In ancient times, the Supervisory Yuan, Cabinet, Hanlin Academy, Shuntian Prefecture, Zhanshi Prefecture, Fengtian Prefecture, Imperial College, Left and Right Spring House, and Qintian Prison respect

In ancient times, the Supervisory Yuan, Cabinet, Hanlin Academy, Shuntian Prefecture, Zhanshi Prefecture, Fengtian Prefecture, Imperial College, Left and Right Spring House, and Qintian Prison respectively refer to

The supervisory department of the Inspectorate directly under the emperor consists of the left and right governors (the second rank), the left and right deputy governors (the third rank), the left and right deputy governors (the fourth rank), and further down there are ten The three supervisory censors were in charge of the inspection work in each province (China was divided into thirteen provinces at that time). The thirteen supervisory censors and the six subjects directly under the emperor were collectively referred to as "Ke Dao" and belonged to the category of Yanguan. (Note: The word "Director" of the Inspectorate is a typo, but it is actually the Duchayuan. It was originally called the Yushitai, but in the Ming Dynasty it was renamed the Duchayuan. For details, see the entry Duchayuan or Yushitai.) In the left and right sides of the Qing Dynasty, the name of the Supervisory Yushi was Cong. In the first grade, Zuodu Yushi was a civil official in the capital.

The cabinet was established during the Yongle period. Although Yongle had the ambition and strength to monopolize power like Hongwu, the expedition after expedition prevented him from truly taking charge of political affairs (imagine the absurdity of transporting documents from the capital to Mobei), so an "assistant" organization was established to help the emperor. ——The cabinet came into being. At the beginning, the cabinet was only a secretarial institution, but its power soon began to rise during the Xuande period (Sanyang assisted the government). Although there were recurrences in the last years of orthodoxy, by the time of Chenghua and Hongzhi, the cabinet had become a civilian government capable of resisting imperial power. represent. Zhengde was no less warlike than Sui Yang, but it did not become a major chaos because of the support of Yang Tinghe and other cabinet elders. After the development of Jiajing and Longqing, the early Wanli period should be the period when the power of the cabinet was at its peak. Zhang Juzheng's reforms made the cabinet the center of government operations. , his status is actually close to that of a modern prime minister. In 1402, Ming Chengzu, who had just seized the throne from his nephew, made two major decisions in order to consolidate his power. First, he moved the capital to Beijing, his own sphere of influence. Second, he established a cabinet. In this way, a state advisory body The institution was officially established. In the past, the prime minister had decision-making power, deliberation power and administrative power. After Ming Dynasty Chengzu established the cabinet, he firmly held the decision-making power originally possessed by the prime minister in his own hands. The deliberation power was assigned to the cabinet and the administrative power was divided among the six ministries. The local government is divided into three departments, responsible for justice, military affairs, and administration, and are directly responsible to the six ministries. Under the control of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet and the six ministries each performed their own duties. The country's highest administrative orders were issued from the Forbidden City and distributed to every corner of the empire through 1,936 post stations across the country and a total length of 143,700 kilometers of post roads. Later, during the Xuanzong period of the Ming Dynasty, a more complete government affairs process was formed: memorials of all sizes across the country, and even suggestions made by ordinary people to the emperor, were compiled by the General Affairs Envoy, and the Chief of Ceremonies submitted them to the emperor for review, and then handed them over to the cabinet. Responsible for drafting handling opinions, and then the ceremonial supervisor will submit the opinions to the emperor for approval, and finally the six departments will proofread and issue them. The cabinet minister's suggestions are written on a piece of paper and affixed to the memorial. This is called a "vote draft". The emperor used red letters to give instructions, which was called "Pin Hong". According to regulations, the emperor only approved a few books, and most of the "red approvals" were ghostwritten by the eunuchs in charge of rites according to the emperor's wishes. In the past, eunuchs were strictly prohibited from reading and literacy. Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty not only changed this rule, but with his encouragement, a special eunuch school was also established in the palace. Later generations speculate that the purpose of Ming Xuanzong's approach was to allow eunuchs to contain the power of the cabinet. Over time, a strange political landscape emerged. We found that the institutions of the inner court and the outer court of the Ming Dynasty were completely symmetrical. There is the cabinet outside, the ceremonial supervisors inside, the three legal departments outside, and Dongchang and Jinyiwei inside. The outer court has governors and governors sent to the local areas, and the inner court also sends guard eunuchs, garrison eunuchs, etc. to the local areas. In this way, the inner court and the outer court can restrict each other to ensure the emperor's decision-making status. However, this also resulted in a struggle for power between the two major political forces, both internal and external. This building in the east of the Forbidden City was called Wenyuan Pavilion in the Ming Dynasty. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was located here. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Juzheng, the chief minister of the cabinet, made this most humble house in the Forbidden City become a prominent place. The cabinet working in Wenyuan Pavilion became the actual decision-maker of government affairs. On the surface, the routine government procedures do not seem to have changed, but the decision-making power has shifted. How did Zhang Juzheng achieve this? First of all, Emperor Wanli was still a child at that time. As the emperor's teacher, Zhang Juzheng could easily influence the emperor's decision-making. Furthermore, Wanli's "red approval" was completed under the guidance of Feng Bao, the Superintendent of Ceremonies, and Feng Bao had a close relationship with Zhang Juzheng. Zhang Juzheng gave his opinions to others and wrote them into memorials, and then he "voted" for his approval. There is no problem with the young emperor's criticism. In this way, the ministers' "memorials", cabinet ministers' "votes", and the emperor's "approval" were all controlled by Zhang Juzheng, achieving unprecedented unity.

His New Deal was promoted smoothly without any obstacles. Since the early Ming Dynasty, the government affairs center of the Ming Dynasty has been transferred to the Forbidden City. The alternation of power has determined the national destiny of the Ming Dynasty. Amidst the many palaces, conspiracies to seize power often occur. Through the efforts of several generations of emperors, the Ming Dynasty once formed a complete government affairs system, which was perfect in terms of power balance. To this day, people still call the highest administrative agency that handles national government affairs in various countries, and it is still called the cabinet according to this custom. The word cabinet has become a synonym for the head of government department.

Hanlin is the forest of Wenhan, which means Wenyuan. The term "Hanlin" was first seen in "Chang Yang Fu" by Yang Xiong, a writer in the Han Dynasty. And its reputation as an official began in the Tang Dynasty. Hanlin Academy in the Tang Dynasty

The Hanlin Academy was an institution established in the Tang Dynasty in China where people with various artistic abilities worked. In the early Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong selected courtiers who were good at writing to draft imperial edicts. Later, it gradually evolved into an important organization for drafting confidential edicts, and those who held office were called daizhao. Drafting imperial edicts was the full-time job of Zhongshu Sheren. However, Emperor Xuanzong felt that the system of drafting imperial edicts by Zhongshu Sheren was difficult to keep secrets and meet urgent needs. He once selected trusted officials who were good at literature to serve in the Imperial Academy to prepare for drafting emergencies. Imperial edict (also composed of poems and essays). In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan (738), another Hanlin Academy was built for the residence of those who drafted imperial edicts. Those who served were called Hanlin Academy (referred to as bachelors), and they themselves had no rank. When it was first established, there were no posts. Later, according to the example of Zhongshu Shiren, six bachelors were appointed, and one of them with more seniority was selected to carry out the mission. After the Anshi Rebellion, military affairs were frequent, and the status of Hanlin scholars became more and more important. Not only did they divide the power of Zhongshu Sheren in drafting imperial edicts, but also divided the power of the prime minister in terms of staff and secret planning. After Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, Hanlin scholars were often promoted to prime ministers upon receiving orders. After the establishment of the Bachelor's College, there was a clear division of labor with the Zhongshu Sheren College. What the bachelor drafted was the imperial edict concerning the appointment and dismissal of generals and ministers, the announcement of amnesty, and the ordering of expeditions and other major military matters, which were called internal regulations; what the Zhongshu Sheren drafted was the appointment and dismissal of general ministers and routine proclamations, which were called external regulations. system. The Academy had two eunuch envoys (or Hanlin envoys) who acted as a communication link between the emperor and the Hanlin academicians and had a great political influence. In the fifth year of Tianfu (940) of the Later Jin Dynasty, it was announced that Hanlin bachelor's degree would be abolished and the power of drafting imperial edicts would be returned to Zhongshu Sheren, but it was soon restored. Song Dynasty: The Song Dynasty established a bachelor's college along the Tang system, also known as Hanlin bachelor's college, and sometimes also called Hanlin Academy. Hanlin bachelors actually served as advisors to the emperor, and many prime ministers were selected from among Hanlin bachelors. Hanlin scholars in the early Northern Song Dynasty also had no rank. After Yuanfeng's reform, Hanlin bachelors Chengzhi and Hanlin bachelors became official officials with the third rank, and they did not hold other official positions. They were responsible for drafting the internal system, and had the title of Zhizhi. Since the Bachelor's Academy was separated from the Hanlin Academy in the Tang Dynasty, the Academy was sometimes called the Hanlin Academy in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there was another Hanlin Academy that specialized in enshrining arts and sciences, but it had nothing to do with the Hanlin Academy of Bachelor's degree. In Xixia, there was a Hanlin Academy, and officials included bachelors. Among the officials in the northern part of Liao Dynasty, there was the Hanlin Academy, which was in charge of Chinese documents and criminal and prison matters. In the third year of Jin Tiande's reign (1151), the Hanlin Academy was established, with Hanlin Bachelor Cheng Zhi, Hanlin Bachelor, etc., in charge of drafting imperial edicts and other matters. Hanlin Academy

The Xixia Kingdom of Xixia, Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties had a Hanlin Academy, with officials including bachelors; in the southern officialdom of the Liao Dynasty, there was a Hanlin Academy, which was in charge of Chinese documents and criminal and prison affairs. The chief officer was The Hanlin Academy and the Hanlin Academy were established in the Jin Dynasty, and the Hanlin Academy was established to handle imperial edicts and other matters. The Yuan Dynasty established the Hanlin Academy, the National History Academy, and the Mongolian Hanlin Academy, and the officials were the same as those in the Jin Dynasty. Preparing imperial edicts, compiling national history, and translating and writing texts. Ming Dynasty The Ming Dynasty was the golden period for the rapid development of the Imperial Academy. The Hanlin Academy of the previous generation was officially named the Hanlin Academy, and it was disconnected from the worship of miscellaneous things such as alchemy and martial arts. In charge of imperial edicts, historical annals, Wenhan affairs, examination and discussion system, detailed and correct documents, and preparation of emperor's advisors. The chief officer is the Hanlin bachelor, and there are the attendant bachelors, the attendant lecturers, editors, editors, reviewers and other officials. There are also other officials A common scholar who is qualified as a Hanlin official. In the Ming Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy was designated as a fifth-rank yamen. The official rank of the Hanlin Academy was very low, but it was regarded as the choice of the nobles. If Hanlin could enter Zhiwenyuan Pavilion to participate in secrets, he would be an extremely noble minister. The epitaph of Kong Zhenyun in the Ming Dynasty, the Minister of Military Affairs of the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Gong (Yuan Keli) said: "He was given the title of Jinshi, Tongyi doctor, associate director of Zhan Shifu, Zhan Shifu, and bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, and compiled and compiled the historical records of the previous dynasty. Liu Cao Zhang Memorial on daily life management, Jie Neishu Wen Hua Dian exhibition book imperial edict and composition, Qian You Chun Fang You Yu De Zuo Shuzi was in charge of the Nanjing Hanlin Academy affairs, Jingyan lecturer, Wang Duodun, a descendant of his hometown, paid homage to Shu Dan." . Qing Dynasty: Due to the Ming Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy was established in the Qing Dynasty.

There are two bachelors in charge of the academy, one each from Manchu and Han Dynasties, and they are of the second rank. The bachelor's degree in charge of the Qing Dynasty did not have the responsibility of literary composition. He was the nominal commander of all officials below the bachelor's degree, which was different from the Hanlin bachelor's degree in the Tang and Song Dynasties. However, it is not only easier for those who serve as Hanlin officials to be promoted than other officials, but the walking in the south study room and the walking in the upper study room are done by Hanlin officials, because the emperor, princes and princes of the nearby clan often receive preferential treatment.

Since Shuntian Prefecture is the highest local administrative organ in the capital, the position of Fuyin is particularly prominent. The rank is the third rank, which is two to three levels higher than the general prefect. It is managed by ministers at the level of minister and minister. The Zhengsanpin Yamen used copper seals, but Shuntian Mansion used silver seals. They were the governors and governors of the same feudal officials. Although the twenty-four counties under the jurisdiction of Shuntian Prefecture are within the direct jurisdiction of the governor-general, there is no subordinate relationship between the prefecture and the governor-general. However, the areas outside the city walls of Beijing are under the "dual leadership" of the Zhili Governor's Yamen and the Shuntian Prefecture Yamen, and major initiatives must be handled by the Hui Yamen. Within the walls of Beijing, the Governor-General of Zhili had no right to intervene. ? The biggest feature of Beijing’s urban administrative system in the Qing Dynasty was that Manchus and Han people lived in separate cities and governed them separately. The "banner people" all live in the inner city and the three camps in the western suburbs, while the Han people and other ethnic minorities live in the outer city. The outer city is divided into five cities and ten squares, so people at that time had a saying of "eight banners inside and five cities outside".

Zhan Shifu is the institution in charge of the affairs of the queen and the prince's family (East Palace)

Fengtianfu

Established

In 1644 (Qing Dynasty) ·In the first year of Shunzhi), the Qing government moved its capital to Beijing, and Shengjing became the "capital town" of the Qing government. Its political status declined while its economic status rose. In 1657 (the fourteenth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Fengtian Mansion (Fengtian General) was established in Shengjing City. From then on, Shenyang was also known as Fengtian.

Area

In August of the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), some areas were divided from Xinmin Mansion, Liaoyang Prefecture, and Haicheng County, and Asniulu Town (today's Liaozhong Town); soon after, the southwest border of Chengde County was included and Liaozhong County was established, under the jurisdiction of Fengtian Prefecture. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Chengde and Xingren (now Shenyang City, Liaoning Province) were governed. Under its jurisdiction: Chengde (now the east of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province), Xingren (now the west of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province), Kaiyuan (now Kaiyuan City, Liaoning Province), Tieling (now Tieling City, Liaoning Province), Haicheng (now Haicheng, Liaoning Province) City), Gaiping (now Gaizhou City, Liaoning Province) 6 counties; Liaoyang (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), Fuzhou (now Fuzhouwan Town, Wafangdian City, Liaoning Province), Jinzhou (now Jinzhou, Dalian City, Liaoning Province) Prefecture District) 3 scattered states; Yingkou (now Yingkou City, Liaoning Province) 1 scattered hall.

Guozijian is the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China. It is the highest institution of higher learning in the ancient Chinese education system. In the Ming Dynasty, due to the relocation of the capital to the north, there were Imperial Colleges in Beijing and Nanjing respectively. Therefore, the Imperial College in Nanjing was called "Southern Prison" or "Nanyong", while the Imperial College in Beijing was called "Beijian". Or "Northern Yong". The Imperial College in Beijing was founded in the 10th year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1306). It was the highest administrative agency for national education management in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and the highest university established by the state.

The Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the grade of officials. At that time, officials were divided into nine grades, and each grade was divided into upright and subordinate. The so-called nine grades and eighteen grades. Those who could not be included in the nine grades were called Wei Entering the stream.? The fifth rank? The concubine of the left and right spring houses, the Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple, the supervisor of Qin Tianjian, the sixth subject, the doctor of all ministries, the same magistrate of all prefectures, and the governor of Zhili Province

Signature of Qin Tianjian

Official. Use the palm to observe celestial phenomena, calculate solar terms, and formulate calendars. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern Dynasties, Taichang was under the command of Tai Shi Ling, who was in charge of the celestial calendar. In the Sui Dynasty, Taishi Cao was subordinate to the Secretary Province, and Emperor Yang changed Cao to be the prisoner. In the early Tang Dynasty, the eunuch was renamed the Taishi Bureau. It was later renamed several times as the Secretariat Pavilion, the Huntian Supervisory Yuan, the Hunyi Supervisor, or the Secretariat Province. In the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan (726), it was restored to the Taishi Bureau and belonged to the Secretary Province. In the first year of Qianyuan (758), it was renamed Sitiantai. In the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, it was called Si Tianjian. After Yuanfeng's restructuring, it was changed to Taishi Bureau. In the south of Liao Dynasty, there was Sitianjian, which was called Sitiantai in Jin Dynasty and belonged to the secretary's prison. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was Taishiyuan, which was juxtaposed with Sitianjian and Huihui Sitianjian.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Si Tianjian was established, and Si Tianjian was returned to it. It was later renamed Qin Tianjian, with officials such as chief supervisor and deputy supervisor. In the late years, Western missionaries joined the work. Following the Ming system in the Qing Dynasty, the management supervisor, Minister Wang, was the chief executive, and the supervisors, deputy supervisors and other officials were used by both Manchu and Han Dynasties, and Western missionaries also participated. At the beginning of Qianlong's reign, the deputy supervisors were assigned to Manchus, Hans, and Westerners. Later, people who lived in Western China either returned or died, so there was no need for outsiders to join the officials.