Who should be overthrown most in the history of China?

20 12 February, Xining, Wang Anshi participated in politics, set up three directors of the company's articles of association, and proposed a new law; In April, eight policemen, including Xie, Zheng An, Lu Haoping, Zeng Kang and others, were sent to farmland, water conservancy and glory. In July, Liu Hu Road Input Method, Li Huai, Zhejiang; In September, Li entered the law; The irrigation and water conservancy treaty was issued in June 165438+ 10. Details are as follows:

[February] In the first year of Xining (1068), the "Regulations on the Establishment of Three Systems" was established. The dynasty advocated political reform. First, in the primitive Song Dynasty, the directors of three financial institutions were set up, while Wang He set up three self-made "Articles of Association" departments as the parent companies, which were the highest financial institutions. This year, in addition to studying political reform plans, planning financial reforms, and developing national revenue and expenditure,

Bank (Wells Fargo) Bill:

[Fang Tiandi Tax Law]

In the fourth year of Xining (107 1) in August, it was composed of two parts: agricultural temple tax contract, land distribution and taxation. Fangtian ",a land survey is held by the judge every September, and the five taxes on soil, fertilizer and chicken are some tax results based on the measurement of Fangtian."

[input method]

This law has been lost for a long time. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Sanghongyang pilot county lost officials after the Tang Dynasty, so as to achieve convergence less than China, and the cost was sufficient. In July of 20 12, in Xining, in order to supply hundreds of royal officials and consumers in Beijing, and to avoid the merchants stocking a batch of dispatchers from Huai, Zhejiang, He, Hu and Liu Lu, they were responsible for chasing the materials around the altar according to the principle of "cheap first, then far away, first building the altar and then buying it". It is necessary to re-seize the labor-saving and reduce the burden on the people.

[Young Crops Act]

In the second year of Xining (1069), the young crops law was implemented, which stipulated that before the end of summer and autumn every year, counties and other households could only borrow cash (young money) or grain from local governments to subsidize agriculture.

[Farmland Water Conservancy Law]

Water conservancy projects around irrigation are allocated according to the regulations of local residents on the competition of family labor data. It is being strengthened, and it cannot rely on the strength of the people. Some governments borrow money and charge interest. If the counties are incompetent, some counties and cities can be combined to be responsible.

[domestic law/>; In the fifth year of Xining (1072), in March, the imperial court issued a decree, and unanimously invested one million yuan to set up a company in Yi Shi, Kaifeng City, where cheap manufacturers bought unsalable goods until they were sold in the market. Out-of-stock traders lend loans to mortgage real estate, mutual insurance more than 50 thousand people, making profits every year. To achieve a level, the existence of rights, equal status, high and low prices, so mergers are also. "

Law] Join the army

Also known as "immunization", it was tried out by Sinong Temple and Kaifeng Community in February 10 of the third year of Xining (1070), published in the same year and implemented by the state. The Immunization Law abolished the original family and changed the behavior of county civil servants to hire people for formal military service in the county. Employee requirements, shared tenants. The original female householder was not composed of personnel and temples, and she also gave half of the money to help the military fight for money. I

Qiang Bing:

Bao Jiafa]

In the third year of Xining (1070), Sinong Temple formulated the Garbo Regulations for Grass-roots Counties, which was promulgated and implemented. Rural families are insured in groups of five, and Paul's five and ten risks are all insured. If two or more small farmers choose one of the richest families, who is Paul D, D usually raises and receives military training and leisure, it is safe for the army to join the army as the security chief, section chief and head of the army in wartime in order to prevent farmers from opposing and spending.

[CD Sun Tzu's Art of War]

Correction room army and imperial army: first, it is stipulated that soldiers must retire at the age of 50. Secondly, in the trial, the imperial army did not change the car army, and the car army failed this citizen.

warcraft

Also known as "set method". Abolish the garrison law in the Northern Song Dynasty, and gradually increase the number of garrison units and one deputy commander in charge of the army in each post to improve the quality of the army.

[Horse Protection Law]

Anciently, there were only 15000 horses in Song Dynasty, and the government encouraged the people to put forward official horses in the northwest frontier. Who wants to go out? Horses are provided by the government or paid by the government to buy two horses for the rich. You have to pay for this disease, but in the face of the plague, many horses were lost, and people were invited to race, which was quickly cancelled and transferred to the human and animal husbandry system.

Military monitoring method],

In the sixth year of Xining (1073), the law was exempted from promulgation in July. A supervisor was set up in August to supervise the manufacture of weapons; Recruit craftsmen and devote themselves to improving weapons.

Access law:

"Three Laws of imperial academy"

I hope that the Japanese evaluation of the school will replace the imperial examination and select real talents. "A family of three" is the third kind of family besides imperial academy's, and it is "a refined official, and Jong Li is exempt from exams and solutions". Local officials later learned that the realization of this method embodies the characteristics of the class teaching system.

Imperial examination method

Wang's school for maintaining morality is different from the school's Gongju method. Reform the public law, abolish the Ming and Jing, and keep the three themes of the imperial examination. In March of the third year of Xining (1070), the scholar was changed to Wu Ce. In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), a new imperial examination system was promulgated and Mingjing was abolished, which was recognized by scholars. Separate "fake" checklist to close the case.

Osmium reform

In the early Warring States period, Guo and Wen Houkui were appointed as prime ministers to carry out political reforms. Wei Xiao said that he was a student of Confucius disciple Bu Xia Zi. At any stage, with the trust of the king and the support of his colleagues, Wei Xiao has carried out fruitful reforms in politics and economy.

Contents of Kuitun reform:

It is the first time to put forward the national policy of "appointing people on their merits and distinguishing rewards and punishments" and advocate changing the old Qingshi Road system. Those who have made no contribution to these countries and relied entirely on the aristocratic privileges of their parents and grandparents were deprived of their positions and salaries, which led to the granting of their positions and salaries in this country. This improved the officialdom and greatly weakened the privileges of the old nobles.

Prepare the first relatively complete and systematic feudal code in the history of China-Law and Classics, which is divided into six parts: thief, thief, prisoner, fisherman and miscellaneous. Its main purpose is to protect the interests of the ruling class, but it has played an important role in maintaining social order and political stability.

Third, put forward the best policy for fertility farmers, remove old buildings and borders, encourage free land reclamation, promote hybrid varieties of food crops on a piece of land, require farmers to plant mulberry trees around houses, and make full use of idle land to expand the production of agricultural and sideline products. Produce rewards, fine cutting. In fact, weaken the well site system.

Fourth, implement the "buyout" law. Good harvest, purchasing and storage at a fair price, exceeding food, food prices will not collapse, and famine will sell food to ensure that food prices will not skyrocket. Businessmen who restrict speculation in this way protect the interests of farmers.

Qi appointed five sons, reformed the military system and selected warriors. Build a powerful army-"Wu, Wu" and "Can you rush eastward?"

Kuitun's political reform effectively attacked the old system. Wei's economy has developed rapidly and its national strength has been continuously enhanced, making it a powerful country. At the same time of the reform, the prelude of the Warring States Period was opened, and the forces of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the national political reform finally merged into a trend of the times, which was the largest, longest-lasting and most remarkable reform movement in ancient China.

The reform movement of 1898 refers to 1898 (the reform movement of 1898 in the lunar calendar), and Kang Youwei launched the reformists headed by the emperor. Its main contents are: learning from the west, advocating science and culture, reforming political system and education, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce. The movement was strongly opposed by conservatives headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, who staged a coup and imprisoned Guangxu. In September, reformer Kang Youwei fled to France and Japan. Killed six Tan people (1898 Six Gentlemen), which took 103 days to reform, and finally failed. The Reform Movement of 1898, also known as the Reform Movement of 1898. finally

The Reform Movement of 1898, also known as the Reform Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Qing Dynasty in China (1898). The reform led by the emperor himself and the change of political system hoped that China would embark on the modernization road of constitutional monarchy.

The success of Meiji Restoration and the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 are the real reasons for 1898. .

Reform content

Politics: A forward-looking letter will decide who your business is, abolish idle overlapping institutions, lay off employees and abolish the parasitic privileges of standard bearers.

Economically: the mining and agriculture established by capital, the railway administration of the General Administration protects the development of agricultural industrialization and e-commerce, rewards inventions, reforms and the financial preparation of the national budget and final accounts; Cancel the inn and build a post office.

The military abolished green camp, refined the army, and learned foreign troops to fight; The draft was changed and a navy was added.

Culture and education: establish Shi Jing University, establish missionary primary and secondary schools in various places, and learn Chinese and Western arts; Cancel stereotypes, change the theory of exam-oriented policy, set up special courses in economics, and establish foreign language books for translating news and translation; Approve running newspapers, studying and sending people abroad to study and travel. Constitutional reform

Main contents of reform]

Economic measures

Shang Yang's economic reform is to abolish the private ownership of land, with the emphasis on the implementation of the well field system. This is an example of the Warring States period. The only country in national politics and law means the change of land ownership in the whole country. The main contents are as follows:

1) abandoned mine field, open-air buildings.

The main measures implemented by Shang Yang are economically wasteful. The field of Historical Records: Shang Yang is bounded by buildings, but the tax level is high and low. According to the Warring States, Shang Yang was abolished in order to get rid of buildings and teach people to plow. If farmers don't have porridge, the so-called buildings and IDA refer to the middle irrigation canal, the corresponding vertical and horizontal roads, crossing the street and erecting money. "Border slave owners and nobles glance at the mine boundary. Opening the border is the border flag. State-owned land buildings delete state-owned land that abolished slavery and implement private ownership of land. The system in the field of legal abolition. According to the law, people are allowed to reclaim wasteland, land can be bought and sold freely, and land occupation tax is borne equally according to the amount they occupy. After the Qin government, although there were still some state-owned land, such as the main wasteland and mountains and rivers that occupied other countries' land, they began to turn to private ownership. Therefore, it destroyed the slave production relations and promoted the development of feudal economy.

2) Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business,

The implementation of Shang Yang's policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. Providing grain and cloth production can be exempted from labor and tax, and it is the agricultural and commercial terminal industry in the same industry. Abandoned demand, poor families who are late or idle are punished as official slaves. Shang Yang also recruited landless peasants, which was the state of wasteland reclamation in Qin Dynasty. In order to encourage small-scale small-scale peasant economy, it is also stipulated that two sons must live independently, and the two sons must live separately when they grow up, or avoid double taxation. The policy of forbidding a father and his son (adults) to live in the same room and a family. These policies are conducive to the spread of population, the collection of corvees and the development of feudal economy.

3) Before unified measurement

Shang Yang and Qin unified the national weights and measures. In order to ensure the total tax revenue of the country, Shang Yang put forward the standard of weights and measures, and the amount paid is still very high. The inscription "18" is supervised by Yang, and the fifth honor in Yuanqu is 16 (inch) one liter. "Shang Yang, Shang Yang quantity standard is 0.23 meters, and the standard rises by about 0.2 liters. Pressure gauge, inscription shows unified measurement, this problem is very serious. Shang Yang also unified barrels, barrels, scales, rulers, rulers, weights and weights. Qin must strictly implement it and must not violate it.

Unified meaning of weights and measures

First, the whole country has always been the standard measurement standard, which provides convenient conditions for people to engage in economic and cultural exchanges.

Second, the tax system and the unified wage system have a positive impact;

Third, it is conducive to eliminating the influence of local separatist forces;

Fourth, Qin Shihuang later laid the foundation for unifying the weights and measures of the six countries.

The political reform measure was that Shang Yang completely abolished the old system of "seeking the whole world" and created a new feudal autocratic centralization. His contribution in this respect far exceeds that of Wu. The main contents are as follows:

) militarily, the system of 20 titles was implemented.

Shang Yang ordered that the severity of military power is to punish mg, and private struggle is forbidden to reward each military merit. Provisions on granting ownership of military exploits and non-military feats of imperial clan shall not be included in public accounts. Yi Xianrong's reaction is that positive enrichment has nothing to do with glory. This is the credit, wealth and status of aristocratic children, credit and family fortune, not luxury enjoyment.

The development of title practice means that Shang Yang completely abolished the old system of being a distinguished official, and will award titles to military nobles and officials in the future according to the size of military achievements. 20 MG: a public official said that the building, 19 level management was called, and the 20-car was called. "Hanshu" records: "According to the rules of Qin law, the knight is given fifty stones for the official. This means that a 50-stone man: the first incentive method to cut off the enemy 100 stone man: behead the enemy in the war. Titles at all levels should account for the number of farmland houses, slaves and clothes.

And the so-called private fighting, fighting is not directed at ordinary people, but refers to "urban fighting." "Yi" means that the whole city is occupied by slave owners. Slave owners often fought for land and property. The purpose of this new law prohibiting private struggle is to weaken the power of slave owners and strengthen centralized feudalism. The practice of private fighting is severely punished: in the case of serious private fighting, a fine is levied every year.

Glorious feat Qin Jun's fighting capacity has been greatly enhanced. In foreign wars, Qin's national strength was further enhanced, thus reversing the long-term passive backwardness. In 355 BC, Wei Huiwang Du Ping Jr. was satisfied. Finally, Qin was in a passive situation for a long time, and formed an alliance with the vassal States of the Central Plains, which improved the status of Qin. Qin also used force to gradually set foot on the fertile land in northwest Tibet, as well as a high level of agricultural development and rich cattle farming in Bashu area, and social production developed rapidly, thus laying a material foundation for Qin's reunification.

2) In addition to Shi Qingshilu's system, imperial clan nobles were encouraged to establish a military service system.

According to Records of the Historian, it is stipulated in the Qin Dynasty that "those who are not imperial clan military theorists cannot be regarded as the rank of members, the poverty of famous fields and houses, and the time when the clothes of male and female servants come home." Worthy of glory and reactive power, although Fenzhou is not as rich as an enemy, it can determine the rank of nobility according to the size of the military. It dealt a heavy blow to the slave owners and the old aristocrats, which aroused their antipathy. " "Historical Records" records: "Ten years in Shang Jun and Qin Xiang, the imperial clan quarreled many times. In the history of any political reform, it is necessary to re-select a way of governing the country and adjust interests, which is the real reason why this reform is blocked.

3) Reform the household registration system and implement the deskmate method.

Qin, Xiang, Yi and Ju are all natural settlements. In order to strengthen the rule of feudal autocracy over the vast number of residents, Shang Yang registered every registered resident. Misdemeanor and heavy punishment. The promulgation and implementation of Wei Ben's Law and Economics even depends on the method. Its main contents are: five "five" residents, 10 "companies" and even five basic administrative units. According to the registration, and incorporated into the household registration, and ordered mutual supervision. It is necessary to link criminals with informers. If you don't condemn the crime, you will go to prison ten times. Failing to report rape, leaving a message that "men don't cry", beheading the enemy as a reward, anonymous rape, and the same punishment for falling into the enemy. This is the same offspring armor system. Shang Yang also stipulates that hotels are not allowed to stay without official certificates, otherwise the owners will sit together.

4) implement the county system

Shang Yang's major political reform, gathering small towns and cities to gather county committees, county governments as local administrative units, abolished the enfeoffment system. "Among them, there are 365,438+0 counties (there are 36 counties in 465,438+0 counties in history books). The deputy administrative assistant magistrate of the main county government sets county orders, is responsible for the townships and cities under the jurisdiction of military counties, and has gathered a number of magistrates. Shang Yang effectively coordinated the use of political means and ensured the private ownership of land by setting up centralized political privileges in the county lords' territory, abolishing mining fields and opening up buildings. Consolidate centralized feudal rule and weaken the power of local wealthy nobles.

What was the setting of Qin in this area later? The new accounting county magistrate, county magistrate, has the nature of frontier defense and military control, said the deputy magistrate of the follow-up county. After that, the situation in counties was stable, and it mainly turned to civilian management, which made counties include some counties and formed counties under the Qin system.

5) Missing poems, this method "

Shang yang's measures to eliminate the interference of retro thoughts. However, Shang Yang's poems in Jiaozuo created a high-pressure policy, which not only suppressed people's hearts greatly, but also was a devastated China cultural classic.

Wangmang transformation

After Wang Mang came to power, he faced a serious social crisis. In order to ease the class conflict and maintain the "new" rules of North Korea, Wang Mang linked the "Zhou Li" with the ancient system reform. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), the imperial edict announced that the land of the world was renamed Wang Tian, and the slaves of the world were renamed private ownership, and they were not allowed to deal with it without authorization. Land with less than 8 people (900 mu), including aborigines, neighbors and township parties. There is no system of 100 mu of land. Dare to despise the exile of four foreigners. After four years of confrontation with the landlord bureaucrats, Wang Mang had to cancel this decree, announce the deal and look up to heaven. There is no way to deal with the crime of buying and selling slaves. This is a failed attempt, when social contradictions are solved. The so-called "sacred law of mining fields" promoted by Wang Mang not only failed to solve the problem, but also failed to liberate slaves as a system when the farmers in the opposite "Wangtian" were detained again. This is basically a retrogressive reform.

Founded in 2002, Wang Mang ordered the implementation of the May 6th Plan. Fifth, we have set up five markets in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu. Five people in the five occupations of salt, iron, wine, casting money and credit in the six countries allowed private operators to control mountains and swamps and take all the taxes on the mountains. The purpose of this measure is to control the merchants and farmers to stop usury, and the economic interests of feudal countries are rampant and activities are excessive. However, Wang Mang was unable to control the realization of five or six large enterprises, and the gangs in Zheng Chuan county bullied the market, exploited the people, and harmed the public and the private interests, which violated Wang Mang's original intention.

Wang Mang carried out currency reform. In 2002, the photo of the household department (the seventh place) showed that Wang Mang had joined the ranks of throwing the wrong knife, cutting knife and circulating a large number of original five-baht coins. In the first year of its establishment, Wang Mang wasted the wrong knife and five baht, as well as a little other money, a lot of money worth 520 taels, and ordered that the hijacking of copper, carbon and anti-theft cast iron was prohibited for two years. Wang Mang, gold, silver, tortoise, shellfish, money and cloth are called treasures, including five things (money, cloth and copper, generally referring to one thing) and 600 pieces and 28 items. For the first year of Emperor (AD 20), it was also the best waste coin, and it was changed to license cloth, the second coin. Unreasonable currency caused economic chaos and accelerated the financial collapse of bankruptcy. Wang Mang's regime and people were angry with the bill.

In order to change administrative divisions, Wang Mang's political system, central and local official names, bureaucracies and county names also restored Friday MG, insulting and rewarding. The director of the Agricultural Chaoyang Bureau was later replaced by Yan Na, a government colleague with little change, and the magistrate would kill the magistrate and magistrate in Dayi. First of all, divide the national boundaries according to Yaodian 12, and then "Gong Yu" Kyushu as much as possible. Some counties even changed their names. Before finally recovering, he made a suggestion of 5 mg, insulting him. The confused people who stayed in Shilu, Chang 'an, some people got a glimpse of their salary without commission as students, and more and more officials scrambled to make money and bribe themselves. These reforms can't solve social contradictions, but aggravate them. The poor middle peasants found that they had violated the "new law" and wanted to issue official slaves. Violation of the ban, arrested and sent to Chang 'an, once enslaved 100000. Wang Mang's rulers, as well as the ethnic minorities in the northeast and southwest who started the war, levied a lot of forced labor and materials, which plunged the people into a miserable situation. Wang Mang plundered wealth and built temples. I also asked the ancient emperor 120 female immortals that a large number of folk women were elected to the palace because of lewdness.

Wang Mang's restructuring caused social chaos, promoted the peasant uprising and the struggle against the new dynasty, and the old ministers of the imperial clan in the Western Han Dynasty continued. In the first year of reform (AD 23), Wang Mang's regime finally collapsed under the attack of anti-government forces.

Emperor xiaowen's reform

The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the reform during the reign of Tuoba Hong, including two periods: the reign of Empress Dowager Kaihua and the reign of Emperor Xiaowen. The purpose of the reform is to maintain the ruling power of the Northern Wei Dynasty, ease class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling class, and get out of the crisis.