What is Dadaism and what are its characteristics?

Dadaism is a literary movement that rose in Zurich during World War I and spread to the fields of visual arts, literature (mainly poetry), drama and art design. Dadaism is an important school in the development of western literature and art in the 20th century, and it is the product of the subversion and destruction of the old social and cultural order in Europe in the First World War. As a literary movement, Dadaism did not last long, but it spread widely and had an impact on all modernist literary schools in the 20th century.

abstract

Dadaists' activities include public meetings, demonstrations, and the publication of artistic and literary periodicals. Dadaist publications are full of enthusiastic comments and opinions on art, politics and culture.

The main characteristics of Dadaism include: pursuing sober irrationality, rejecting conventional artistic standards, disillusionment, cynicism, pursuing unintentional, accidental and random state, etc. The birth of this movement is a protest against the barbaric World War I. Dadaists firmly believe that the values of the middle class gave birth to World War I, and this kind of values is a rigid and oppressive force, not only in art, but also in the world.

Dadaists believe that "Dada" is not art, but an "anti-art". No matter what the current artistic standards are, Dadaism is tit for tat. Because art and aesthetics are related, Dada simply ignores aesthetics. Traditional works of art usually convey some necessary, implicit and potential information. Dadaism's creation pursues the realm of "meaningless" The interpretation of Dadaism works depends entirely on the viewer's own taste. In addition, artistic appeal gives people some senses, while Dadaism's works of art give people some "infringement". Ironically, even though Dadaism is so anti-artistic, Dadaism itself is an important school of modernism. As an interpretation of art and the world, "Dadaism" itself

Most participants in the Dadaism movement are deeply influenced by nihilism, thinking that everything created by human beings has no practical value, and art is no exception. Dadaism's artistic creation is based on opportunities and contingency factors.

The idea of Dadaism reflects the subversive power of World War I on many people's old values. Since it is difficult to find practical significance from the disordered world, we simply regard this disorder as a certain nature of the world and use it to subvert the old aesthetic system that maintains the old order. They believe that it was this old order that led to the terrible human tragedy of the First World War. Dadaists tried to completely disintegrate the old order by rejecting it.

history

The origin of the word "Dada"

There are always different opinions about the origin of the word "Dada". Some people think it is a meaningless word, while others think it comes from the spoken word "da, da" often used by Romanian artists Zara and Jank, which means "yes, yes" in Romanian. The most popular saying is 19 16 years, and a group of artists were in.

Therefore, this movement was named "Dadaism" to show its randomness, rather than the general literary movement.

Zurich

19 16, artists living in exile in Zurich, such as Hugo Barr, Amy Hannings, Tristan Zara, Hans Arp, Richard Hu Sen Baker and Sophie Toby, set up a literary activity club in the local Voltaire Hotel. They express their aversion to war and the values that gave birth to war by discussing artistic topics and performances. In the same year, they expressed their dislike of war. 36860 . 68868888686

19 16 14 In July, Barr publicly read the so-called Dadaism Declaration. In 2008+09 18, Zara wrote another Dadaism manifesto, which is considered as one of the most important ones.

After the hotel closed, Dadaist activities began to move to new galleries. Soon, Barr left Europe, and Zara began to preach Dadaism. He wrote letters to French and Italian artists and writers, criticizing their works fiercely. Soon, Zara became the leader of Dadaism and a veritable strategic commander.

Zurich Dada-ists with Zara as the helmsman published a periodical called Dada. This journal was founded in July of 19 17, and published five issues in Zurich, and the last two issues in Paris.

19 18, World War I ended. Most Dadaists living in Zurich returned to their own countries, and some of them began to preach Dadaism in other cities.

Berlin

The Dadaism movement in Germany is not "anti-art" like the Dadaism movement in other countries, but it is marked by political and social changes. Dadaists in Germany are keen to issue inflammatory declarations and use the power of propaganda and satire to launch large-scale public demonstrations and political activities.

19 18 In February, Richard Hu Sen Baker gave his first speech on Dadaism in Berlin, and at the end of the same year, he issued a declaration on Dadaism. Hannah Ricarda Huch and George Grotz expressed their sympathy for postwar industrialism from the perspective of Dadaism. During this period, Grotz and john hart Feder invented "photo montage".

There are many contradictions in the Dadaism movement in Berlin. Kurt Schwitters summoned other artists to break away from the Dadaism organization in Berlin. Schweitzer moved to Hanover, where he developed a more personal Dadaism.

eau de cologne

1920, Marx Ernst, Johannes Theodore Badger and Alp held a controversial exhibition of Dadaism in Cologne. The core idea of this exhibition is the nihility of art and anti-middle class values.

New York

During the First World War, new york, like Zurich, became the place where a large number of exiled artists and writers lived. Marcel duchamp and Frances Picabi, artists exiled from France to the United States, met man ray, an American artist. In 2006, they became the core figures of the American "anti-art" movement. Beatrice Wood, an American artist who studied in France, later joined the group.

Artists in new york do not pretend to be "Dadaists", and they have never made any declarations or organized any political activities. However, they bombarded the old art and cultural system through their own publications, including new york's Blind and Dadaism. In these publications, they call old art "museum art".

During this period, Duchamp began to create his own art with ready-made products and joined the organization of "Independent Artists Association". In 2007, he published his famous work Spring, which is a urinal with the words "R. Mutt" written on it. However, this job was rejected by the organization of the Independent Artists Association.

Bikabia's trip to Europe strengthened the ties between Dadaism organizations in new york, Zurich and Paris. For seven consecutive years, the Dadaism Journal 39 1 was published, from 19 17 to 1924 in new york, Zurich and Paris.

By 192 1, most artists had moved to Paris, where Dadaism reached its final peak and came to an end.

Paris

French avant-garde artists have always kept close contact with Dadaism in Zurich. Zara has maintained long-term correspondence with French writers, critics and artists including Apollinaire and Brighton.

The peak of the Dadaism movement in Paris appeared in 1920. In this year, many dadaism movement elders came to Paris. Influenced by Zara, Dadaists in Paris also issued declarations, organized large-scale demonstrations, staged performances and published a large number of publications.

Dadaism's works first appeared in the public's field of vision in Paris at the "Salon of Independent Artists" in 192 1 year. Jean Crotti and other Dadaists exhibited their works.

Dadaism music

Dadaism is not a strictly visual art or literary trend of thought, but also affects the fields of music and recording. Kurt Schwitters and Albert Savigno once wrote Dadaism music, and a band named "Six Groups" also performed at Dadaism gatherings.

affect

Although Dadaism has been widely spread, it is a very unstable literary trend of thought after all. By 1924, Dadaism was basically swallowed up by neo-surrealism, and Dadaism artists defected to other schools, including social realism and other modern art schools.

In the early World War II, many Dadaists in Europe were exiled to the United States again, and some of them died in Hitler's concentration camps because Hitler didn't like decadent art. After World War II, many new literary schools were born, and the influence of Dadaism was even weaker.

1967, a large-scale commemoration of Dadaism was held in Paris.

Voltaire Hotel in Zurich was once silent after the demise of Dadaism. Until 2002, a group of artists calling themselves "New Dadaism" resumed their activities here. However, after two months, this group of people gradually disappeared. Voltaire Hotel has also been transformed into a museum to commemorate the history of Dadaism.

Generally speaking, Dadaism is not a mature literary school, but a transitional literary thought. Its artistic concept is not constructive, but based on the destruction of the old order, so it will not last long. However, it is precisely because of the radical concept of Dadaism that a large number of modern and post-modern schools in the 20th century were born and developed by leaps and bounds. Without the efforts of Dadaism, these are difficult to achieve.

Delegates and active countries

Guillaume apollinaire-–French

Hans Arp–Swiss, French, German

Hugo Barr–Switzerland

Johannes Budd-Germany

Artur caravan-France

Jean Crotti-Frenchman

Marcel duchamp-French, USA.

German max ernst.

Rolle houseman-–german

Amy Hennings–Switzerland

Richard Hu Sen Baker-Swiss, German

Marceljanko–Switzerland

Clermont Bonsaye–Belgium

Francespicabia-France, USA

Man ray-French, American.

Hans richter-Switzerland

Kurt Schwitters-German

Sophie Toby-Switzerland

Tristan Zara–Switzerland

Beatrice Wood-French, American

refer to

Richard Hu Sen Baker, Memoirs of a Dadaist Drummer, University of California Press.

Gray Marcus, Lip prints, Harvard University Press.

Eileen Hoffman's Dadaism and Surrealism, art institute of chicago.