The deeds of Yue Fei and Wen Tianxiang

Yue Fei (1103—1142). Yonghe township filial piety (this village), the father said congratulations, the mother said Yao. Because of her poor family, Yue Fei helps with housework during the day and learns calligraphy from her father at night. He has superhuman strength. As a minor, he can pull a bow of 300 kg (about 180 kg) and trigger Ba Shi's waist crossbow of about 440 kg. He also learned archery from Zhou Tong and marksmanship from Chen Guang, and became a man with strong martial arts. In the first year of Zhonghe (118), Fei married Liu at the age of 16. In June of the following year, ziyun grew. Soon, he went to Xiangzhou (now Anyang City) as a guest, and was a descendant of Han Qi.

In the fourth year of Yihe (1 122), Song and Jin made a "maritime pact" to jointly attack Liao, and Yue Fei was enlisted as the squad leader to participate in the Liao Campaign. This year, he left the team because of his father's funeral and went home to be filial.

After Jin Jun captured Liao, he launched a war of aggression against Song. In the winter of the first year of Jingkang (1 126), Jin Jun besieged Kaifeng House, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, established the Grand Marshal House in Xiangzhou, and Yue Fei was drafted into the army. Soon, the Jin army captured Kaifeng. In April of the following year, when the Northern Song Dynasty perished, Yue Fei followed the Marshal's Office to Nanjing (now Shangqiu County). On May 1 day, Emperor Zhao Gou of Gaozong ascended the throne here, established the Southern Song regime, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to make suggestions. Yue Fei was filled with indignation, wrote to Emperor Gaozong, demanding to resist gold and recover lost ground, and was expelled from the army on the grounds that "my junior minister exceeded his authority".

Soon, Zhang was appointed as Hebei recruiter and Yue Fei was recruited. He was appreciated by Zhang and promoted to the mansion of Wang Yan, the governor. They crossed the river to capture Xinxiang county and were besieged by the army of nomads from the army. After the breakthrough, Wang Yan organized the "eight-character army" to resist gold, and Yue Fei himself became an army. Soon, he went south to Tokyo and stayed in Zong Ze, where he repeatedly made meritorious military service and was promoted to command and control again.

In July of the second year of Jianjian (1 128), Zong Ze died of illness and Du Chong took over Kaifeng. In June of the following year, Du Chong went south in the name of diligent king and was transferred to Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) to stay. Yue Fei also led the troops to health.

In the winter of this year, 8 Jin Army crossed the river to the south, and Du Chong fled, and then the gold fell. Yue Fei led his troops to Maoshan area, then moved to Guangde Zhongcun (now Guangde County, Anhui Province), and then moved to Yixing (now Jiangsu Province) near Zhang Zhu Town to recruit skirmishers, rectify military discipline and stabilize the situation. Yue Fei's mother, second wife Li and two sons also received Yixing. In the spring of four years (1 130), 8 Jin Jun pursued Song Gaozong and reached the East China Sea in Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), but still failed to catch up. Later, he retreated to the north, was ambushed by Han Shizhong in the Yangtze River, retreated to Jiankang, and prepared to cross the river and withdraw from the north. Yue Fei led his troops to storm 8 jin j and recover health.

In August, Yue Fei was appointed as the governor of Tongtai Town, and he also knew Taizhou. However, several areas north of the Yangtze River have been occupied by the Jin army, and Taizhou can no longer persist. This winter, it crossed the river in batches and moved to Jiangyin (now Jiangsu).

In the first month of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Yue Fei received the imperial edict from Zhang Jun and moved to Jiangnan West Road and Huainan West Road. Defeated Li Cheng (later Li Cheng) from the right, and recruited Zhang Yong from the right, with outstanding achievements. In July, Yue Fei was promoted to the right deputy military system in SHEN WOO and was ordered to be stationed in Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi). 12, yue Fei was promoted to deputy military system in SHEN WOO.

In the second year of Shaoxing (1 132), in February, Yue Fei led a crusade and took over Yang Zaixing. In May, Cao Cheng surrendered to Han Shizhong under the pursuit of Yue Fei. In June, Yue Fei was ordered to be stationed in Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province). At this time, Yuegujun was already an army of 24,000 people.

In the third year of Shaoxing (1 133), from March to June, Yue Fei was ordered to suppress the peasant rebels in Jizhou (now Ji 'an City, Jiangxi Province) and Qianzhou (now Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province). After returning to Jiangzhou, in September, he took Yue Yun to Hangzhou to appear before Emperor Gaozong and got a military flag embroidered with "Loyal Yue Fei". Then Yue Fei's official title was promoted to Cheng, and his position was promoted to Zhi Shi, stationed in Jiangzhou; Yue Jiajun's title was changed to SHEN WOO Hou Jun. 12, Niu Hao, Dong Xian and other departments merged into Yue Jiajun.

In May of the 4th year of Shaoxing (1 134), the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court agreed to Yue Fei's plan to recover Xiang, Deng and other six counties. After more than three months of fighting, Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), Deng (now Dengxian County, Henan Province), Tang (now tanghe county City, Henan Province), Sui (now Suizhou City, Hubei Province) and Ying (Ying) were recovered. In the battle against Suizhou, Yue Yun boarded the Suizhou city wall for the first time with a double hammer in his hand, and won the reputation of being brave in the three armed forces. Yue Jiajun is brave and disciplined. He is known as "freezing to death without tearing down the house, starving to death without robbing." This time, Yue Fei recovered the lost county according to the scheduled plan, which was a feat that no one could stand in the Southern Song Dynasty. Yue Fei was promoted to the ambassador of Qingyuan. This year, Yue Fei was 32 years old, and it was unique at that time to get this title at such a young age.

In September, Jin and the puppet troops joined forces, avoiding the Yuefei defense zone and crossing Huainan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the court ordered Yue Fei to March eastward and westward, and Yue Fei sent Niu Hao and Xu Qing as pioneers to help Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui) defeat the invading enemy.

In February, the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), Yue Fei was appointed as our envoy of Zhenning and Chongxin Army, and was subsequently ordered to suppress the Yang Yao Rebel. Wang Jun then belongs to Yue Fei's army. In June, Yue Fei disintegrated the rebels with the policy of combining political induction with military repression, and incorporated tens of thousands of rebels and several government troops. Yue Jiajun has expanded from more than 30,000 people to an army of about 100,000 people. In September, Yue Fei's official title was promoted to check the school and ensure less. 1February, Yue Fei's position was promoted to the position of ambassador, and Yue Jiajun's name was also changed to Hou Baojun. Together with Zhongbaojun in Zhang Jun, Qianbaojun in Han Shizhong, Zuobaojun in Liu Guangshi and Youbaojun in Wu Jun, they were the five main forces in the Southern Song Dynasty. Yue Fei, together with Han Shizhong, Liu Guangshi and Zhang Jun, was called the Four Generals of Zhongxing in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1 136), in March, Yue Fei was promoted to Fu Xuan's deputy envoy in Jingxi and Hubei Road. At this point, the prime minister and commander-in-chief Zhang Jun organized Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and Zhang Jun to attack the Central Plains. In July, after Yue Fei entered Xiangyang, he immediately sent his troops to the Northern Expedition. Rujun (now tanghe county North) and Cai Zhou (now Runan) in Lianke Town, Niu Hao, the Eastern Route Army, and Wang Gui and Dong Xian, the Western Route Army, captured Lushi, Shangzhou (now Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province), Luanchuan, Yiyang (now Songxian County) and other places, only a hundred miles away from Luoyang. In September, due to the lack of food transportation, we had to retreat. Soon, he was called to help Huaixi. In November, due to the provocation of 8 jin j and pseudo qi, the soldiers were transferred to the northern expedition again. Attack to Cai Zhou, defeat the enemy, take the initiative to retreat.

In the 7th year of Shaoxing (1 137), in February, Yue Fei was promoted to the rank of Taiwei, and his position was also promoted to that of Ambassador to Fu Xuan. 1 1 month, the ruler abolished the pseudo-qi and assigned the pseudo-qi area to the Southern Song Dynasty in exchange for the submission of the Southern Song Dynasty, which was exactly what Song Gaozong wanted. In March of the following year, Qin Gui, a treacherous court official, was appointed as the right-hand man, presiding over the surrender and peace talks.

In the ninth year of Shaoxing (1 139), Yue Fei was promoted to the title of Kaifu Yitong Third Division. In May of the following year, the rulers tore up the agreement, invaded south again and besieged Shunchang (now Fuyang, Anhui). Emperor Gaozong hurriedly ordered Yue Fei to send troops to rescue and March into the Central Plains, and promoted Yue Fei's rank to full-time Shaobao.

Besides sending Zhang Xian to help Shunchang, Yue Fei personally deployed to March into the Central Plains, and Niu Hao led the vanguard to win. However, when the Jin army surrounded Shunchang was defeated by Liu Yong, he immediately sent Li to deliver the secret message and ordered Yue Fei to retreat to Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei). Yue Fei did not withdraw his troops according to his will, but continued the Northern Expedition with Li's support.

Zhang Xian led the vanguard troops to capture Cai Zhou (now Runa) and Yingchang (now Xuchang), Zhang Xian joined forces with Niu Hao and Xu Qing to capture Chenzhou (now Huaiyang), Yue Fei was stationed in Yancheng to command the whole army, Yue Jiajun recovered Luoyang and Zhengzhou, and the striker arrived in Zhongmou and Zhuxian towns, leaving only a few tens of miles of peaks at the gates of Yancheng and Yingchang. However, in the case of successive victories, Emperor Gaozong and Qin Gui, for fear of offending the rulers and preventing them from achieving the goal of peace, forced Yue Fei to withdraw his troops and return to Ezhou.

Since the Northern Expedition, the Yue family army has been brave and invincible, which has dealt a great blow to the Jin army. The Jin military police shouted: "It is easy to shake the mountain, but it is difficult to shake the Yue family army."

At the beginning of the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Jin Jun attacked the Huaihe River again, and Yue Fei's request for direct attack on Kaifeng and Luoyang was rejected by Emperor Gaozong. He just wanted Yue Fei to save Huaixi. By the time Yue Fei led the army, 8 Jin J had already retreated.

In April, the emperor appointed Han Shizhong and Zhang Jun as Tang envoys, and Yue Fei as Tang envoys. Then he revoked the Fu Xuan department of three generals and took over their military power. Later, Yue Fei was hated by Qin Gui for opposing Zhang Jun's murder of Han Shizhong at Qin Gui's instigation and lifting the military power of Liu Kun, a famous anti-gold star. Qin Gui's henchmen attacked Yue Fei, and in August, Yue Fei was forced to resign as a council member. At this time, the ruler was seducing the Southern Song Dynasty, and the traitor Qin Gui stepped up his persecution of Yue Fei. In September, Qin Gui colluded with Zhang Jun to buy Wang Jun and Wang Gui Yue Fei, falsely accusing Yue Fei, Zhang Xian and Yue Yun of rebellion. 10, Yue Fei was arrested in Dali Temple Prison. At this point, the Jin army invaded the south again, forcing the Southern Song Dynasty to make peace. Wu Shu also proposed to kill Yue Fei as a condition of peace talks. 1 1 month, emperor gaozong surrendered to 8 jin j and signed the shaoxing agreement. Qin Gui ordered the prosecution of Wanxian Luo Zhi and the killing of Yue Fei, but the "evidence" was insufficient and the case could not be ended at the moment. Wang, his wife, reminded that "it is easier to catch a tiger than to set it free" and immediately made up her mind to kill Yue Fei. On the 29th of the twelfth lunar month (1142 65438+1October 28th) in the 11th year of Shaoxing, Qin Gui killed Yue Fei in Dali Temple Prison on trumped-up charges, and he died at the age of 39. On the same day, Yue Yun, Yue Fei's eldest son, and Zhang Xian, Yue Fei's ministry, were also killed. Yue Fei and Zhang Xian's family were exiled to Huizhou (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province) and Zhangzhou (now Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province), and their property was confiscated.

In June of the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Xiaozong ascended the throne. In July, Xiao Zong wrote to restore Yue Fei's original official title and reburied him with ceremony. After the unjust prison was rehabilitated, Wu Mu and Zhong Wu were killed and the king of Hubei was chased.

Wen Tianxiang: Lang, the top scholar in Southern Song Dynasty.

Wen Tianxiang, born in Wenshan, Song Rui, 1236 was born into a landlord family in Futian Village, Chunhua Township, Luling, Jiangxi Province. His father loves reading, attaches great importance to children's learning, and tries to hire famous teachers to teach. Wen Tianxiang and his younger brother will read and write in a study full of aphorisms and talk about the past and the present.

18 years old, Wen Tianxiang won the first place in Luling Township School Examination. At the age of 20, he entered Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi). In the same year, he chose Gong in Jizhou and went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) with his father to take the exam.

In the imperial examination, he pertinently put forward the "imperial examination strategy", put forward the reform plan and expressed his political ambition. He was praised by the examiner as "loyal to the monarch and patriotic as a stone", and was personally rated as the top scholar in 60 1 Jinshi by Emperor Li Zong. Four days later, his father died unfortunately, and Wen Tianxiang went home to mourn for three years.

Floating and sinking in the official ocean

Later, the Mongolian army attacked the Song Dynasty in two ways, and Meng Ge led the west road into Sichuan to attack Chengdu. Kublai Khan led the East Route Army, crossed the Yangtze River, and encircled Ezhou (now Wuchang) with another Mongolian army from Tanzhou (now Changsha) in northern Yunnan. Nanjing was shocked by the ruling and opposition parties. The eunuch Dong told him to avoid soldiers and move the capital to Siming (now Ningbo) so as to escape to the sea at any time. To this. As a scholar, Wen Tianxiang boldly wrote: "Your Majesty is the Lord of China, so you should protect China;" If you are the parents of the people, you should defend them. "Please cut dong to caress the people. Later, due to the death of Mongo, Kublai Khan wanted to go back to the north to compete for the position of Khan, and only let Jia Sidao, the right prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, secretly surrender to pay tribute and then withdraw his troops.

Instead, Jia Sidao lied to the imperial court: "All parties won a great victory" and was named as defending the country and monopolizing power. Then acceded to the throne, indulge in debauchery, Jia Sidao deceives his superiors and deludes his subordinates, which is beneficial to the country. Wen Tianxiang played hydrophobic ignored, only was sent to a sinecure.

After more than ten years, Wen Tianxiang intermittently served as the director of Ruizhou, Jiangxi and Shangshu Zuo Silang, or more than half a year. Later, he was dismissed for mocking Jia Sidao.

Seeing the minister's loyalty in the face of national disaster

After Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor, he changed his title to Yuan, and in A.D. 1274, he sent 200,000 troops to Lin 'an by land and water. The regime of the Southern Song Dynasty was in chaos and perished. The 4-year-old acceded to the throne as Emperor Gong. Queen Xie came to the DPRK and asked all localities to recruit soldiers to serve the king.

The following year, Wen Tianxiang, who was appointed as the magistrate of Ganzhou (now Ganzhou, Jiangxi), devoted all his resources to recruiting troops and organized 30,000 rebels within a few months, saying, "Justice is in me and I can do anything; With the confidence and courage to win by number, he began his military career. When the rebels arrived in Jizhou, Wen Tianxiang was appointed assistant minister of the Ministry of War and was ordered to stand by and stay in Longxing (now Nanchang, Jiangxi). After many twists and turns, he was admitted to Wei 'an. Soon he became the magistrate of Pingjiang (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and was ordered to help Changzhou. In Changzhou, the rebels fought hard, but the generals led by General Zhang Quan of Huai watched the fire from the other side first, and then fled when they got cold feet, resulting in the heroic sacrifice of all 500 rebel soldiers except four. In the winter of this year, Wen Tianxiang was ordered to rush to reinforce the chief customs of Lin 'an portal. Three days after leaving Pingjiang, he collapsed in Pingjiang. Before reaching the destination, Guan has fallen. I hurried back to Lin 'an, ready to fight to the death, only to see the civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty abandon their posts and flee, leaving only six officials of the Wen class.

/kloc-in the first month of 0/276, Queen Xie insisted on surrendering. Yuan was appointed as the Prime Minister to go out of the city to discuss, and the Prime Minister Chen fled overnight. Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the right Prime Minister and Tang Dynasty envoy to make peace. In the negotiations, Wen Tianxiang was not afraid of the force of the Yuan Army, and publicly accused Bo Yan. He generously said that he wanted to resist Japan to the end, so he was detained and went to the north by boat. Wen Tianxiang went on a hunger strike at first, and then escaped from danger in Zhenjiang. Because the Yuan Army played a trick on me, it lied that Wen Tianxiang had fallen to the capital and returned to the south to earn cities and land for the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang was repeatedly suspected and displaced. He died for two months and went to Wenzhou. At this time, the court had surrendered, Emperor Gong was taken to Dadu (now Beijing), and seven people, including Lu Xiufu, acceded to the throne in the 30th year of Fu. Wen Tianxiang was called to Fuzhou as an envoy of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, he commanded various armies, set up a government office in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province), sent people to various places to recruit soldiers and raise salaries, and called on all places to arise and kill the enemy. In autumn, the Yuan army invaded Fujian, and Duanzong was forced to flee to the sea and drift in Guangdong by boat.

From 65438 to 0277, Wen Tianxiang led the troops to Longyan and Meizhou (Meixian, Guangdong) and advanced into Jiangxi. Defeated the Yuan Army in Du Fu (now in the south of Jiangxi), captured Xingguo, and recovered Ganzhou 10 and Jizhou 4 counties. People's hearts were greatly boosted, and all parts of Jiangxi responded in succession. The national anti-Yuan struggle resumed, and Wen Tianxiang's order reached the Jianghuai area, which was the most favorable situation since he insisted on anti-Yuan. The main force of the Yuan Army began to attack Xingguo State-owned enterprises in Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was outnumbered and led the army to withdraw from the north. He was defeated by Luling and Hezhou (now Changting, Fujian), and suffered heavy losses. His wife and children were also taken away by the Yuan Army.

Be defeated and captured

1278 In the late spring, Duanzong died of illness. Lu Xiufu and others established a 6-year-old emperor, and the court moved to a tiny place on the sea more than 50 miles away from Xinhui County, Guangdong Province, and sealed Wen Tianxiang's letter. In winter, Wen Tianxiang led the troops to Chaoyang County, Chaozhou, hoping to recruit soldiers and find new opportunities by relying on the risks of mountains and seas. However, the Yuan army made a fierce advance on land and water and launched a fierce attack.

At the end of the year, Wen Tianxiang was suddenly attacked by the Yuan Army in Wupoling, Haifeng North. He was defeated and captured, and immediately committed suicide with borneol, but failed. Zhang Hongfan, who surrendered to Yuan, was rebuffed. Wen Tianxiang once wrote "Crossing the Ocean" and made it very clear: "Once hard work comes, the stars will fall in all directions. The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs. The beach of fear says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean. Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a glowing heart. "

Wen Tianxiang was forced to witness Lu Xiufu throw himself into the sea, and Zhang Shijie was swallowed up by the bad waves of the typhoon. The surviving small court of the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Zhang Hongfan, the general of the Yuan Dynasty, toasted Wen Tianxiang at the celebration banquet, saying, "The Song Dynasty is dead, and your loyalty and filial piety are over. If the prime minister can do things for the Yuan Dynasty, won't you become the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty? " Wen Tianxiang said; "The death of the country cannot be saved, and the death of the minister deserves it. Can you still be afraid of death and betray the motherland? "

Who can blame for this hatred?

On April 22nd, Wen Tianxiang was taken to Dadu, where he was "weathered the storm and lost his life". When passing by his hometown in Wen Tianxiang, he was afraid that some folks would rob the boat, so he locked his neck and feet in the boat. Wen Tianxiang fasted for eight days, because he heard that the ship was going to dock at Jiankang, which aroused the hope of escape and restored his diet. In terms of health, Wen Tianxiang, who was strictly isolated and imprisoned, wrote: "Chun Qing, a bronze sparrow, shed tears in autumn. Who can blame for this snow? " ? Open firm but gentle, bullfighting empty recognition Qi Jie ".

/kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, he was transferred to Wanli and sent to Dadu by Wen Tianxiang. He was taken to the "Huitong Pavilion" to receive the surrenders and placed in a noble room with delicious food and wine. The first person to surrender was Liu, who, together with Wen Tianxiang, was the top scholar and prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty. When Lin 'an was in danger, he abandoned his official position and fled. After being relegated to the Yuan Dynasty, he became the minister of rites in the Yuan Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang sharply reprimanded Liu as soon as he saw him, so Liu had to step down awkwardly. Then, Zhao Ji, the 9-year-old monarch of the Southern Song Dynasty, came again. Wen Tianxiang kept silent after repeatedly saying "Please go back to Shengjia".

Later, Ahema, the overbearing prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, came and asked Wen Tianxiang, "Why didn't you kneel when you saw the prime minister?" Wen Tianxiang said, "Why did the Prime Minister of the Southern Dynasty kneel when he saw the Prime Minister of the Northern Dynasty?" When Ahema saw that Wen Tianxiang was mighty and unyielding, he sarcastically said, "Then why are you here?" Wen Tianxiang replied sternly: "If the Southern Dynasties had used me as prime minister earlier, northerners would not have reached the South, and South Renye Fang would not have come to the North." . Ama was speechless, looked around with a bully is always coward, and said; This man's life or death is up to me. Wen Tianxiang immediately interrupted him and roared, "People who have perished want to punish them. Not what you can say! " .

Occasionally, I have no conscience.

A month later, Wen Tianxiang was taken to the Privy Council, where he met Kyle Polo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang stood poised, and immediately an official shouted, "Get down on your knees!" Wen Tianxiang refused to kneel down, and Ba Luoling sent his officers to kneel down according to Wen Tianxiang. Despite the combination of a group of pawns, Wen Tianxiang sat down on the ground in despair after being dragged, and never gave in. The translator sent a message: "What do you have to say?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "I am loyal to the Song Dynasty, so I am today. Please deal with it quickly! " Kyle Poirot added, "You have lost the king (Evonne). Two kings were established successively. What is a loyal minister? " Wen Tianxiang replied: "The country is important and the monarch is light." Kyle Poirot asked again, "What have you achieved?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "Do your duty as a courtier for a day and reward your merits!" He said, "Now only one person has died, so please stop talking!" Kyle Poirot shouted, "If you die, I won't let you die. I want to lock you up! " Wen Tianxiang replied in awe: "I am not afraid to die for my country, but I am also afraid of being detained!"

The ruler of the Yuan Dynasty put him in an evil prison and tortured him for three years, which made him read the letters of his captured wife and daughter who worked as a maid in the Yuan Palace and made his demoted brother visit him in the prison. However, driven by all kinds of torture, inducements and affection, Wen Tianxiang was totally unmoved. He wrote the Song of Benevolence and Righteousness with awe, praised the immortal achievements of historical figures, and expressed his ambition of "being heavy and corrupt, being heavy and immortal, and being a theory of life and death".

One day, Kublai Khan personally persuaded him to surrender, saying, "If you can treat me like you did in the Song Dynasty, I will make you Prime Minister at once." Although Wen Tianxiang was injured in the kneecap by the guards with a golden hoop, he stood upright as cool as a cucumber and replied, "There is no other way but to die." The next day, Wen Tianxiang was killed at the age of 47.