Who can tell me the world history of 150 -400?

At this time, apart from China, the most important country in the world is the Roman Empire, so I will mainly talk about Rome.

During Hadrian's reign (1 17- 138), he devoted himself to strengthening imperial power and rectifying internal affairs, thus finally completing the work of establishing imperial bureaucracy from Augustus. The Roman Empire reached its peak during the reign of Anthony. He adopted a defensive policy abroad, maintained peace at home, strengthened the management of provinces, rectified finances and built roads, which promoted the prosperity and commercial development of provinces. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Empire was in jeopardy. The Parthian empire invaded the frontier many times, and the northern barbarians also took advantage of it. Although the invaders were defeated, Rome was not strong enough. 192, the emperor L.A.A Commodus (in the reign of 180- 192) was killed, and the Antony dynasty ended.

During the late Empire 193 ~ 284, the Roman slave-owner society fell into a comprehensive crisis, which was called the crisis of the 3rd century. The root of the crisis lies in the increasingly decadent relations of production under slave ownership, which has become the shackles of the development of productive forces, leading to socio-economic stagnation and atrophy and political chaos. From Seville dynasty (193 ~ 235), the rule of the empire began to shake. L.P. Severus (193 ~ 2 1 1 in office) maintained his rule by increasing his salary, giving preferential treatment to soldiers and bribing the army. After his son M.A. Antoninus (also known as caracalla, 2117) ascended the throne, in order to ease contradictions and expand tax sources, a royal decree was issued in 2 12, granting Roman citizenship to all freemen in the empire. After the collapse of Severus dynasty, the political situation was chaotic. Legions and provinces set up their own emperors and killed each other, resulting in the so-called thirty tyrants. In the west, the Gaul Empire (259 ~ 273) including Gaul, Spain and Britain was formed, and in the east, the palmira Empire (262 ~ 272) was established between Syria and Mesopotamia. At the same time, the uprising of slaves and migrant workers spread all over Italy and provinces, especially the Baghdad movement in Gaul, which was huge and lasted for a long time. Barbarian wars also broke through the frontier and poured into the empire.

In 284, G.A.V Diocletian, the leader of the Guards, gained the imperial power (reigned from 284 to 305). He changed the head of state system to Dominic system (that is, monarchy), adopted the court ceremony of the eastern monarch, and completely abandoned the remaining * * * and coat. In order to strengthen the rule, the four emperors system was implemented and administrative, military, taxation and monetary reforms were carried out. He brutally suppressed the uprisings in Gaul and North Africa, persecuted Christians and actively fought abroad, thus temporarily stabilizing the situation. However, after his abdication, the empire fell into a battle for imperial coveted. Constantine I reunified the empire in 324. As the economic and cultural center of the empire moved eastward, Constantine I moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in 330 and renamed it Constantinople. In many ways, he continued to implement Diocletian's policy, reorganized state institutions and expanded the bureaucratic system; A series of laws were promulgated in an attempt to maintain slavery, which made the situation of slaves and slave owners worse. In order to use Christianity to consolidate reactionary rule, Constantine I promulgated the Milan Decree in 3 13, which recognized the legal status of Christianity and gradually made Christianity an important pillar of the empire. After the death of Constantine I in 337, the battle for the throne resumed. Theodosius I (reigned from 379 to 395) was once unified, but after his death, the empire was divided into two parts: the western Roman Empire (capital Rome) and the eastern Roman Empire (capital Constantinople). The Roman Empire split and Europe began to decline. In 395, the Goths invaded Italy, and in 4 10, the city of Rome was looted by the Visigoths.

About 400 years ago, Henges came to the Hungarian plain, and barbarians flooded into the empire under the attack of Henges, which eventually led to the demise of the empire. This happened after 400 AD, so I won't say more.

During the period of 150-400, the Middle East was alternately controlled by two empires, starting from the Parthian Empire (247- 224).

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the expansion of its territory, Parthia moved the capital several times. BC 147, moved the capital to Ek Platthana (now Hamadan). In 90 BC, he moved the capital to Taixifeng. Mithradati I (reigned before 17 1 ~ 138) first attacked the kingdom of Bactria in Central Asia and consolidated the eastern territory. Then it pushed westward, occupied Medea and the northwestern provinces of Iran, and finally entered Seleucia on the Tigris River in BC 14 1. At this time, the western empire was bounded by the Euphrates River and confronted Rome. Northeast China is connected with Kangju and Da Yue; Kandahar is occupied in the southeast, extending to the Indian border. Parthia is the only place on the Silk Road across the Asian continent, and it benefits from transit trade economically. Pattaya has always maintained friendly relations with China. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+05 BC, the Han Dynasty sent envoys to Pattaya, and Mithradati II ordered 20,000 cavalry to meet Dongjiang. In 87 AD, King Pattaya sent a special envoy to China to worship lions and pluck their hair. From 65438 to 048 AD, Prince An Qing (Zi Shigao) came to China to spread Buddhism, and he translated many kinds of scriptures.

In the west, Parthia faced hostile Rome. In 53 BC, crassus Deavers, the commander-in-chief of Rome, led his troops across the Euphrates River on the border between the two countries, but he was defeated in Calais and crassus Deavers and his son were killed. In the following three centuries, Parthia and Rome were still at war from time to time.

/kloc-0 At the beginning of the 20th century, Parthia entered the so-called "anti-Hellenization" period. Prior to this, the ruling class of Parthia pursued the enjoyment of the Greek way, used the Greek language, appreciated Greek dramas and advocated Greek customs; However, most of the conquered areas have not been infiltrated by Greek culture and have always maintained the ancient Iranian cultural tradition. When Parthia's kingship declined, provincial governors and tribal leaders became independent (18 small kingdoms appeared after the middle of the 20th century), and the awakening of national consciousness became the mainstream. Meanwhile, the Parthians accepted Zoroastrianism.

The last king of Parthia was Artabanus V (reign time 2 13 ~ 224). He beat back the invading Romans and invaded Rome, forcing the Roman emperor to make peace with a large sum of money. At this time, the Sassanian family in Rilu has risen, and Mount Arda extends to Isfahan in the north and Kerman in the east. Ardaban and Ardahir fought three wars. In 224, the Parthian Empire was destroyed in the Battle of Zida, Holmi, northwest of Isfahan.

Then the Middle East was controlled by Sassanbos (226-65 1).

The establishment of Sassanbos and its social and economic rise were the direct result of the ancient Persians' resistance to the rule of rest. In the 3rd century A.D., the diplomatic difficulties of the other Alsace dynasties, the frequent infighting between the royal families, and the years-long war with Rome intensified the taxation and corvee oppression on the provinces and vassals, thus causing the resistance of the provinces and vassals. In 224 AD, the prince of the rest of Persia, Adahir, rose up against the Arthas dynasty. In April this year, Adahir fought Atabanu V, the king of rest, in the Zitagan Plain of Mesopotamia, and the king of rest was defeated and killed. In 226 AD, Adahill occupied Taixi Peak, the rest capital, and then took control of the vast area of the rest kingdom, and established the Sassanian Dynasty (named after Adahill's ancestor Sassanian, AD 226-642), with Taixi Peak as its capital.

Sassanian dynasty practiced centralized system, and the king was called "king" or "king of kings". In theory, kingship is unrestricted, but in fact it is controlled by big noble. There is a parliament under the king. Parliament is composed of imperial clan members, senior priests and big noble. Below the Council is the central administrative organ. The highest leader of the central administrative organization is the Prime Minister (commonly known as Hazarpat, also known as Grand Flemish). Under the prime minister, there are officials such as administration, taxation and treasury. There is also a commander in charge of the army named Iranian Xue Bobo. The main force of the army is the heavy cavalry composed of Azat ("freemen"), and the infantry only plays an auxiliary role. Sassanjo raised Zoroastrianism to the status of state religion and set up the highest priest to take charge of Zoroastrianism. The court is run by a priest, and the supreme judge is called "Mohutan" (Shu Wei), that is, the Zoroastrian priest Mobid. Adahir gave Zoroastrian priests and military nobles a lot of land, and gave the priests the right to collect tithes from taxpayers. Zoroastrian priests, military nobles and slave owners are the pillars of Sassanian rule.

Sassanian dynasty, like other dynasties, was divided into many vassal countries, provinces and regions. The number and scale of provinces in different periods are also different. Sapol I had 27 provinces. The governors of the provinces are appointed by the king. Nominally, the governor takes orders from the imperial court, but in fact, some provinces are appointed as governors by local nobles, which has certain independence. To this end, the court often sent some members of the royal family as governors of important provinces. Sassanian dynasty also set up four administrative regions larger than provinces, and each administrative region governed several provinces.

In the early Sassanian dynasty (3rd to 5th century), it was still a slave country, but the feudal relationship had developed greatly. By the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century, slavery was finally replaced by feudalism.

Socio-economic aspects, due to the relatively stable political situation, the expansion of water conservancy irrigation projects and the development of agriculture in the early days of the People's Republic of China. In handicraft industry, woolen goods are the most famous and exported to overseas. The flax produced in the two river basins is characterized by its practicality and durability. The silk industry, especially the brocade manufacturing industry, has made great progress. Brocade is luxurious and gorgeous, with birds and animals, hunting and various plant patterns painted on it, which has a considerable influence on Byzantium, Egypt and China. In addition, metal processing and weapons manufacturing have reached a fairly high level, especially famous for their exquisite gold and silver products. On the basis of the development of agriculture and handicrafts, commerce and cities have also developed. Taixi Peak, the capital, is an industrial and commercial center. Mahaza City, not far from Taixi Peak, Vic-Adahill City established by Adahill I on the ruins of Seleucia destroyed by the Romans opposite Taixi Peak, and Sapol City established by Sapol I (AD 24 1 ~ 27 1) have frequent business contacts with each other. The kings of the empire also minted a lot of money (gold coins and silver coins). The patterns on the gold and silver coins are, on the one hand, the statue of the king, on the other hand, the pattern of worshipping the altar of fire, and some of them are also cast with words. In foreign trade, Sassano has frequent contacts with China, India and Rome. In Turpan, Xinjiang, Xining, Xi 'an, Taiyuan, Sanmenxia, Luoyang, Yingde County, Guangdong and other places, the Sassanian Dynasty's silver coins to Persia were found, and some of them were in large quantities, indicating that the trade between Sassanian Dynasty and China to Persia was prosperous. Sassanjo also used his strategic position on the Silk Road to control the silk trade between China and Rome, from which he gained a lot of commercial profits.

However, during the period of 150-400, India was in a relatively turbulent period, which was influenced by ethnic migration around the world.

During the period of foreign invasion (200 BC-200 AD), after the demise of the Peacock Dynasty, foreign enemies invaded northwest India. First, at the beginning of the 2nd century BC, the Greeks of Central Asia invaded the northwest of India in summer. Then came the invasion of the rest, the Serbs and the big moon family. One of the most important is the rule of Guibi Empire in India. After the establishment of the People's Republic of Kujura Cadiz, the country became stronger and stronger, invaded India and wiped out the remnants of the summer in India. During the reign of Yan Gaozhen and Ganeshega, they constantly invaded India, and all of them were included in the territory of Guishuang Empire from West India to the middle of the Ganges River basin. With the support and protection of Kaneshega, Mahayana Buddhism rose in India. Hinayana Buddhism is popular in Ceylon, Myanmar and other places.

During the period of Satavahana (65438 BC +000 ~ 200 AD), the 300-year history of Satavahana Kingdom blended Deccan culture and northern culture. The king there first granted land to Brahmins and exercised military rule over tribal areas.

During the Gupta dynasty (320 ~ 540), the Gupta dynasty rose in the ruins of uncanny workmanship. Founded in 275, it ruled northern and western India for about 120 years. The kingship shrinks and the official position is hereditary. Foreign trade is shrinking. The types of castes and the names of Dalits have increased. Idolatry is becoming more and more common in temples. The culture was splendid at that time. Two epics (Ramayana and Mahabharata), the manuscript of Shagongdaro by Kali Dhara and the earlier Book of the Past were all compiled during the Gupta Dynasty, and some dharma books were also compiled. In terms of art, Ajanta Grottoes in China and India are rich and colorful, representing the artistic achievements of this period.

Egypt was Roman territory at that time, so I won't go into details.