On the Outline of Kong Yiji's Image

1. Black and pink appear in laughter.

2. Strong self-expression in laughter

3. Sad curtain call in laughter

On the Image of Kong Yiji

Kong Yiji is a typical old intellectual who was poisoned by feudal thoughts and accomplished nothing, and a martyr of feudal imperial examination system. Kong Yiji's vivid and profound impression on us is inseparable from the author's skillful and accurate use of language when portraying characters. It can be seen not only from his clothes, appearance, manners and demeanor, but also from his thoughts, experiences and the sadness he took away from this world. Kong Yiji's tragic fate is not only the result of the whole social environment, but also the result of his poor and ridiculous personality. Kong Yiji is full of indifference and cruelty, but there are repeated laughter around him. Kong Yiji appeared in laughter, disappeared in laughter, and finished the tragedy of his life in laughter.

Lu Xun once said that Kong Yiji was his favorite novel. In less than 3,000 words, Lu Xun not only created a vivid image of Kong Yiji, but also profoundly revealed the cultural and social environment that led to the tragic ending of Kong Yiji. It is concise and to the point, and it is a masterpiece of art.

With extremely frugal pen and ink and typical details of life, Lu Xun created the image of Kong Yiji, a scholar who was cruelly abandoned at the bottom of society, lived in poverty and was finally swallowed up by powerful dark forces. Kong Yiji's pitiful and ridiculous personality and tragic ending are not only vivid portrayal of the unfortunate fate of the broad masses of lower-class intellectuals in old China, but also the concrete expression of the "cannibalism" nature of the feudal traditional cultural atmosphere in China.

Kong Yiji's tragic fate is not only the result of the whole social environment, but also his poor and ridiculous personality characteristics: his "standing and drinking" has shown that he is not qualified to walk into the hotel and "sit and drink" like those rich people wearing long gowns, and can only associate with the "short clothes gang"; But he always refused to take off the dirty and torn gown, which seemed to have been mended and washed for more than ten years, showing how obsessed he was with his illusory "master" identity. His way of speaking, the fallacy that "stealing books is not stealing" and the intoxicated way of showing off "knowledge" to "me" are enough to show his almost crazy persistence and obsession with his academic identity. For Kong Yiji, the formation of this value concept is that "Rome was not built in a day". After decades of education, the concept of "everything is inferior, and reading is high" has already penetrated into Kong Yiji's heart. However, Kong Yiji is not so lucky as Ding. After reading sage books all his life, he doesn't even have a scholar, which determines that he can only struggle at the bottom of society. However, the long-term study hard for the imperial examination made him helpless. Whether Kong Yiji realized it or not, he actually lost the capital and qualification to join the "short coat gang" and became the object of contempt and ridicule. And the more he hit a wall repeatedly in real life, the more he was teased and ridiculed, the more he longed for psychological support and balance in the fantasy of "being superior". This is actually a vicious circle: Kong Yiji's "superior" fantasy is just like Ah Q's "spiritual victory law". The more he indulges in it, the more likely he is to lose the ability to fight against society and life, and the easier it is to be thrown into the bottom of society. But the "superior" method of spiritual victory is precisely the only spiritual refuge for Ah Q and Kong Yiji. -In fact, as long as Kong Yiji is a little rational, he can't help but realize the hypocrisy and deception of his own set of values and his tragic real situation, but he is used to hiding in the false and fragile "spiritual victory law" like smoking opium to cover the external wind and rain.

We can see that Kong Yiji is completely living in a hostile alien environment. Not only the social elite and the ruling class specialize in the law of the jungle and oppress the people, but also the different members of the oppressed class are so indifferent and indifferent. Ding was a scholar in those days, but after he passed the exam, he became a member of the ruling class, and his position and role were very different from that of Kong Yiji. The scholar who laid hands on him is so vicious; We can also imagine that the perpetrators should have multiple meanings: because they are punishing the "bad guys". And everyone in Xianheng Hotel, intentionally or unintentionally, takes Kong Yiji as the object of ridicule and teasing, taking pleasure in uncovering his mental scars. The only reason Kong Yiji is remembered is that he owes the hotel owner nineteen coppers. Through the repeated "laughter" in the works, it seems that we can hear the author's heartfelt cry: Why are people so indifferent to their own kind? Why can't we have more love and sympathy for each other? Why does a poor man like Kong Yiji, who has been deprived of everything in this world, refuse to give him a little care and help, but instead bully and mock him?

In his life experience, Lu Xun combed out some characteristics related to Kong Yiji, a typical image of the old intellectuals, among many related figures, and then shaped a series of symbolic images, scenes and dialogues. It is precisely because of this structure that this novel with only more than 2,000 words can produce a powerful explosive force.

First of all, I feel that its visual image is particularly strong. Lu Xun condensed Kong Yiji's complicated life into a series of sculptures from the narrative discourse that should have been used. Kong Yiji appeared only four times in the novel, and Lu Xun replaced many narrative words with statues every time. Kong Yiji first appeared in Xianheng Hotel in this image:

Kong Yiji was the only one standing drinking and wearing a gown. He is very tall; Blue and white face, often with some scars between wrinkles; A shaggy gray beard. Although I am wearing a robe, it is dirty and torn. It seems that it hasn't been mended or washed for more than ten years. When he is talking to people, he always gushes.

The first sentence "Kong Yiji is the only one standing drinking and wearing a gown" is the main feature of this statue. It is a portrayal of Kong Yiji's life, including his identity, life experience, personality and social background of his life. He is a striking tall man, because he used to be an educated man, and only fell into poverty after failing to catch half a scholar, so that his legs were broken when stealing. Finally, he appeared, broke his leg, and crawled along. No one in the counter could see him. It was a symbol that he was trampled and knocked down. His rags are a sign of his inner consciousness, and he can't forget the noble status of a scholar and a gentleman. He is tall (strong) and works, poisoned by old ideas, and let him be trampled by people of the upper and lower classes.

Kong Yiji "often has some scars between wrinkles on his face", and these old and new scars contain a lot of social cruelty and his own lazy character. Kong Yiji's tragedy is twofold. On the one hand, he is the tragedy of an old scholar, and also the tragedy of oppression and humiliation of the bottom society.

Kong Yiji appeared in the novel for the second time, with this statue and a little boy beside him:

Kong Yiji just dipped her nails in wine and wanted to write on the counter. When he saw that I was not enthusiastic, he sighed again and looked sorry.

When Kong Yiji made his third appearance, he was even surrounded by a group of children. "He gave each of them an fennel bean." The statue is engraved with him and the children. This shows that there is a kind and sincere heart in his pedantic thoughts. He is better than others in Xianheng Hotel, honest and never in arrears. His sigh is not only because he realized his inferiority complex and became the object of contempt, ridicule, bullying and insult, but also because the younger generation actually joined the masses who took pleasure in the shame and pain of others. He thinks that adult society is ruthless, so he seeks comfort from children, but they are also realistic ("all eyes are on the dishes"), desperate (they dare not be shopkeepers, so they don't need to learn to write) and heartless ("Is a beggar worth testing me?" )。

When it appeared for the fourth and last time, Kong Yiji, who was originally tall, suddenly shrank into a beggar with a broken leg and walked on his hands:

His face is black and thin, and his figure is out of shape; Wearing a shabby jacket, his legs crossed, and there was a bun under it ... His hands were covered with mud, so he walked with mud. ...

Kong Yiji, who used to be very tall, can't stand up now. Because he stole some books, paper, pens and inkstones, he was hung up and beaten, and finally his leg was broken. Lu Xun used this statue to represent Kong Yiji's eternal and final tragedy.

Although Kong Yiji is less than 3,000 words, it has been praised for its complete structure, ingenious plot arrangement, profound thought and refined language. I am fascinated by its artistic charm again and again, and impressed by its tragic content in a comedy atmosphere and the writing method of "laughing" and writing tears.

The ancients said that sadness is more obvious when you write it with joy. Similarly, writing sadness with joy adds to sadness. Kong Yiji's tragic content is developed and strengthened in the comedy atmosphere, and "laughter" runs through Kong Yiji's whole story. The author stuck it tightly in Kong Yiji's miserable life, made Kong Yiji appear in people's laughter, performed in people's laughter, and finally died in people's laughter.

Firstly, the article introduces the era and social background in which Kong Yiji lived, paving the way for the emergence of Kong Yiji. The waiter "I" in Xianheng Hotel was particularly reminded of Kong Yiji, who brought me laughter, because of the monotony of work ("specializing in making warm wine") and the depression of life ("the shopkeeper looks like lost face, and the customers have no good temper, which makes people lively"). "Only Kong Yiji can laugh a few times when he arrives at the store, so I remember it so far." Before Kong Yiji appeared, we knew that Kong Yiji was remembered, existed and had the value of existence, because he was the joke of people's monotonous, boring and depressing life, which could give people a little satisfaction of "laughing". Therefore, Laughter itself contains Kong Yiji's profound loneliness and sadness, which reflects his insignificant position in Luzhen and people's contempt for him, and also implies his tragic life: frustrated, down and out in the examination room, humiliated and tragically died.

1. Black and pink appear in laughter.

As soon as Kong Yiji came to power, people couldn't help laughing: "Only Kong Yiji was standing drinking and wearing a gown." . Standing outside the cabinet are the "short clothes gang" of the lower working people, while the upper landlord class wearing long gowns "strolls to the next room" and "sits and drinks". And Kong Yiji is the "only" person who wears a gown when standing and drinking, which shows that he is neither a short coat gang nor a gown guest, and he has a certain distance from them. As soon as Kong Yiji appeared, he showed his special status and uniqueness by dressing and drinking. In fact, judging from his "standing and drinking", he lives in poverty and his economic and social status is no different from that of the short coat gang. However, he refused to take off the "gown" that marked his intellectual identity, which showed that he was proud of himself, put on the shelf of "scholar", envied the upper class ideologically, despised the working people and refused to associate with the "short coat gang", which would undoubtedly isolate him from the people around him and thus become the object of their ridicule. He is poor and lazy, and the gown he is wearing is "dirty and torn, as if it has not been mended or washed for more than ten years"; Often bullied, "there are always some scars between wrinkles", but he is conceited and pedantic. "When talking to people, he is always full of dirty words, which makes people half understand", so he is nicknamed "Kong Yiji". In a word, as soon as Kong Yiji came to power, he described and introduced his identity, portrait, costume, language and nickname, which showed the contradiction and absurdity between his realistic situation and ideology.

2. Strong self-expression in laughter

Kong Yiji, who lives in the ideal world of studying and seeking an official, becomes embarrassed and uneasy as soon as she enters the real society, and is in opposition to the surrounding environment. So when Kong Yiji arrived at the store, all the drinkers looked at him and smiled. "Kong Yiji, you have added a new scar on your face!" A word "you" and a word "new" indicate that it is nothing new for Kong Yiji to be injured because of stealing, and it has happened more than once. Such ridicule is common in Kong Yiji. So he doesn't want to talk to them, but shorts don't want to miss this happy opportunity. "You must have stolen from others again!" Kong Yiji, who attaches great importance to the innocence of scholars, has to defend himself at this time: "How can you falsely accuse others of innocence ..." "Stealing books is not stealing ... stealing books! ..... Can the scholar be stolen? "In that feudal society, which advocates' learning to be an excellent official' and' everything is inferior, only reading is high', reading is the noblest thing, and anything related to reading deserves respect. Even the ugly thing of stealing, once it is related to reading, will not become ugly, and even have some glory. This is Kong Yiji's idea, and it is also an excuse for him to excuse himself, because "stealing" and "stealing" have the same meaning, but one is spoken and the other is written in classical Chinese. As for what he later said, "being a scholar is poor", it is purely a spiritual victory method of self-deception, using the so-called "sacred words" in the Four Books and Five Classics to defend himself, so as to show that his scholars have done what the sages taught them, which is beyond ordinary people's understanding. When he said this, it may not have never flashed in Kong Yiji's mind that he and many talented people did not encounter bumpy images in seeking official positions, but seeking official positions in the imperial examination mastered his spiritual world, which was his eternal ideal and that of many intellectuals, although he never realized this ideal. His self-deception and stubborn excuses can only cause more laughter; "There was a joyous atmosphere inside and outside the store. "

Bullying the weak and being afraid of the strong is a common problem in human nature, and it is some people's pleasure to watch people weaker than themselves be humiliated. Similarly, making fun of Kong Yiji, who is poorer than himself but pretends to be a scholar, makes the short coat gang happier. "Kong Yiji, can you really read?" For such a problem, Kong Yiji "showed disdain". This is an obvious pride, and reading is his only pride. However, "why can't you even get half a scholar?" "Lodging" is Kong Yiji's most painful scar and is regarded as a great shame. Generally, it's confidential, for fear of others' contact. This jacket helps drinkers understand his pain, but they like to expose it and embarrass him. "Under this kind of blow, Kong Yiji immediately showed the appearance of upset, his face was covered with a layer of gray, and he said something; This time it's all nonsense, some don't understand. "Why is that? The above sentence touched the most painful place in his heart, and it was also the most difficult place to explain and hide. He was ashamed and speechless, and he could only prevaricate with words that others could not understand. Secondly, the more Kong Yiji is sought after, the more his spoken English will be lost and replaced by his familiar classical Chinese. He is free only in the conceptual world constructed by classical Chinese. And his conceptual world completely blocks the way to participate in the daily world with people in reality. For the short coat gang, Kong Yiji has authority only after passing the imperial examination, and the knowledge stored in his mind has no authority. Learning and knowledge can only realize their own value if they are officials and politicians. Kong Yiji has no official position or economic status, but is exposed to people as a penniless scholar, so the authority of the knowledge really stored in his mind is questioned. The knowledge stored in Kong Yiji's mind has no authority, and this ruthless reality makes Kong Yiji feel "lonely" when he has to stand and drink. However, this is not so much Kong Yiji's personal responsibility as his deeper cultural background. Because Kong Yiji's loneliness and Confucius' loneliness overlap. Lu Xun said: "After the death of Confucius ... every county certainly has a Confucian temple, that is, a Confucian temple, but it looks lonely and deserted." Ordinary people will never pay homage. They are going to a Buddhist temple or a temple. " Kong Yiji's inner loneliness and pain are incomprehensible and unwilling to understand, not to mention sympathy, so everyone "burst into laughter" and "the air inside and outside the store is full of joy." Here again, I wrote about the happiness that Kong Yiji brought to people, but this happiness was based on the pain of Kong Yiji. In the comedy atmosphere, the tragedy of Kong Yiji's frustration was staged.

Knowing that he can't chat with adults, Kong Yiji had to talk to children and seek a bosom friend to remedy his spiritual loneliness and boredom. This is manifested in four ways to teach boys "I" to write the word "fennel" and give them fennel beans. The four ways of teaching fennel reveal that once Kong Yiji participates in reality, he will inevitably show pedantry, and his pedantry is supported by his strong belief in writing. In fact, it is a rule that characters change from complex to simple. Various variants of the word "fennel" are all dead and useless knowledge, but Kong Yiji regards it as "treasure" and shows it off. This pedantic and backward thinking and behavior is bound to be disgusted by people. No wonder the waiter is not enthusiastic and wants to "shut up and walk away". Even the children laughed at his trite language of "too much, not too much" and walked away with a smile.

Such a pedantic, impoverished intellectual has no place in the eyes of adults and children, and is disrespectful. "Kong Yiji is such a joy, but without him, others will live like this." On the one hand, this sentence profoundly explains Kong Yiji's dispensable, ridiculous, pathetic and insignificant position, and once again shows his loneliness and sadness; On the other hand, it also reflects people's "cool thin" (that is, indifference and impetuousness), and their numbness, indifference and sympathy for others.

3. Sad curtain call in laughter

When people are happy, it is also the time when Kong Yiji is miserable. When Kong Yiji appeared in Xianheng Hotel again, his appearance had changed a lot: his face was dark and thin, he was wearing a "worn jacket" and his legs were sitting cross-legged on a sack hung on his shoulder by a rope. The change of appearance is a portrayal of Kong Yiji's tragic experience, which shows that he was not only poisoned and destroyed mentally, but also physically. For Kong Yiji, who is physically and mentally destroyed and on the verge of despair, the shopkeeper belonging to the exploiting class will naturally show no sympathy. Playing and bullying the suffering people is determined by his class nature. However, the short coat drinkers also echoed the "laughter", which showed the social sadness and people's "cool thin" more profoundly. Since we will not sympathize with the sufferings of the weak, we will not express indignation at the cruelty of the strong. Here, people still show distinct particularity to Kong Yiji's "cool thin": Kong Yiji and Ding are both imperial examination intellectuals in long gowns. The more people succumb to Ding's arrogance, the stronger their "cool thin" is to the loser Kong Yiji. Making fun of people, Kong Yiji can't tell at this time. "Breaking ..." is the lowest face he can't help but maintain. He still had the will to survive in his heart, so he begged the shopkeeper to stop talking. But people are still "joking", watching him sit after drinking and "walking slowly" with his hands behind his back. How can Kong Yiji, who is physically disabled and has no means of livelihood, live in the future? There must be only one end for him: death.

Kong Yiji appeared in laughter, and finally died in laughter. "Laughter" runs through the whole article. This burst of laughter is in sharp contrast to Kong Yiji's misfortune. Deeply exposed the darkness and cruelty of feudal society, and criticized the callousness of the masses at the same time. This bittersweet writing style makes the theme of the novel more prominent and profound.

In a word, Kong Yiji is a tragic figure, which is caused by three factors: first, the spiritual poison of feudal thought in the imperial examination system; The second is the physical destruction of Ding and others; Third, the public laughed at him. Write about Kong Yiji's bitterness. When criticizing his weakness, he poured great sympathy between the lines.