Song dynasty porcelain kiln site Song dynasty kiln building site

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Five famous kilns of China in Song Dynasty

1. Five famous kilns of China in Song Dynasty:

Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln.

2. Introduction

Ru kiln

When it comes to Ru kiln, many people will think of azure glaze, such as azure glaze in the sky after rain, which is the most intuitive feature of Ru kiln.

In addition, there are often small open pieces on the glaze of Ru kiln porcelain, which are called "roe pattern" or "crab claw pattern". The only one that hasn't been opened is the narcissus basin collected in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, China.

The lotus-style warm bowl in Ruyao has a small opening on it, which clearly shows

the two characteristics of opening and azure glaze, which are familiar to most people. However, there are two "hidden characteristics" of the mysterious Ru kiln artifacts, which need to be closely contacted before they can be understood.

The first hidden feature can be summed up in a word in the appraisal field: "Sesame Zhi Ding glaze is satisfied".

Porcelain plates unearthed from Ruyao site in Qingliang Temple

When making Ruyao porcelain, the workers decided to glaze the bottom as much as possible in order to improve its face value, but the glazed porcelain at the bottom could not be directly burned in the kiln or sagger. If you put it directly into the kiln and sagger and burn it, the utensils, kiln bottom and sagger will stand the test of fire and stick together.

Therefore, before firing, the kiln union of Ruyao propped up the bottom of porcelain with tiny Zhi Ding to prevent it from contacting with sagger or kiln, glazed all around Zhi Ding, and knocked out Zhi Ding after firing. In this way, the bottom of porcelain will leave a broken mark the size of rice grains or sesame seeds.

There are five tiny Zhi Ding marks on the bottom of the paper mallet bottle in the Imperial Palace in Taipei.

The characteristics of sesame nails are common in Ru kiln artifacts handed down from generation to generation. Among the artifacts unearthed in the kiln site, there are not only porcelain burned with sesame nails, but also porcelain burned by the old methods, such as padding cakes or rubbing a clay bar, and there are quite a few utensils fired by the old methods.

Unearthed at the site of Qingliang Temple

If the above features are all about the external beauty of Ru kiln, then the last hidden feature "xianghuitai" reflects its internal beauty.

The matrix of Ruyao porcelain is grayish white. Although the color depth of different utensils tires is different, the color tone is similar to the burnt incense ash. If you look at it in the light, the carcass will show a little pink. The tire color and glaze color set off each other, adding more elegant and graceful beauty.

Ru kiln paper hammer bottle

Official kiln

Among the five famous kilns, the official kiln refers to the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln. There are two kiln sites, namely, Wugui Mountain at the southern foot of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou and Tiger Cave in the south of Wansong Mountain in Hangzhou. Some scholars believe that they are the official kilns in the suburbs of Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the official kilns in Xiuneisi.

Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Museum, located at the foot of Wugui Mountain south of Yuhuang Mountain in Hangzhou, is located in the museum area.

After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial rooms of Zhao and Song Dynasties in Nandu continued their pursuit of high-quality porcelain in Lin 'an, and the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln came into being. In terms of glaze color, many porcelains of official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty imitate Ru kilns, showing sky blue or powder blue similar to sky blue.

The official kiln bottle is collected in the Palace Museum

At the same time, there are also many utensils with beige, putty and other colors, and they have large open pieces, which are very different from the fine open pieces of Ru kiln.

The official kiln melon-edged straight-mouth bottle, and the Palace Museum

The biggest feature of the official kiln wares is four words: purple mouth and iron foot. The color of the foot of the utensil is very deep, like iron, and it often shows faint purple at the mouth edge.

The foot part of the round washing of the official kiln in the Palace Museum

The mouth edge part of the same official kiln round washing

The reason is that the raw tire soil of the official kiln porcelain has a very high iron content. During the cooling process after firing, there is no completely glazed foot part, and the iron element in the bare carcass is gradually oxidized, making the carcass dark. On the other hand, the edge of the mouth, edges and corners of the utensils are thin, like adding a layer of beauty filter to the dark carcass, which looks purple from the outside, showing the effect of "purple mouth and iron foot".

Ge Kiln

Ge Kiln is one of the most famous kilns in the history of China ceramics, and it is also one of the kilns with the most unresolved problems, which has always attracted much attention. Although Ge Kiln ranks among the "Five Famous Kilns in Song Dynasty", there is no record of it in the literature of Song Dynasty. Although the documents of Yuan and Ming dynasties mentioned Geyao, they were either vague or not completely credible.

Geyao gallbladder bottle is in the Palace Museum

Moreover, there are no typical Geyao porcelain handed down from ancient times in the tombs and cellars of the Song Dynasty. The mystery of Ge Kiln may be second only to the Chai Kiln mentioned at the beginning of the article.

Mystery returns to mystery. People still extract some characteristics from the artifacts handed down from Ge Kiln. Generally speaking, its carcass color is very dark, and it has the characteristics of "purple mouth and iron foot" like official kiln porcelain; Glaze colors are beige, pink, and so on; Glaze luster is warm, like ghee.

Geyao green glazed fish-ear stove, the objects in the Palace Museum

are often covered with open pieces, and some of them are finely cut, which are called "a hundred pieces of garbage" and "roe patterns"; There are also utensils with different thicknesses, the thick ones are black, and the thin ones are golden yellow. They are called "golden wire", also known as "wenwu film", which is a characteristic of Ge kiln.

in the part of the stringed bottle of Ge Kiln in the Palace Museum, the opening of gold wire is very obvious.

Jun Kiln

The kiln site of Jun Kiln is located in Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Although it also belongs to celadon system, compared with other celadon kilns, the glaze color of Jun kiln is simply colorful, lively and lovely.

Jun kilns were drum washed in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the porcelain of Jun kilns was kept in Shanghai Museum for a long time. It was fired in the Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. There are many shades of glaze, such as sky blue, moonlight white, purple red and so on, with purple red glaze being the most unique. Even on the same object, the glaze color and shade in different positions are different, and it has the reputation of "the sunset is purple and green".

Plum vase with white glaze in Jun kiln,

Kwai mouth plate in Jin Dynasty Jun kiln in the Palace Museum, and

How did the wonderful purple-red glaze color come into being? As we all know, red+blue = purple. Similarly, the purple color on Jun kiln ware is also the result of the fusion of red glaze and blue glaze. Before firing in the kiln, craftsmen will deliberately apply some red glaze on the blue glaze layer. In the process of firing, blue glaze and red glaze naturally flow and blend on the matrix, and no one can predict what the porcelain will look like in the end.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the azure glaze purple erythema pot in Jun kiln was collected by the Palace Museum.

When it entered the kiln, all the utensils looked similar, and when it left the kiln, it suddenly became colorful. This feature of Jun kiln is called "kiln transformation", so some people praise it: "When you enter the kiln, you will get colorful."

It is worth mentioning that the red glaze used by Jun kiln artisans, with copper oxide as coloring agent, is the earliest copper red glaze in China. The glaze red in the Yuan Dynasty, the ruby red in the Ming Dynasty and the Lang Yaohong in the Qing Dynasty can all be traced back to the Jun kiln in the Song Dynasty.

In addition, the glaze of Jun porcelain in Song Dynasty often shows a long and winding trace, as if there were earthworms hidden under the glaze. This kind of grain is vividly called "earthworm walks in the mud grain", which is one of the characteristics of Jun kiln.

Jun kiln washing in Shanghai Museum

Because the glaze layer of Jun kiln ware is thick, it is easy to crack before or at the initial stage of firing; When the temperature of the kiln is particularly high, the glaze flows everywhere, and the cracks in the glaze layer are filled by the glaze flowing from other places. Earthworms walk along mud lines, which is the "scar" left after the glaze of Jun kiln is cracked and mended.

Ding Kiln

Ding Kiln is located in Quyang County, Hebei Province. In the Song Dynasty, it mainly burned white porcelain. Different from the white porcelain of later generations, the white of Ding Kiln porcelain in maturity is slightly yellow in white, which is similar to what we call beige, and looks very soft and eye-catching.

The children's pillow in Ding kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty was collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

It is a major feature of Ding kiln porcelain to like printing on the carcass. Ding kiln's printing pattern is an exception in Song Dynasty, which advocates minimalism and elegance. Patterns are mostly located in the inner bottoms of dishes, bowls and other utensils. The patterns include flowers, birds, water waves, Yunlong, etc. They are very dense, but the beauty lies in the rigorous layout, clear hierarchy and dense but not chaotic.

Yunlong pattern plates printed in Ding Kiln are collected in Shanghai Museum, and the complexity of printing patterns can be seen.

In terms of firing technology, Ding Kiln craftsmen have created a method that can greatly improve production efficiency-supporting ring over-firing method, that is, some supporting rings with L-shaped cross sections are combined into saggers, and plates, bowls and other products are turned upside down for firing:

Schematic diagram of Ding Kiln over-firing method, from Li Huibing and Binanhai. If L-shaped supporting rings are combined into saggers, and then the burning method is used, many porcelains can be put in each sagger, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.

Therefore, after this method appeared, it was quickly popularized in various folk kilns all over the country, with great influence.

However, the over-firing method has also brought obvious defects to the products of the given kiln: if the porcelain is glazed at the mouth edge as before, after the firing, the mouth edge of the utensils will stick to the sagger and cannot be taken off. Therefore, before firing porcelain by over-firing method, craftsmen must scrape off a circle of glaze on the mouth edge of the ware, and the burned ware has no glaze on the mouth edge.

there is no glaze on the edge of the flat plate printed in Ding Kiln.

This defect is called "mangkou". Song people's notes talk about the reason why the court in the Northern Song Dynasty abandoned Ding kiln utensils and switched to Ru kiln. One of the important reasons is that "Ding porcelain has awns and is not usable". However, the clever kiln-fixing craftsman was not discouraged. They soon came up with a new method: wrapping a circle of gold, silver or copper around the unglazed mouth, which can not only cover up the defects of the "mangkou", but also improve the style of the utensils.

Ding kiln plate in the Palace Museum has a circle of copper around its mouth.

This special decoration located at the mouth of the bowl and plate is called "golden buckle", "silver buckle" or "copper buckle" by later generations, which is also a remarkable feature of Ding kiln porcelain.

birthplace of five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty

birthplace of five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty:

five famous kilns in Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding.

Ru kiln was produced in ancient Ruzhou, Henan Province.

Official kiln can be divided into Northern Song Dynasty (Bianjing is now Kaifeng) and Southern Song Dynasty (Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). It is said that Ge kiln was produced in Longquan, Zhejiang Province.

Jun kiln is located in ancient Juntai, Yuzhou City, Henan Province.

The kiln is located in Cicun, Quyang, Hebei Province.

Ru kiln. Ru kiln is famous for producing celadon, with fine soil, firm and fine tires and rich glaze color. The glaze is mixed with agate powder, and its color is egg white, azure, bean green, shrimp green, often yellowish, and green and sky blue. Especially, azure is the most precious, pink is the most important, sky blue is precious, and there is also the praise of "after the rain, the clouds are broken". Juice is bright and thick, like a pile of fat, and it is like a jade, and the sound of buckle is like a scarlet scorpion. Harle recites the dispute, beer, and hazelnut. I think it's a sense of xing. Speak of the chaff frame C, and stop the sword from swinging, and the sword from swinging. The main utensils are plates, bowls, dishes, washing, respect, lamps, trays, narcissus pots and so on. Dishes, washings and bowls are mostly rolled around the feet, and there are 3-5 burn marks on the soles of the feet. The bowl is lotus-shaped and deep, which is a popular form of bowl injection in Song Dynasty. The plate has different forms such as flower opening, round opening, convergent opening and open opening, and the tripod plate is a unique shape. Bottles: there are paper hammer bottles, long-necked bottles and long-necked open bottles. There are three-legged statues and a halberd statue. The cup holder is square petal-shaped, and the narcissus basin is oval.

Ru kiln ware tires are thin, delicate in texture, fragrant gray, and meticulously trimmed.

Jun Kiln

is named after setting up a kiln to burn porcelain near the ancient Juntai in Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Its main characteristics: dignified shape, delicate fetal quality, solid and dense. The sound of the button is mellow and pleasing to the ear, colorful. Entering the kiln is one color, leaving the kiln with thousands of colors, jun porcelain is unmatched, and the kiln becomes unparalleled. In addition to bowls and dishes, Jun porcelain also has daily necessities such as pots, cans, stoves and pillows, especially a variety of palace art exhibits unearthed in Juntai kiln and various flowerpots, pots, statues, stoves, bottles, washing and Four Treasures of the Study.

The archaeological drilling and excavation of Juntai Kiln prove that the total area of the kiln site is more than 36, square meters, which is divided into four different kinds of firing areas, namely, white black porcelain, celadon and celadon, black glazed Tianmu porcelain and Jun Kiln firing area. The Jun porcelain here is purely a kiln mouth for firing royal articles for the Northern Song Dynasty court. Its main features are: purple mouth and iron foot, sesame sauce bottom, wonderful kiln, and red and purple match each other. The pieces are densely covered, the glaze layer is moist, the workmanship is fine, and the tires are firm and dense. It is especially good to have earthworms walking in the mud. In order to meet the design needs of the imperial palace in the Northern Song Dynasty, the flowerpots and pots in Jun kiln are matched with the same number, and the Chinese character numbers from one to ten are engraved on the bottom, with the number one being the largest and the number ten the smallest, which forms the unique characteristics of Jun porcelain.

There are flowerpots, basin holders, washers, stoves, bowls, bowls, plates, bottles, and halberds. The opaque glaze with copper as colorant is commonly called Jun glaze, and its colors are sky blue, moonlight white, rose purple, begonia red and so on. "The kiln is the same color _ ?ねаthin >びび?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1279

in 1126, after the change of Jingkang, the Song Dynasty moved to the south, bringing with it a large number of northern craftsmen. Since then, Song Jun has been in a slump. However, under the influence of Song Jun's famous reputation, in order to make a living after the war, all localities restored Yuan Jun, the blue ware of Jun kiln in its primitive period, in the name of Song Jun. Compared with Song Jun, it is greatly inferior, and occasionally there are porcelain pieces with red and purple spots, which are consciously painted with a red copper glaze under the green glaze. Although it is rosy after burning, it can't cover the whole body, and there is no colorful kiln color like Song Jun. Therefore, chemical analysis of Yuan Jun's azure glaze and purple spot shows that the chemical components of these two glazes are completely the same except CuO, and the CuO content of purple glaze accounts for .33%, while that of blue glaze is only .98%, which also shows that Jun glaze purple spot was painted consciously. There are as many as 96 such Jun kiln sites in Yu County alone. As for Linru, jia county, Dengfeng, Baofeng and Xin 'an County to the west of Luoyang, similar porcelain tiles in Tangyin, Hebi and Anyang to the north of the Yellow River are quite common. This kind of Yuanjun is mostly made of local materials and relatively simple glaze formula. Therefore, the tire wall is thick, heavy and rough, and contains more impurities. There are sand inclusions or air holes in the tire after firing, and the tire color is gray or dark gray. Those with insufficient heat are white, yellow-white, yellow, tan and orange. Most of the products are mainly household utensils, such as dishes, bowls, dishes, washing along the board and pots. The thickness of glazing depends on the glazing technology and the strength of the green tire. Generally speaking, Yuan Jun's glaze is thick and glazed for two or three times, and most of the glaze hangs like wax tears after firing. Sometimes there are many bubbles in the glaze, or there are spots formed by compounds such as burnt quartz sand left in the glaze. But also due to the crystal pearlescent glaze controlled by the furnace temperature,