Golden comfortable hotel

In the Tang Dynasty, there were some developments in the types of wine. In addition to traditional wine such as yellow rice wine and fruit wine, some foreign wines were introduced from Persia. "National History Supplement" said when talking about famous wines in the Tang Dynasty. Yingzhou wine is full of water, which is like the cave of Xingyang, the ice spring of Fuping, the burning spring of Jiannan, and the dry river of Pu Tao in Hedong. Lingxi and Boluo in Lingnan, Jiuyun in Yicheng, Muddy Water in Xunyang, Xicheng in Beijing, Langguanqing and Apoqing in Xia Ling. There is also Li Sanjiang wine, which can be used to produce Persia. These two letters are called molle, Pilile and Hulile? . Among them, Li Sanshui wines are all foreign wines.

From these wine names, we find that many have them? Spring? Words. Besides, why? Spring? There are Jinlingchun, Lihua Spring, Songlaochun, Zhuyechun, Yuluchun and Qingyun Spring. Do you know the habits of this period? Spring? Word wine? Spring? Besides wine, there are various wine names in historical records, such as yellow rice wine, chicken wine, Chen San wine, fish wine, Fu Tou wine, Songhua wine, pepper and onion wine, etc. , various names, different uses. As for distilled liquor, although it already exists at this time? Liquor shochu? But whether it refers to distilled liquor or not, there are still different views in academic circles.

At this time, the yellow rice wine is turbid, mostly distiller's grains, which should be squeezed or filtered when drinking. So Li Bai has a poem:? A gust of wind blew and the catkins were fragrant. Wu Ji squeezed the wine and advised the customers to taste it? . This? Pressing wine to persuade customers? Squeeze distiller's grains and invite guests to drink. At that time, drinking was still warm, and in cold winter, boiling wine was even more important. The wines in the Tang Dynasty are all fermented wines, and the degree is not higher than 20 at most; Most of them are rice wine below 10 degree, which is obtained by fermentation and filtration; So there is? One hundred poems of Li Bai's fighting for wine? ,? There is a ray of green in the old bottle? Poems like this, like the 18 bowls of wine that Song Wu drank over Jingyanggang, were all below 20 degrees or even around 10 degrees.

In fact, wine made from tillers is called. Hey? It's sweet wine, and its alcohol content is very low, so the ancients said? Are the friends willing to be happy? Real wine is made by bending, and its alcohol content is heavy, with the alcohol content ranging from 10% to 18%.

It is said that Pei Du, minister of the Tang Dynasty? Sheng Dongjing often drinks fish wine. How to do it: condense it with borneol, carve it into the shape of a small fish, and throw a fish into it every time you cook wine? .

At this time, some yellow rice wine was dyed red. Li He has a poem:? Glass clock, amber thick, small ditch wine drops are really pearl red? It describes the color of good wine at that time.

Besides, the wine at that time was very sweet, so-called? Wine is stronger than beer? 、? Wine like wine? It's all because of this liqueur Poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Du Fu and Han Yu, all like to drink sweet wine. Han Yu said in the poem "Peony Song": A statue of spring wine, so sweet that no one knows. Who's drunk? Former singer, Chu Kuang, young Han retired? Vividly showed us the scene before he drank peony with sweet wine.

At that time, drinking, if it was a banquet, was usually after meals. When drinking Tu Su wine on the first day of Yuan Dynasty, we should start from a young age and tour the wine to the end. What was the name of the last drinker? Blue tail wine? Or? Cooked tail wine? . Bai Juyi has a poem saying:? Push the blue-tailed wine after the New Year's Eve, and persuade the rubber teeth first for spring vegetables? . When you hold a glass of wine to salute a guest, you should stick your finger into the glass and pop out a drop of wine to show your respect. It's called. Dip your nails? . Du Mu said in the poem "Boating in the Back Pool to Send Ten Kings". Dip you in armor for ten minutes, and you should see twice as much centrifugation? .

Usually, you have to have a banquet and drink. Wine correction? (or? Recording? ) supervise wine and maintain the order of feasting. In addition, there are many activities to assist drinking, such as chanting poems, singing, watching dances, drumming, playing tricks and having sex. Among them, what needs to be said more is the wine order. According to the wine order, it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it was enacted into law, with various names. At first? Ping, Suo, Kan and Jing? Four words and? Law? Other orders were later abolished due to difficulties and replaced by simpler orders. The more popular ones are dice, rolling Bai Bo, walking, pommel horse, flag, flashing and throwing. In the first few samples, we often used chopsticks or French fries. According to Huang Fusong's Drunken Hometown Sun and Moon, the order of playing dice (or dice) is:? Collect ten dice and throw them together. How about six people? .

1982, a pair of wine-making utensils were unearthed at Dingmao Bridge in Danyang, Jiangsu Province, including 50 wine-making utensils, each of which was engraved with the words "The Analects of Confucius" and marked with? Advise the host to five points? 、? Self-drinking seven points? 、? Ten points are suggested here? By analogy, drawers must be drunk according to the meaning of words. Last one? Hand order? It is said that it is only used to advocate architecture, and it seems to be a kind of wine order for later generations, also known as? Gesture sequence? . In addition to the wine order, reciting poems is an indispensable accompaniment for literati banquets.

Many famous poems in the Tang Dynasty were improvised at banquets. Moreover, singing and dancing is also an activity in the banquet. But in the early stage of this stage, drinkers often sing and dance by themselves. The legend of the prince? Taizong danced with wine and made him a vassal. When you are in office, you dance all over and you are dead all day, right? . Later, more people watched dances and listened to music. The famous painting Han Xizai's Night Banquet depicts the scene of bureaucrats singing and dancing at the banquet.

Drinking and social class

During this period, drinking was very common in society, but if we analyze it carefully, there are still some differences. For example, as far as emperors are concerned, the capacity for drinking of the Tang emperors is not as good as that of the Five Dynasties emperors.

Guang Yang

During this period, Emperor Yang Di liked to drink, and the wine he brewed was called? Jade? . It seems that the emperors of the Tang Dynasty didn't like to drink much. I have never heard of anyone who is good at drinking except Emperor Taizong who can drink and Mu Zongxi who likes drinking. Besides, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was a son of heaven who gave up drinking. According to Tang Yulin, in his later years, Tang Xuanzong said to his lieutenants: At the beginning of my accession to the throne, I was drunk and lost someone. I mourn it because I think it is a warning. You haven't tasted liqueur for forty years? . If we take this matter seriously, the self-discipline spirit of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty is still commendable. In the Five Dynasties, perhaps because the emperors of the northern regime were mostly ethnic minorities, and most of them were martial men, there were also many emperors who were addicted to alcohol.

Like the history of the old Five Dynasties? Zhang Biography records that in the late Tang Dynasty, there was a drinking accident that almost killed Zhang. Old five dynasties history? "Little Emperor Ji" is also about the little emperor in the late Jin Dynasty. Drunk, give a group of officials bad silk? Record. There are also many emperors in the ten southern countries who are addicted to alcohol, and it seems that the lower the level of civilization, the more addicted they are to alcohol. According to the Spring and Autumn Ten Kingdoms? Biography of Jing Zong, Fujian Emperor xi? Drinking, debauchery? He often kills people when he is drunk and forces his servants to drink. What was the result? Ministers were too drunk to count the people who were killed. .

Next look at the drinking situation of bureaucrats and literati. From the institutional point of view, at least two points should attract our attention.

First, according to the provisions of the Sixth Code of the Tang Dynasty, the higher the official's position, the more wine he gave. The prince gives nine buckets of wine every month, four and a half buckets above five, and none below six. This shows that the imperial court restricted officials' drinking in order to prevent them from drinking too much. At the same time, it also shows that it is actually a kind of treatment and an honor for the court to give officials wine.

So second, the emperor always toasted the close worshippers, especially the early provincial officials and the late Hanlin bachelor. The record of giving wine by provincial officials under the door is mainly in the early Tang Dynasty. According to "Preface to Donggao Zi", what is the king's achievement in Tang Gaozu's Wude period? Waiting for a letter from the province. When provincial officials give Liang Yun three liters a day? . This is definitely higher than the daily drinking quota of the three product officials.

Giving wine to the Hanlin bachelor is recorded in many historical books. For example, Yunxian Miscellanies? Xuanzong set up Quqingtan, built with silver bricks and mud stone powder, and stored 10 thousand cars of Chen San wine for his bachelor? . There are many records about officials drinking alcohol. Ji Wang mentioned earlier is one of them.

It is said that he saved his salary under the door? It's sad, but it's good for three liters, but not good for you. . Others, such as Su Jin, Yang Cheng, Jing Li Jian and Pei Du, are addicted to alcohol. Miscellanies of Yunxian? Su Jin's composition room is a place to drink. Famous wine cave. And every brick on the ground is paved with wine, accounting for about 50 thousand bricks. Kim and Japan lead friends to drink every time, and they all take it? .

This Sujin is one of the Eight Immortals in wine. He was the assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing and Official Affairs, the son of Prince Zuo Shu, and his political articles were all well written. It seems that he is still a monopolist. Advice to doctors Yangcheng is also famous for drinking. It is said that he used to? About his second brother, Yun: I earn a monthly salary. How many people are there in my family? If you eat rice in the next month, you can buy rice with vegetable sauce. For a few dollars, you can have it first. I'll send the rest of the wine, but I won't leave any? , is also a heavy drinker. And Li Jingjian, also a doctor of advice.

Du Fu

There are even more records about literati drinking. Of course, most of these literati are officials, but they are literati, so they leave more records and seem more romantic when drinking. Du Fu has a famous "Eight Immortals Drinking" cloud:? Zhang Zhi rode a horse like a boat, dazzled, and fell asleep at the bottom of the well. Ruyang rises from the sky three times, and the road drools at the door of the car, wishing it could not be sealed to Jiuquan. Drinking like a whale costs thousands of dollars, and a cup of music is called a saint. Zong Zhi's handsome and beautiful boy raised his eyes and shaped the blue sky, as bright as Yushu before the wind. Before Su Jin Dynasty embroidered Buddha in Changzhai, he often liked to escape Zen when he was drunk. Li Bai wrote hundreds of poems in a bucket. When I went to a restaurant in Chang 'an, the son of heaven didn't get on the boat and called himself Brewmaster. Zhang Xu handed down three cups of grass, and before he took off his hat and showed his head to the maharaja, he threw the paper like a cloud. Jiao Sui's five buckets of rice are outstanding and have amazing eloquence. . Among these eight people, He, Li Bai and Zhang Xu have the highest wine names, and they are all famous literati. Others are mostly officialdom literati, and only Jiao Sui is a cloth. Besides the Eight Immortals, there are also alcoholics such as Wang Wei, Du Mu, Xiao, Wu Daozi, Bai Juyi and Pi Rixiu.

While drinking, they wrote poems, paintings and calligraphy, leaving us many excellent works and anecdotes. Bai Juyi once wrote a series of poems entitled Fourteen Poems to Persuade Drinking, including seven poems such as Where to Forget Drinking and Why Not Come to Drink. Let's take a look at the first seven songs to find out what kind of mood bureaucrats needed to drink at that time. What is the first unforgettable thing in the poem? After the first climb? That is, after the imperial examination became famous; And second? An old love story? That is, when you meet old friends in a foreign country; Third, when? Before cold food and the moon? That is, drinking during the Spring Festival; Fourth,? Old sick man of Frostcourt? Is to drink when you are old and sick; Fifth? The highest military merit? Is it because of the wine? Where is Hao? ; Sixth? How many farewells were there at the Qing Gate? Reflect when drinking? Why fight for Nye to stay? Mood; What is the last thing you want to drink? Sent back to his hometown by the minister? . These scenes are by no means civilians, but bureaucratic drinking mentality, so they are of great social and psychological value.

Finally, look at the military class, including officers and foot soldiers. There are more alcoholics in this class. In particular, there are more records of alcoholics in the late Tang and Five Dynasties than in the past. For example, Hu Raosu, the assistant envoy of History of the Old Five Dynasties, did not know this book. Every time I have a drink, I complain at the door. ; Guo Jinhai? Good wine, what's illegal? ; Xiao Shuguang? Make wine by courage, get drunk and draw a sword, and Renhai will sentence you? . At this time, the soldiers' alcoholism was consistent with that of the emperors of the Northern Regime in the Five Dynasties, indicating that alcoholism was a social fashion in the late Tang Dynasty, especially in the Five Dynasties.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the record of soldiers drinking was mainly that the army enjoyed various banquets of the army. "Purple Tongzhi Sword" records that Tiandejun kept the regiment training and made Li Jinglve. When tasting the banquet, the drinker mistakenly entered. The judges Jing Zhao and Ren Dijian are very strict about the scenery. He was afraid that the drinker would offend him, so he forced him to drink and vomited blood. The sergeant cried as soon as he heard it. . The reason why vinegar is mistaken for wine here is because the color of wine was also very heavy at that time. In addition to military banquets, infantry and guards also gathered in the hotel to drink. One day, several members of the military academy drank for fun. Shi Shen is good at playing Hu Qin, but he is not a bosom friend. He laughs loudly and never listens. Deep is flapping the groove, cursing the sun: How bitter it is for those who once dedicated themselves to the Prime Minister of China and North Korea to not listen to me and play with athletes today! ? It can be seen that drinking by military academy athletes is very different from drinking by bureaucrats.

In addition to the above categories, people also have many ideas about drinking, but it is regrettable that there are not many historical records. Here are two examples. The gathering of Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu and his friend Shi is an example. Did he write the stone in the poem "Give Eight Guards to"? They brought me wine and vegetables? And then what? My host announced that it was a festival, and he urged me to drink ten cups. But what kind of ten glasses of wine can make me so drunk, because your love is always in my heart. ? Drink to express friendship and the joy of reunion after a long separation. Another example is the murder weapon dealer in Chang' an drinking. What are they eating? Five big pigs, several cans of garlic and ten pancakes. What are you drinking? What is the quantity of white mash? Hundreds of people eat and drink, and finally? Drunk at dusk? The momentum is quite spectacular.

During this period, drinking places were not only in the palace, at home or in the countryside, but also in restaurants and hotels, among which the Guards gathered in Tsinghua Square. In addition, restaurants in this period have a characteristic, that is, proprietors or waitresses in restaurants in Beijing, and some are ethnic minorities or foreign girls. In this regard, poets in the Tang Dynasty wrote many poems chanting for the memory, among which Li Bai's poems are the most famous.

For example, Li Bai said in "Send Pei Gong Batunan to Songshan":? Where can I leave? Chang 'an Qingqi Gate. Hu Ji recruited a plain hand and delayed drunkenness? . This poem was written to say goodbye to a friend in a restaurant, which showed us a picture made by? Wine-Restaurant-Hu Ji-Goodbye? A picture of drinking life with the characteristics of the times.

About the popularity of hotels at that time, give two more historical materials.

One is about the capital Chang 'an. According to the "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy", at that time? Chang 'an is from Zhao Ying County to Doumen. People in village shops around Guandao drink in Dalu City, and some people give gifts to people and pedestrians. So the passerby number is Ma Xie Cup? . The other is about Guangzhou in the south. According to Ling Biao Ji, there are many people drinking good wine in Guangzhou, and the market is over at night. Every day, there are more than ten generations and more than thirty generations of men and women on their backs. The health wine shop is long, lined with women, greeting their husbands and tasting wine. The white porcelain on Angshang is called chaos, and a bottle of three products. Don't take a dollar, come over to drink wine and get drunk, but just laugh? .

According to the historical data of the north and the south, we can imagine that in hot summer or cold winter, travelers who are on their way can buy wine pulp everywhere on the roadside to quench their thirst; People who live in the city can go out for a walk at night and drink at will in the market. At the end of the night market, twenty or thirty men and women were drunk on the ground. This situation tells us that in this period, because of the low degree and sweetness of wine, it has both stimulating and important thirst quenching functions, so it can play a very wide role in diet and even social life.

The appearance of distilled liquor

It was not until Liao, Jin and Yuan moved to China in the Northern Song Dynasty that distilled liquor appeared on their own initiative, because their ancestors lived on the grasslands of the northern country for generations, with a cold climate and harsh environment, and had to drink high-concentration wine to keep warm. Distilled liquor is a masterpiece of the Yuan Dynasty, which completely ruled the Central Plains, and the alcohol content is improved by distillation. Later, Manchu entered the customs, because it was also because of the cold weather in the northeast, which once again caused a wave of highly distilled liquor, similar to burning a knife. However, we modern people ignore the fermented wine of Chinese civilization and pay too much attention to the distilled wine of Khitan people, Jurchen people and Mongolians, which leads modern people to generally think that China's wine is high in alcohol content and unpalatable. In fact, this is a great misunderstanding of our own national wine.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the distilled spirits of Liao, Jin, Xixia and other countries were not completely on fire, or at that time, because of the high civilization of the Song Dynasty, fermented wine was considered delicious, not as spicy and bitter as high-concentration liquor, so it was still regarded as royal wine at senior banquets. Its distilled liquor is not popular among princes and nobles, but people still drink distilled liquor handed down from the previous generation because they can't afford it.

Although fermented wine rose again in the Ming Dynasty, which promoted the traditional brewing technology in China, they were born in Snow Country after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, so they had a special liking for high-concentration and extremely cold-resistant distilled wine. As a result, spicy and hot distilled liquor gradually replaced fermented liquor with strong fragrance and sufficient stamina and became the mainstream.