There were no nails in ancient times. How did architects ensure that wooden buildings did not collapse?

There were no nails in ancient times. How did architects ensure that wooden buildings did not collapse?

The ancient buildings in China adopted the wood structure system. Due to the limitation of materials and the need of functions, each single building must be provided with columns on the plane to support the upper frame. Therefore, in the wood structure of ancient buildings, it is very important to use the lower columns as load-bearing members. The ancient building "the house collapses, but the house does not collapse" is also for this reason. Let's take a look at the functions and characteristics of wooden columns in ancient buildings.

whether the cross section of a wooden column is round or square, its longitudinal shape is slender and tall, and it stands on the ground to support the upper skeleton. In order not to affect the structural internal force of the column, the column is not carved much. According to the score shape of columns, they are divided into straight columns and shuttle columns.

how did the ancient architecture in China achieve the goal of "the house collapses, but the house does not collapse"?

a column perpendicular to the ground, with a slender body and usually thick and straight columns up and down. But the straight columns can only look hard, and craftsmen have processed them as a whole. That is to say, at the upper and lower ends of the column, the column is slightly thinner, and the two ends become slightly smaller middle thick columns. It is shaped like a wooden shuttle for fabric, so it is called a "shuttle".

The Architectural Style, published in the Song Dynasty, is a monograph that records the architectural design and construction in the Song Dynasty. The part about columns in the book is devoted to Suzhou. Divide the column into three sections from top to bottom, and then divide it into three sections from the upper and lower sections, and brake it up and down in the middle to make it a spindle-shaped column slightly thinner than the middle section. The upper, lower and both ends of the column are respectively connected with the arch at the top of the column and the column foundation under the column. The arch is smaller than the column foundation, so the top of the north column is thinner than the bottom, and the north column is more stable in overall shape.

in the wooden system of ancient buildings, firstly, wooden columns are erected on the ground, and beams are erected on the columns, and roofs are laid on them. All the weight of the roofs is transferred from the beams to the columns, and then to the ground through the columns. The walls between the columns can only act as partitions, but cannot support the weight of the house.

buildings not only provide the material function of people's activity places, but also provide the artistic expression function. In the temple wars that we often visit, we can see the richness and diversity of pillar decoration more intuitively. Among them, dragon pillar decoration is more common. Because the dragon is a magical thing with great power in ancient legends of China, it is not only a symbol of emperors in feudal times, but also represents the dignity of emperors.

The blackout of Shenyang Imperial Palace expressed the importance and momentum of this palace in various ways in architectural details. The most prominent thing is that there is a dragon on each of the two pillars in the front eaves. The woodcut dragon disc is coiled on the column, the faucet and front paws protrude out of the column and face the center, and there is a flame pearl on the middle beam, which constitutes the scene of double dragon pole columns.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing today was rebuilt during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and the six pillars in the central position throughout the country are also Dragon and Golden Pillars. However, unlike the banlong column in Shenyang Forbidden City, you can draw dragons on the column with asphalt instead of woodcut dragons, and draw dragons at close range. From a distance, only six Jinzhou can maintain the integrity and seriousness of the internal space of Datian. On the other hand. Southern Buddhism is popular in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. The main hall of the Buddhist temple is dedicated to the giant Buddha. The Buddhist scriptures are very high, and the pillars in the hall are also thick and tall. In order to create a sacred atmosphere of Buddhist scriptures, these pillars are decorated with red oil, and the red bottom is decorated with white lotus flowers and scrolls. The exquisite Buddhist temples are decorated with gold flowers, and the decoration is concentrated on the parts below the pillars for people to enjoy.

In Tibetan Buddhist temples in Tibet, the interior of their halls is made of wood, surrounded by thick walls of bricks and stones, painted red and white, and the glittering roofs are built on the hillside, which has a special beauty against the unique blue sky in Tibet.

There is also a Po and a Asako in Kashgar, Xinjiang. The body of the column here is octagonal, unlike other places, there are carvings and decorations under the column. The whole column can be divided into three parts: column head, column main body and column foundation. Among them, the stigma is the most decorated, and many small gaps are carved around it. The sharp small gaps are stacked on top and bottom, surrounding the stigma and covering the top of the column like a blooming corolla.

Dibuli, Turkey, also has the pillars of a small pointed temple on the north gate of Ambassador Qingjin, much like the pillars of Aba and Kamakura worship halls in Xinjiang. Just for the stone pillars, one for the wooden pillars. At present, the exact origin and inheritance process between them can not be explained, but the similarity and similarity in images should not be coincidental.

The ancient buildings in China are beautifully designed, and the wooden columns play a stable internal force role, which makes the ancient wooden structure stand for thousands of years, and also shows the artistic decoration effect of the building to a certain extent. The superb wisdom of ancient buildings is worth learning. On the other hand.