Which poems of Tao Yuanming reflect his seclusion?

Tao Yuanming was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty around 365, when he mourned Emperor Xingning, and was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors.

When I was a child, my family declined. When I was nine years old, I lost my father and lived alone with my mother and sister. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a large collection of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".

As a teenager, Tao Yuanming had the great ambition of "fleeing all over the world and loving Philip Burkart" ("Miscellaneous Poems"), and he was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict, and he was born in a civilian, so he was looked down upon. He felt that he "couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days" (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin). After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is normally closed. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under Emperor Wu of Song (Tao Yuanming joined the army after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by "abolishing all officials". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example" (set an example), he first banned it by threatening means (banned it in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all awe-inspiring and change their customs." His personality, talents and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. However, shortly after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Huan Xuan's meritorious Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his love affair, he appointed Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, as an important official, such as recorder and master of Yangzhou secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.

Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "Her husband plows in front and her wife hoes in the back." * * * is closely related to work and living, and it is getting closer to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, Liu Yin Houyan, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" ("Drinking") has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first, and then said to the guests, "I'm drunk enough to sleep." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to send money to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if I die?" This shows that he views death so naturally.

In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three monuments, one big and two small. In the middle of the regular script, the "Tomb of Mr. Jingjie, Duke of Jin" is engraved with the epitaph on the left and the word "Qu Ci" on the right, which was written by pottery descendants in the first year of Qing Qianlong. [ 1]

[Edit this paragraph] Reasons for seclusion

Tao Yuanming is known as a recluse poet. His creation pioneered the pastoral poetry and opened up a new realm for China's classical poetry. From ancient times to the present, many people like Tao Yuanming's unique artistic style, such as sticking to cold and lonely, expressing pastoral feelings, transcendent and refined life philosophy, diluting distance, being quiet and natural. At the same time, the reasons for Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside and his seclusion life are concerned or analyzed. This paper tries to discuss this with Tao Yuanming's poems.

1. As a teenager, Tao Yuanming was influenced by his family background and Confucianism and had the ambition to help the world. However, due to the existence of the gate system, it is impossible for people from civilian backgrounds to break through the monopoly of the gate gentry on high-ranking positions. Under such circumstances, it is difficult for Tao Yuanming's ideal to become a reality, and his ideal dream is doomed to be shattered. Tao Yuanming didn't become an official until he was twenty-nine, but all he did in his life was offer wine, join the army, and be a small official like Xian Cheng. Not only can he not show his ambition, but he has to humiliate himself and deal with some officialdom figures in a compromised way. By the time he was thirty-nine, years of experience had brought about a qualitative change in his thinking, and he began to devote himself to self-sufficiency and pursue peace and loneliness of mind. Since then, he has worked for Peng. Because he didn't want to bend over for Wudoumi, he returned to China after more than 80 days in office. From then on, he ended his career efforts and hesitation and embarked on the road of seclusion and pastoral without hesitation. Since he retired to the countryside at the age of forty-one, Tao Yuanming has really enjoyed a period of "far away from people's villages, and the city of Iraq is full of smoke and clouds". Dogs bark in deep lanes, chickens crow and mulberry trees jump. " However, Tao Yuanming, who was born in a scholarly family, is not a good farmer after all, and the hard work of "southern reclamation" may not make him live a well-off life without food and clothing. Yi was 44 years old in the fourth year of Tao Yuanming, and a disaster impoverished his family. In the summer of this year, the poet's "eight or nine cabins with a square house of more than ten acres" was full of life, but it was destroyed by a ruthless fire. The whole family had to live on a boat and rely on relatives and friends for help. In the third year of Yong (422), Tao Yuanming was 58 years old, and his life was close to despair. His situation was reflected in the poem "Working at the Meeting", "Weakness leads to hunger for a long time. How dare you be greedy? "Yuan Jia four years (427), the poet was poor and sick. In the second elegy, the poet fantasizes that he can "swell up without thinking" after his death, which makes people sad: "There was no wine to drink before, but now it's empty. "Spring mash gives birth to ants, when can we taste it better? I cried and cried before the food box was full of me. " In November of the 4th year of Yuanjia (427), 63-year-old Tao Yuanming closed his eyes.

Secondly, people are used to explaining Tao Yuanming's official and seclusion from the social environment and his Confucianism and Taoism. In fact, we can get some new understandings by grasping Tao Yuanming's five official experiences and analyzing the reasons for his clumsy retirement. It can be summed up in two points: one is Tao Yuanming's nature, and the other is social reality. The essential feature of Tao Yuanming's personality is the pursuit of the greatest freedom of mind and the elegance of mind. Officialdom life does not conform to his nature of advocating nature. Tao Yuanming is in an era of advocating freedom and mysticism. Political usurpation and war can easily make literati who are bent on avoiding disasters form a recluse character. The formation of Tao Yuanming's recluse temperament should be said to have something to do with the universal envy of recluse and the pursuit of spiritual freedom by scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is this natural, carefree and free talent that made him "bend down to pick up five buckets of rice for the children in the village" and finally returned to the field. He wrote a farewell speech, in which he admitted that he was forced to become a county magistrate because of his livelihood; He resigned because he was "natural in nature, not self-motivated, hungry and cold, and sick to himself". His detached personality made him rather hungry than sneak into officialdom against his will. The poet sang in "Returning to the Garden": "Shaoshao is not suitable for popular rhyme, but naturally loves Qiushan. Fall into the dust net by mistake, thirteen years. When you fall in love with the forest, you miss the source. " "I've been in a cage for a long time, and I'm back to nature." In just a few words, I hate my career beyond words. Tao Yuanming, who regarded his career as a cage, finally resigned, left behind the dust and returned to nature because of his "nature" and "love for his post". Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside should not only be considered in combination with his frank personality, but also be observed from the broad political background and his official career. His entry into WTO and his birth can be said to be related to the social reality at that time. Although Tao Yuanming was finally dismissed from office and returned to the field, he had the idea of making contributions and saving the world when he was young. In his poems such as Drinking Miscellaneous Poems, he once said that "young people are poor and can swim well in the Six Classics", "they are eager to escape from the world and like Philip Burkart", and "young people are strong and swim alone with swords", which shows that he did not have the idea of being born at the beginning. He was born in the family of several generations of bureaucrats. After the founding father, he also expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. However, at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the situation was turbulent: the internal struggle of the imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for the regime constantly led to bloody killings and even fierce battles. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious anxiety in the upper class of society. This made Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. In addition, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable. Tao Yuanming, twenty-nine, first came out as an official in Taiyuan in the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiao of Jin Dynasty, and returned to the field at the age of forty-two for thirteen years. During this period, Tao Yuanming has been in the contradictory struggle between "being born" and "joining the WTO", which is reflected in his poems. Xin Chou sighed in his poems "Walking in Jiangling at night in July": "Why leave this place as far away as Xijing" and "Sun and Moon abandoned people and deliberately refused to hire them". There are too many disappointments and sorrows in the poem. It can be seen that the poet once had a painful hesitation about whether to return to the field, but after all, his long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed "fleeing the four seas", so his seclusion was the result of social reality, and it was the result that his thoughts and social reality could not be reconciled.

Thirdly, from the perspective of Tao Yuanming's life after his seclusion, Tao Yuanming's seclusion is different from other hermits in the Eastern Jin Dynasty who bought his name by seclusion. He is a real hermit, a choice of life, and an aversion to "the world is turbid" and "everyone is drunk". Let's take a look at the general experience of Tao Yuanming's life: at first, he offered wine to the country, and he was unbearable for the official, and returned to China in a few days. After becoming an official, he worked under Huan Xuan, Emperor Wu of Song and Liu, and finally worked for Peng for more than 80 days. Because he refused to bow to the villains in the village for Wudoumi, he resolutely resigned and returned to his old job. Later, I advised him to work for Liu Song again. He would rather be poor and ill than be involved in officialdom again. It can be said that Tao Yuanming's seclusion is really stupid. In his poems "Returning to the Garden" and "Drinking", the poet described his life after retirement, saying, "I miss wine when I hide firewood and fly in the daytime. When people are in a complicated market, they wear grass. I will talk nonsense every day, and the road in Sang Ma is long. " "There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine straw houses." "Warm people village, Yi Yi market smoke. In the deep alley where dogs bark, chickens call mulberry trees jump. " "Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. " These rural areas, ordinary things and rural life that others look down upon are so beautiful, quiet and particularly cordial in the poet's pen. After retirement, Tao Yuanming personally participated in productive labor, approached the working people and praised labor, which made his pastoral poems more full of working life. "Going to the garden in the spring of Guimao" and "Getting early rice in the west in September" all describe the poet's participation in labor: "I heard of Nanmiao in the past, but I didn't practice it then. Repeatedly empty, someone, spring is at ease. I was driving in the morning and I was already in love. " You grow beans in Shannan, and the grass is covered with bean seedlings. In the morning, I will dispose of the garbage and take the Moon Lotus home. ""In the spring, my career was very long, and my working years were considerable. I am diligent in the morning and the Japanese are negative. " "Wen Yuanchang so, I don't feel sorry for your hard work. "In the hard farming of going out early and returning late, the poet has a closer relationship with the working people, and his feelings for the working people are more sincere:" Go home when you are in the phase, and be close to your neighbors ","The street is revived, and the grass is covered * * *. There is no gossip when we meet, and the road in Sang Ma is long. ""When I hear knocking at the door in the morning, I will open it myself. "Asked who, Fu Tian kind-hearted. The pot is far-sighted, and I doubt that I will use time. " From these poems, readers can see that in this leisurely pastoral life, the poet's mood is natural and quiet, and he has reached a truly harmonious state of spiritual development, which is the real seclusion.

Tao Yuanming's seclusion is not entirely innate. His seclusion itself is a kind of resistance to the dark reality, which is different from escaping from reality. Poets have been working in the fields for a long time in the countryside, and their feelings are getting closer and closer to the working people, and they are more aware of their sufferings. In his poems, he reflected the poor life of the working people and the dark hypocrisy of his official career. In his poems, he wrote: "I am hungry every day in summer, but I can't sleep in cold nights", "The old valley has gone, but the new valley has not been boarded, but I am quite an old farmer, and I am still suffering", "Agriculture has been away from me for a long time, and it is rare for the world to be true" and "Zhong Huajiu has been away from me for a long time, and he is poor to find the world". Although the poet retired to the countryside, his heart was not calm. He is unwilling and impossible to completely abandon social reality. He wrote his unfinished political ideals into his poems. In The Peach Blossom Garden, the poet described an ideal society in his mind: "Silkworms gather silk in spring, but they don't pay the king's tax when they are ripe in autumn", "pay attention to children's songs and wander around in vain", and everyone "enjoys themselves". There is no exploitation, no oppression, everyone works and everyone lives a rich and peaceful life. This "Xanadu" reflects the poet's beautiful wishes, which is in sharp contrast with the dark social reality at that time, and it is a denial of the real society by the poet. It is the crystallization of the rural life practice after the poet returned to the field and the result of the further development of the poet's thought. This is enough to prove that Tao Yuanming has not completely divorced from reality after retiring.

From Tao Yuanming's retirement and his life after retirement, we can see that the society that Tao Yuanming yearns for is a peaceful, self-cultivating, non-competitive, non-hypocritical, non-oppressive and harmful society; The pursuit of life is simple and sincere, indifferent and lofty, and there is nothing to ask for; The favorite living environment is also a quiet and natural country. As a result of these pursuits, most of his pastoral poems present a faded, peaceful, broad and distant appearance, but behind them are full of hatred and anxiety about the real society and anxiety about the shortness and insensitivity of life. Therefore, as Mr. Lu Xun said, "Tao Qian is great because he is not completely silent."

[Edit this paragraph] Literary achievements

Tao Yuanming was the most outstanding poet in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and also an outstanding lyric poet and essayist. There are 125 existing pottery poems, including 9 four-character poems and 6 five-character poems11. Wen Tao has 12 articles today, including 3 poems, 5 rhymes and 4 essays.

The leisure fu in Tao Yuanming's ci fu is based on Zhang Heng's fixed love fu and Cai Yong's static love fu. The content is to write a dream about love, which is meaningless. "Feeling Men Encounter Fu" is a copy of Dong Zhongshu's Feeling Men Encounter Fu and Sima Qian's Sad Men Encounter Fu, and its content is to express the resentment under the door valve system. Gui Xi Ci is a political declaration that Tao Yuanming publicly broke with the upper class when he resigned and retired. The article uses a lot of space to write about his infinite joy of leaving the officialdom, imagine his infinite joy after retiring to the countryside, and show the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion. The article skillfully integrates narrative, discussion and lyricism to create a vivid, natural and fascinating artistic realm; The language is natural and simple, washing away the strong local flavor. The rhymes include Painting Praise on the Fan, Reading History, Nine Chapters, Sacrifice to Sister, Sacrifice to Brother and Sacrifice to Yourself. Prose includes "Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition to Jin Dynasty", also known as "Biography of Meng Jia", which is a biography written for Meng Jia, the ancestor of foreign nationalities; In addition, there are Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Peach Blossom Garden and Dissipation with Yan Zi. Generally speaking, Wen Tao's numbers and achievements are not as good as Shi Tao's.

Tao Yuanming's poems are sincere, simple and natural, and sometimes reveal Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts of escaping from reality and taking pleasure in knowing life. Therefore, Tao Yuanming is known as the "pastoral poet" and the originator of the pastoral school. His poems can be divided into three categories: drinking poems, chanting poems and pastoral poems.

1, drinking poems

Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China literature who wrote a large number of drinking poems. Twenty of his "Drinking" articles are "intoxicating" or accuse right and wrong of being upside down, discrediting the same upper class; Or expose the decadent darkness of the world; Or reflect the sinister occupation; Or express the joy of the poet after he quit the officialdom; Or express the poet's grievances in difficulties. Judging from the interest and style of the poem, it may not be a work of the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling, killed him the following year, and established the Liu and Song Dynasties. In a metaphorical way, Shuo Jiu records the process of usurping power and changing dynasties subtly and twists, and expresses infinite grief over the downfall of the Hejin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming has lived in seclusion for many years, and he is used to troubled times and usurping power, but this poem still reveals his unforgettable secular spirit.

2. Poetry

Tao Yuanming's homesickness poems are represented by Miscellaneous Poems 12 and Reading Shan Hai Jing 13. More than twelve miscellaneous poems show their political depression after retirement and express their noble personality. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinitely deep and broad. Thirteen poems in Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas express the same content by reciting the strange things in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. For example, in the tenth poem, by praising Jing Wei and Xing Tian for their "fierce ambition", they express and show that their ambition to help the world will never die.

3. pastoral poetry

Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievements. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's lofty interest in disdaining fame and fortune and his noble integrity in keeping his ambition; It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a scholar-bureaucrat, such thoughts, feelings and contents are unprecedented in the history of literature, especially in a society with strict gate system and concept. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also reflect his predicament in his later years, which can help readers indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasant class at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden was written in the early Song Dynasty. It depicts a utopian ideal society. It shows the poet's complete denial of the existing social system and infinite admiration for the ideal world. It marks that Tao Yuanming's thought has reached a new height. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. His pastoral poetry, with its simple and natural language and lofty artistic conception, opened up a new world for China poetry and directly influenced the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. In his pastoral poems, his boredom with dirty reality and his love for quiet pastoral life can be seen everywhere. In Returning to the Garden, he described officialdom as a "dust net", compared being in it to "catching birds" and "pond fish", and compared retiring from the countryside to rushing out of the cage and returning to nature. Because of his actual labor experience, his poems are full of the joy of laborers, showing the thoughts and feelings that only laborers can feel. For example, the third poem "Returning to the Garden" is a powerful proof that this is the progress of his pastoral poetry.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation

After Tao Yuanming's death, his best friend Yan Yanzhi wrote Zheng Tao Yi Tu for him, and named posthumous title "Quiet Festival". Yan Yanzhi praised Tao Yuanming's character and integrity in his obituary, but did not fully affirm his literary achievements. Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature has not been fully affirmed and recognized in the decades after his death.

Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of Liang Dynasty, attached great importance to Tao Yuanming's poems and couldn't put it down. Xiao Tong personally compiled, prefaced and biographied Tao Yuanming. The Collection of Tao Yuanming is the first collection of literary works by scholars in the history of China literature, which is of great significance. Xiao Tong praised "his writing is unconventional, brilliant, ups and downs, unique, hearty and like Beijing" in Preface to Tao Yuanming's Collection.

During the Southern Dynasties, Tao Yuanming's literary position was not recognized as it should be, but his poetry and prose works spread more and more widely and influenced more and more. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, more and more poets liked Tao Yuanming's poems and praised him more and more. Wang Ji was an idyllic poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Like Tao Yuanming, he lived in seclusion in the countryside for many times, entertaining himself with Gin. Meng Haoran, an idyllic poet in Tang Dynasty, worshipped Tao Yuanming very much. He wrote in "Returning to Hannan to Send Old Beijing Tour in Midsummer":

Appreciate the biography of the earth,

Best Tao Zhengjun,

My eyes are full of pastoral interest,

Claiming to be Emperor Xi.

Li Bai admired Tao Yuanming's character and poetry. In the script to Zheng Liyang wrote:

Ling Tao gets drunk every day. I don't know five Liu Chun.

Su Qin has no strings and pours wine with a towel.

Under the breezy north window, I call myself Emperor Xi.

When I arrived at chestnuts, I met my whole life.

Li Bai's thought of "being able to urge the eyebrows to bend over and serve the powerful" is in the same strain as Tao Yuanming's spirit of "fighting for rice without bending over".

After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu lived a wandering life, taking Tao Yuanming as his confidant. He wrote in "To Yin Wei's Henan Husband":

Relaxation should be wine, not poetry.

This meaning is implicit, I will be born after you.

Bai Juyi, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, highly admired Tao Yuanming. In the tenth year of Tang Yuanhe (8 15), Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, which is close to Xunyang, Tao Yuanming's hometown. He visited Tao Yuanming's former residence and wrote the poem "Visiting Tao Gong's Former Residence". In the poem, "Dust and dirt don't pollute jade, and Feng Ling doesn't peck at fishy smell" is first used to praise Tao Yuanming's noble personality, and finally he wrote:

Chaisang ancient village, chestnut old mountains and rivers.

No chrysanthemums under the hedge, no smoke in the idle city.

Although the descendants are unknown, the clan has not moved.

Every time Tao surnamed, my heart still stays.

Bai Juyi wrote in Sixteen Small Taoqianti:

Sir, I've been gone for a long time, and I have a legacy of paper and ink.

Advise me to drink one cup after another, and there is nothing to say.

I come from the boss and admire him very much.

Others can't reach it, and the effect is drunk.

The ancient literati in China were addicted to alcohol, which was inseparable from the influence of Tao Yuanming. Bai Juyi's poem makes it very clear: "If you don't achieve anything else, you will get drunk."

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tao Yuanming's position in the history of China literature was further consolidated and confirmed. Ouyang Xiu praised Qu Ci and said, "Jin has no articles, but Tao Yuanming has Qu Ci. Ouyang Xiu also said, "I love Tao Yuanming, wine and leisure. "Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty once said that Tao Yuanming's poem" Building a house is human, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. " "Since the poet, there is no such sentence. However, Yuan Ming tends to be divorced from the group and his writing is brilliant. Between Jin and Song Dynasties, there was only one. "Do you agree?