Dynasty, named Xinfu, a native of Qingyang. He came from a poor family and loved to study. When he was tired, he would lie down on a table and had not slept for thirty years. He is proficient in all the classics and history. He once served as the magistrate of Tianfu in Wenzhou, and later moved to Xiangyang and Xuancheng counties, and then changed to Ganzhou's civil magistrate.

Qi Dezhi: Yuan Dynasty, medical scientist. He once served as a doctor of medicine and served as the chief surgeon of the Royal Pharmacy Hospital.

Combining his many years of clinical experience in the diagnosis and treatment of surgical sores, he compiled three volumes of "The Essence of Surgery", which was highly praised by later generations of doctors.

Qi Zhaonan: a native of Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, a minister and scholar in the Qing Dynasty. In the first year of Qianlong's reign, he was promoted to Bo Xue Hong Ci, and was promoted to Minister of Rites. He is familiar with the three rituals and is especially good at geography. Together with his brother Qi Zhouhua, they are collectively known as Tiantai Erqi. His younger brother Qi Shinan also passed the Jinshi level and can be said to be a scholar. There are "Outline of Water Courses", "Chronology of Emperors of Past Dynasties", etc.

Qi Zhouhua: a native of Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, a traveler in the Qing Dynasty. It’s a good trip, and my footprints are all over the world. In order to protect Lu Liuliang, he was punished (commonly known as being quartered by five horses). There are "Five Mountains Tour" and so on.

Qi Yanhuai: courtesy name Mengshu, nickname Meilu, a native of Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province, an official and scholar in the Qing Dynasty. Jiaqing Jinshi, once served as the magistrate of Jingui County, Jiangsu Province. He had great achievements in governance and was replaced by the magistrate. He is well-known for his poetry and calligraphy, and has a fine appreciation of poetry. There are "Meilu Liancun" and so on.

Qi Chengyan: A native of Tianjin, directly under the Central Government, a minister of the Qing Dynasty. Daoguang Juren was first in charge of the Ministry of Punishment. He worked in the Ministry of Punishment for many years and was known for his diligence and prudence. In the fourth year of Tongzhi, he became the Minister of the Ministry of Punishment.

Qi Xieyuan: A native of Ninghe (now part of Tianjin City), Zhili Province, and a direct warlord of the Beiyang faction. He once served as the governor of Jiangsu and other positions. During the Anti-Japanese War, he became a traitor and served as the commander-in-chief of the Appeasement Army. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he was shot by the Kuomintang government.

Qi Rushan: a native of Gaoyang, Zhili (now Hebei Province). Also known as Zong Kang (1875-1962). In his early years, he entered the Chinese Language Museum in Beijing to study German and French. Later he ran a business. He traveled to Europe three times. After the Revolution of 1911, he devoted himself to the collection, compilation and research of operas, and taught at Peking Women's College of Arts and Sciences. In 1931, he participated in the organization of the Peking Chinese Drama Society, and later established the Chinese Drama Publicity and Research Institute, edited and published the "Drama Series" and "Chinese Drama Pictorial", and devoted himself to the research of Beijing folk customs. Go to Taiwan after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Died of illness in Taiwan. When he was in mainland China, he worked with Mei Lanfang for many years and was the stage writer and director of Mei Opera. He is a Peking Opera theorist and dramatist.

Qi Baishi: a native of Xiangtan, Hunan, a famous painter. He worked as a carpenter in his early years, and later settled in Beijing, where he specialized in selling paintings and engravings. He was good at painting flowers, birds, insects, and fish, as well as landscapes and figures. I first learned from the Zhejiang School of seal cutting, and later adopted the chiseled seal method of the Han Dynasty. After liberation, he was awarded the title of People's Artist. He once served as chairman of the Chinese Artists Association. Died in 1957 at the age of 94.

4. Junwangtang No.

1. Junwang

Runan County: Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty established the county, and its administrative seat was Shangcai (now northwest of Shangcai, Henan Province) ). The jurisdiction is equivalent to the area south of central Henan Province and north of the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. The Eastern Jin Dynasty governed Xuanhu City, which is now Runan. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Runan County was Caizhou (formerly named Yuzhou).

Gaoyang County: Gaoyang City during the Warring States Period. Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty established Gaoyang County and governed Gaoyang (the area east of today's Gaoyang County, Hebei Province). The Jin Dynasty once established the Gaoyang Kingdom and governed Bolu (south of today's Li County). The Northern Wei Dynasty established Gaoyang County in Qingzhou and still governed Gaoyang. Sui waste.

Zhongshan County: During the Warring States Period, it was the Zhongshan Kingdom, with Gu (now Ding County, Hebei Province) as its capital. Later, he was destroyed by Zhao State. Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty established Zhongshan County, which is equivalent to the northern part of Hebei Province today. It was once destroyed by Wei, and after the restoration of the country, it moved to Lingshou (now northeast of Pingshan). It was destroyed by Zhao in 296 BC.

2. Hall name

Jian Litang: In the early Zhou Dynasty, Jiang Taigong was granted the title of Qi State. Five months later, Ziya came to the court to report on his work. Prime Minister Zhou Gong asked him: "Is your country ready so soon?" Ziya replied: "I simplify the monarch and his ministers, and treat them according to the customs." This means simplifying the interactions between the monarch and his ministers, and following the customs in all etiquette. After hearing the praise, Duke Zhou said: "If the implementation of policies and laws is too cumbersome, the people will not dare to approach you; only if you are approachable can the people sincerely support you." "

In addition, the main hall names of the Qi surname include: "Runan Hall", "Yuzhi Hall", "Zhongshan Hall", "Baolun Hall", "Gaoyang Hall", "Ciyan Hall" Etc.

5. Clan Characteristics

1. The surname Qi is a typical northern surname, which originated in the north and flourished in the north.

2. The surname was particularly popular in the Tang Dynasty. During this period, there were two prime ministers with the surname Qi, namely Qi Ying and Qi Kang, both of whom came from a family of officials. Fengren, a good footnote for Qi's surname Gaoyang and Zhongshan Jun Wang.

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Universal couplets for Qi ancestral halls

〖Four-character universal couplets for Qi ancestral halls〗

The name mark is dragon and tiger;

Identify the unicorn.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall of the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

The first couplet refers to Qi Jiruo, a man from the Tang Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period, he was ranked as a Jinshi along with Han Yu, Ouyang Zhan, Jia Ling, Chen Yu and others. , people think they are all outstanding people in the world, known as the "Dragon and Tiger List". Xia Lian Dian refers to a native of Qitang in Kuaiji in the Northern Song Dynasty, named Zuzhi. When he was young, his family was poor and he studied hard. At that time, Jiaozhi presented a "Qilin", but no one in the court could recognize it. Qi and Tang cited scriptures and believed that it was not a Qilin. Everyone admired him for his profound knowledge. Later he became an official and became a member of the imperial family. He is the author of "Xueyuan Elite" and "Shaowei Collection" (he once lived in a cottage in Shaowei Mountain).

Essays and textual research;

Poetry is coquettish.

——An anonymous couplet for the ancestral hall of Qi surname

The Shangliandian refers to Qi Zhaonan, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, named Cifeng, named Qiongtai, and named Xiyuan in his later years. He was a native of Tiantai, Zhejiang Province. In the early years of Qianlong's reign, he was appointed as a reviewer and promoted to the right minister of the Ministry of Rites. Participated in the compilation of classics and historical textual research, and wrote the Textual Textual Research on the Book of Rites and Textual Research on the Former Han Dynasty, etc.; especially good at geography, he participated in the compilation of the Unification Chronicles of the Qing Dynasty, wrote 28 volumes of "Outline of Waterways", and authored "Baolun Changwen Chao·Shi Chao". Xia Lian Dian refers to Qi Ji, a poet monk in the Tang Dynasty. His surname was Hu and his given name was Desheng. He was a native of Yiyang, Tanzhou. He liked Buddhism when he was young. He once lived in Longxing Temple in Jiangling and called himself Hengyue Samana. He is good at reciting poems, and sang with the poet Zheng Guduo. His style is clear and smooth, and his language is simple. He has ten volumes of "White Lotus Collection" and one volume of poetry theory "Fengshao Zhige".

Runan Shize;

Tai Gong’s family reputation.

——The Anonymous Compilation of the Qi Ancestral Ancestral Hall

The Quanlian Dian refers to the fact that Grand Duke Lu Shang was granted the title of Qi, and his descendants took the country as their surname.

Jiliu Zhao clan;

The East China Sea was sealed continuously.

——The Anonymous Compilation of Qi’s Ancestral Halls

The Quanliandian refers to the Jiruo Shidian of Qi in the Tang Dynasty.

Junjie in class;

Elite scholar.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall with the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

The first couplet refers to Qi Jiruo of the Tang Dynasty. The lower couplet refers to the Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

Nv Jiang sent chants;

Qi E was good at praising.

——An anonymous couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Qi

The first couplet refers to the surname given to women in ancient times. The Qi State of the Zhou Dynasty had the surname Jiang, so the daughter of the Marquis of Qi was also called "Qi Jiang" ". Xia Lian Dian talks to himself about Chu Luji's poem. Han E came to Qi from the east and was short of food. She sold songs to beg for food. After leaving, the lingering sound lingered for three days.

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〖Five-character Universal Couplet of Qi Ancestral Hall〗

The flower in the lotus is better ;

The moon is always new in the clouds.

——Anonymous couplet for the ancestral hall of the surname Qi.

This couplet is a couplet of poems by Qi Hao, a poet from the Tang Dynasty.

It is difficult to write without thinking twice;

One thing can make you famous.

——Qi Baishi wrote a universal couplet for the ancestral hall of the surname Qi

This couplet is self-inscribed by the famous calligrapher and painter Qi Baishi. Qi Baishi, whose original name was Chunzhi and whose courtesy name was Weiqing, was later changed to Huang, whose given name was Binsheng and whose nickname was Baishi. A native of Xiangtan, Hunan. In 1953, he was awarded the title of People's Artist.

The famous dragon and tiger list;

Knowing the Qilin sign.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall of the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

The first couplet refers to Qi Jiruo, a Jinshi of the Tang Dynasty. Zhenyuan Zhong is on the same list as Han Yu, Ouyang Zhan, Jia Ling, and Chen Yu. "They are all great men in the world, and they are called Youhu Bang." Xia Lian Dian refers to the Tang Dynasty official Wai Lang Qi Tang, who was the first Tiansheng Jinshi. The address was transferred to Qilin, which is not the case according to historical records of the Tang Dynasty. Everyone obeys his knowledge.

Talk generously about world affairs;

Zhuo Nao reads books.

——Qi Yanhuai wrote a universal couplet for the ancestral hall of the Qi surname

This couplet was self-inscribed by Qi Yanhuai, a Jinshi of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty. Qi Yanhuai, whose courtesy name is Mengshu, also known as Meilu and Yinsan, was born in Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province. He served successively as magistrate of Jinkui County in Jiangsu Province and had great achievements in governance. He was supplemented by the magistrate. Later he resigned from office and settled in Jingxi. He is well-known for his poetry and calligraphy, and has a fine collection. There are "Meilu Liancun" and so on.

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〖Six-character Universal Couplet of Qi Ancestral Hall〗

The majestic wind is far away;

The harmonious clans are closely linked together.

——A general couplet of the ancestral hall of the Qi family written by an anonymous person

This couplet is the couplet of the ancestral hall of the Qi family.

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〖Qi Ancestral Hall Seven-character Universal Couplet〗

Zhou Huafang traveled all over the world;

Xinfu’s medical reputation is spread all over the world.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall of the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

The upper couplet refers to Qi Zhouhua, a traveler in the Qing Dynasty, and all the students of Yongzheng. It’s a good trip, and my footprints are all over the world. He was punished for protecting Lu Liuliang. There are "Five Mountains Tour" and so on. Xia Lian Dian refers to Qi Tianjue, a scholar from the Song Dynasty and a judge from Ganzhou. His family was poor and he loved reading. When he was tired, he would lie down on a table and had not slept for thirty years. He is proficient in all the classics and history. He once served as the magistrate of Tianfu in Wenzhou, and later moved to Xiangyang and Xuancheng counties, and then changed to Ganzhou's civil magistrate.

The ivy opens a new path to the sun;

The old fou craftsman has a legacy.

——Zhang Xiruo wrote a universal couplet for the ancestral hall of Qi surname

This couplet is Zhang Xiruo’s couplet with Qi Baishi.

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〖A general couplet of more than seven words for the ancestral hall of Qi surname〗

The East China Sea was sealed continuously. Jiliu Zhaoshi;

Ban Lianjunwei, learned from the elite.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall with the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

The first couplet refers to Qi Jiruo of the Tang Dynasty. The lower couplet refers to the Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

Husbands do not dare to ancestors of princes, show off the majesty of the sea, and do not ask about the distant Huazhou;

Passengers are originally one, respecting the clan and harmonious clan, and should think about the close ties of the branches.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall with the surname Qi written by an anonymous person

This couplet is the couplet of the ancestral hall with the surname Qi.

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Appendix: Allusions and interesting facts about the surname Qi

〖Master of Chinese Painting——Qi Baishi〗

Qi Baishi (1863-1957), a modern and modern Chinese painter and seal carver. The original name was Chunzhi, the later name was Huang, the courtesy name was Weiqing, also the courtesy name was Lanting, and the nickname was Binsheng, also known as Baishishanren, Jiyuan, Jiping, Master of Jipingtang, Laoping, Pingweng, Jihuanxiannu, Azhi , Mu Jushi, Lao Muyi, the rich man with three hundred stone seals, the old man of Xingziwu, the owner of the borrowing mountain chanting hall, the borrowing mountain man, the descendant of the old house in Xingtang, the old farmer in Xiangshang, etc.

He was born on November 22, 1863 (the second year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty) in Xingdoutang, Xingziwu, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province. His father, Jiang Zhenggong, and his mother, Zhou, were both engaged in farming. Qi Baishi studied with his grandfather Zhou Yuruo when he was 8 years old. A year later, he dropped out of school due to family poverty and spent time at home herding cattle and cutting firewood. He likes to draw, and often uses calligraphy to describe people, flowers and animals on red paper. After the age of 15, he studied carpentry under his fellow villagers Qi Xianyou and Zhou Zhimei. He started with rough wood work and later became joiner. He was good at carving and was well-known in the countryside. When he was 21 years old, he got "The Biography of Mustard Seed Garden Painting" and sketched under a pine oil lamp. He first understood the painting theory and painting techniques. In addition to carving work, he painted statues of gods for customers, such as the Jade Emperor, Laojun, the God of Wealth, and the Fire God. God, Kitchen King, Dragon King, etc. In 1888, he became a disciple of Xiao Chuanxin, a painter who was a paper maker in Xiangtan, and studied portraits. Later, Xiao introduced him to another portrait artist, Wen Shaoke, and received his advice.

The next year, he became a teacher of famous Xiangtan celebrities Hu Zizhuo and Chen Zuoxun. He learned to paint meticulous flowers, birds, grass and insects from Hu Zizhuo, and learned poetry from Chen Zuoxun. From then on, he maintained his livelihood with portraits, painted naves, tent canopies, sleeves, and shoe patterns for women's families. He stopped working as a carpenter and became a professional painter. From 1890 to 1901, Qi Baishi made a living by selling paintings, and studied Tang poetry, "Mencius" and Ming and Qing novels such as "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio". When he was 70 years old, he once wrote a poem called "The Past Reveals to Children": "The village book has no corners and the fate is late. In the 27th year, Hua began to have a teacher. What's the harm if there is no oil in the lamp? I will burn a pine fire to read Tang poetry." During this period, in addition to portraits, he also painted landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, grass and insects, especially ladies, and was known as Qimei Ren. In 1894, Qi Baishi organized the Longshan Poetry Society with his fellow villagers Wang Zhongyan, Luo Zhenwu, Luo Xingwu, Chen Fugen, Tan Ziquan, and Hu Lisan. Because he was the oldest, he was elected as the president. They often gathered together to write poems, and they were known as the "Seven Sons of Longshan". His poems are not good at using allusions and rhythm, but are naturally successful in expressing temperament and singing. At the same time, he studied calligraphy with Hu Zizhuo and others, focusing on He Shaoji, and also wrote Zhongding seal script. In 1896, he began to learn seal cutting again, starting with Ding Longhong and Huang Xiaosong. He and Li Song'an were the earliest seal friends, and they often stayed in the guest room of Li's house to grind stones, catch knives, and learn seal skills. In 1899, Zhang Zhongyang introduced him to Wang Xiangqi, a famous poet in Xiangtan, as his teacher. In 1900, he used the money he earned from selling paintings to live in Mei Gong Temple near Xingdou Pond and built a new study room named Jiushan Yin Hall. In this year alone, he wrote several poems in Jiushan Yin Hall. Hundreds of songs. This was the transition period between the two centuries. Qi Baishi's poetry, painting and seal cutting gradually became famous, and he gradually transformed from a carver, carpenter and folk painter into an artist with the training of a scholar-official.

In 1902, Qi Baishi ended the days when he only wanted to "serve his elderly relatives and raise his wife" and "did not think about traveling far away", and began a life of traveling "five outings and five returns". In October, at the invitation of fellow villager Xia Wu, I went to Xi'an and painted landscapes all the way. Among them, "Looking at the Sun in Dongting" and "Snowstorm in Baqiao" were included in the "Borrowing Mountains and Songs Pavilion Picture Scroll". After staying in Xi'an for three months, I went to Beijing with Xia Wuyi and visited Huayin and Hongnong Streams on the way. In Xi'an, I met Fan Fanshan, a famous poet in Shaanxi Province. Fan was willing to recommend Qi Baishi to the Empress Dowager Cixi as a minister in the inner court, and Xia Wuyi offered to donate a county magistrate to him, but he declined both. At the turn of the spring and summer of 1903, he returned home via Tianjin, Shanghai and Hankou. From spring to autumn of the next year, I traveled with Wang Xiangqi and Zhang Zhongyang to Nanchang, Jiujiang, and Lushan. In July 1905, Wang Songnian, the academic envoy of Guangxi, invited him to visit Guilin. In the spring of the following year, he went to Qinzhou, Guangdong, and stayed at the home of Guo Baosheng, a fellow villager. In 1907, at the invitation of Guo Baosheng, he went to Qinzhou, Guangdong again, to teach Mrs. Guo how to paint and to write for Guo. He visited Zhaoqing, Duanxi and Dongxing successively, and made "Passengers in the Green Sky" (included in "Borrowing Mountains"), and returned to Xiangtan at the end of the year. In 1908, his poet friend Luo Xingwu invited him to Guangzhou, where he still made a living selling paintings and engravings. Luo Xingwu was a revolutionary in the Tongmenghui, and Qi Baishi once delivered secret documents to him. He returned home in the autumn of that year, then went to Guangzhou and Qinzhou in late winter, and returned home via Hong Kong, Shanghai, Suzhou and Nanjing in the summer of the following year. Seven years of traveling greatly broadened Qi Baishi's horizons, enriched his visual and inner world, saw many traditional famous paintings, and met many celebrities and artists. He gradually turned from fine brushwork to freehand brushwork, his calligraphy also changed from writing He Shaoji to "Cuan Longyan Stele", and his engraving also changed from studying Ding Longhong and Huang Xiaosong to imitating Zhao Zhiqian. As he summarized in his autobiography, traveling to distant places became “a major pivot in changing his style.”

In 1910, Qi Baishi redrawn the landscape paintings he had obtained during his travels and compiled them into "Borrowing Mountains", with a total of 52 paintings, and later painted them into "Twenty-Four Scenes of Shimen" . Until 1916, he lived at home, trying to live a peaceful life and sell paintings. However, due to years of military turmoil, Qi Baishi went to Beijing at Fan Fanshan's invitation and made a living selling paintings. From then on, he became friends with Beijing painters such as Chen Shizeng, Ling Wenyuan, Wang Mengbai, Chen Banding, Yao Mangfu, Lin Shu, Lin Fengmian, He Luzhi, Hu Peiheng, etc. Among them, he was especially close to Chen Shizeng. At that time, Qi Baishi's paintings were similar to those of Zhu Da and Leng Yi, and were not welcomed by the people of Beijing. Chen Shizeng advised him to come up with new ideas, so Qi Baishi began the "decline reform".

In 1922, Master Chen went to Japan and brought Qi Baishi's works to an exhibition for sale. This was the first time that Qi Baishi was introduced abroad. In 1927, the principal of Peking Art College invited Qi Baishi to be a professor of Chinese painting. The following year, "The Poems of Borrowing the Mountain to Recite the Pavilion" was published. In 1933, "White Stone Poems" was printed, and all the poems selected in the book were poems that had not been selected in "Jiushan Yinkan Poems". By this year, he had made rubbings three times, and in 1934 he began to call himself the "Three Hundred Stone Seal Rich Man". In 1936, he traveled to Chongqing, Neijiang, Chengdu, Qingcheng, and Emei in Sichuan, and met Huang Binhong and Jin Songcen, who had not met each other for many years. After settling in Beijing, Qi Baishi became famous for his paintings of flowers, grass and insects, and rarely painted landscapes. Whenever you do something, you should repeatedly think about it and not fall behind the stereotypes of your predecessors. In 1932, in gratitude to the famous writers for writing inscriptions for "White Stone Poems", he successively painted "Lecture Pictures in the Lotus Pond", "Jiangshan Wanli Tower Pictures", "Ming Deng Night Rain Tower Pictures", "Poetry Talk Pictures in Liaodong Chant Hall", etc. It is a deliberate work.

After the "July 7" Incident in 1937, Qi Baishi resigned from all teaching positions and stayed at home. The following year, he painted "The Collection of Chao Lan Lou". In 1939, in order to resist the entanglement of the Japanese and puppet leaders for the paintings, a note was posted on the door: "Old man Shiraishi is suffering from heart disease again and will stop seeing guests." The price of the painting is strictly prohibited, and eating in restaurants and taking photos are prohibited." "Those who translate with outsiders will not be compensated." In 1944, he stopped selling paintings and wrote the poem "If you live a long life, you will be ashamed to be a thief; if you are not ugly, you will be a hungry glutton in Chang'an", expressing that you would rather starve than flatter evil people and ugly people. This year he wrote many poems expressing his anger at the country's subjugation. For example, "Inscribed on Hu Leng'an (Hu Peiheng) Landscape Scroll": "I feel so sorry for Junsi when I broke through the Jinou Kingdom. I shed tears again and again to see it under the lamp. There is no such whole mountain and river in China."; "Inscribed on the Picture of Rats": "A group of rats. There are so many rats! They are gnawing at my fruits and peeling off my millet. The sky is almost dawning, and the winter has already begun." In March 1945, the book "Self-Elegy Couplet" said: "There is a world." The title of the painting is, "He Ruo is a loyal minister and a filial son; there is no evil in the world, and he is not afraid of a horse's face and an ox's head." In 1946, Qi Baishi's painting exhibition was held in Nanjing and Shanghai. In 1951, he participated in the Charity Art Exhibition of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea. Draw a dove of peace with the inscription "May everyone in the world be like this bird". The following year, he was appointed as an honorary professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. He painted "Hundred Flowers and Doves of Peace" as a gift to the Asia and Pacific Regional Peace Conference. In the same year, he was elected as a member of the Bureau of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. On January 7, 1953, Qi Baishi's 90th birthday, the Ministry of Culture awarded him the "People's Artist" honorary certificate. In the same year, Xu Beihong passed away, and Qi Baishi was elected as the chairman of the Chinese Artists Association after Xu Beihong. Composed "The Sound of Frogs Ten Miles Out of a Mountain Spring" for Lao She. In 1953, he was elected chairman of the Beijing Chinese Painting Research Association. The following year, Qi Baishi's painting exhibition was held in Beijing and he was elected as a representative of the 1st National People's Congress. In 1955, he was awarded the honorary certificate of Corresponding Academician of the German Democratic Republic and the Chinese Academy of Arts and Sciences. Together with 14 other painters including Chen Banding and Yu Feiyu, he collectively created the giant "Ode to Peace" and dedicated it to the World Peace Conference held in Helsinki, Finland. In 1956, he won the 1955 International Peace Prize issued by the World Peace Council. Zhou Enlai, Guo Moruo, and Mao Dun attended the award ceremony. In 1957, he served as the honorary president of the Beijing Chinese Painting Academy (see Beijing Painting Academy). He died in Beijing on September 16 of the same year.

Qi Baishi’s artistic achievements and writings can be divided into 5 stages:

① Before the age of 27, he was a folk carving artist and was influenced by folk art and folk aesthetic concepts;

② 27-40 years old, while engaging in folk portraits and folk crafts, they also comprehensively study literati painting and improve their cultivation in poetry, calligraphy, painting, and printing;

③ 40- Around the age of 50, he traveled to various places as a literary artist, extensively observed, observed and made friends with people from all walks of life. His painting style gradually changed from meticulous brushwork to freehand brushwork;

④ 55-65 years old, settled in Beijing and accepted the advice of Chen Shizeng , the stage of painstaking "decline and reform";

⑤ 65-94 years old is the peak period of painting creation, and art has reached its peak.

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〖Qi Baishi quits smoking〗

Qi Baishi, a master of traditional Chinese painting, learned to smoke hookah when he was learning to carve flowers and trees from his master. After training, Qi Baishi practiced hard and mastered poetry, calligraphy and painting, and was admired by many. Come to make friends. The most famous among them are Li Dexun, Luo Xingwu, Wang Zhongyan, etc. These young people established the "Luoshan Poetry Club" for their academic progress, and Qi Baishi was elected as the president. Qi Baishi said: "Since it is a poetry club, we must establish several articles of association." Everyone suggested not to gamble, not to talk about women, and not to indulge in addiction. Tobacco and alcohol. Amidst the roar of approval, Qi Baishi remained silent. Luo Xingwu asked: "Brother Qi has always been a role model for us, why don't you say anything?" Qi Baishi just smiled and didn't answer. He found it difficult to accept the fact that he was not addicted to smoking. Not only was he addicted to smoking, but he also had an elegant pipe. He carried a cigarette case made of buffalo horn with him every day, and engraved an exquisite picture of "Taibai Drunk" on the case, which he regarded as a portable treasure. When everyone sees the reason, they won’t force it.

Once, Li Dexun proposed a trip to Luowang Mountain, and everyone responded. Everyone was sitting facing the water, and Wang Zhongyan said: "Excuse me, friends, what is the favorite thing of Sage Kong?..." Luo Xingwu smiled and said: "Of course he likes listening to music..." Li Dexun hurriedly continued: "No, No, I guess you’re still smoking?” The crowd burst into laughter. Li Dexun continued: "Please don't laugh. Last year I went to Wang Xiucai's house to pay New Year's greetings. There was a couplet posted next to the Confucius tablet in his mansion, which was called 'If the pen and ink are not good, smoke and tea are used to treat guests.' It is said that Most of the people who asked him to write books were willing to smoke, so the sentence "to treat guests with tobacco and tea" meant that Wang Xiucai was known as a disciple of Confucius, so he must have been a smoker. He is also a smoker." Before Li De finished asking, Qi Baishi's face turned red. He was embarrassed and said: "Brother De Xun, to be honest, I also like to smoke a few pipes of hookah when I write poetry. If you sincerely advise me, then I decided to quit smoking, so after saying that, I took out the exquisite cigarette case from my pocket, threw it towards the stream from a distance, and casually recited two sentences: "Smoke goes up from the water, and poetry goes to the belly." "From then on, Qi Baishi never smoked again.

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〖Qi Baishi’s great achievements〗

In February 1958, "Art" magazine published a correspondence article by a reporter from the magazine, reporting on the "Exhibition of Qi Baishi's Posthumous Works". The article said: "You can never tire of reading good paintings. The exhibition of Qi Baishi's posthumous works has been postponed several times, but the audience still remains." There is an endless stream of people; the symposium on the study of Baishi's art convened by the Chinese Artists Association has been held three times, and the interest of the participants is strong, and it will continue.

Qi Baishi was born among the working people and spent his whole life. Maintaining the excellent quality and style of the working people, his noble personality has an excellent influence on creation. The speaker believes that because the old man is an artist of the working people, whether he is "bringing life to a hundred birds or portraying all insects", His artistic youth has not faded due to his age, and he still has fresh and poetic artistic ideas when he is nearly a hundred years old. /p>

The artists who participated in the symposium also believed that Qi Baishi insisted on the path of realism throughout his life that art reflects life and that art should be loved by the masses. He humbly learned from the strengths of outstanding Chinese artists of all ages, but never imitated them. Following the tradition; he used the word "Shi" to satirize the shame of falling into the trap of others, and asked to boldly break through the predecessors, "I paint myself." He believed that the source of art is life, but artistic expression is higher than life. "The beauty of painting lies in similarity and dissimilarity." We must oppose rigid naturalism and formalism that does not seek spiritual resemblance. This kind of innovative spirit is something that our predecessors did not have. Many ordinary objects become alive and vivid in his paintings. An intriguing artistic image.

Wherever the brush passes, both form and spirit are present, and the brushwork and ink interest have reached the highest level.

Old man Baishi, who has practiced art for nearly 70 years, has proven that Chinese painting can reflect real life. Participants believed that this has important and practical significance for today's traditional Chinese painting creation. The old man’s lifelong creative practice has solved many regular problems in Chinese painting, such as the relationship between accepting inheritance and creating.