Why is Hefei known as "Huai right lapel throat, Jiangnan lips and teeth"?

Hefei's "Huai right lapel throat, Jiangnan lapel throat":

Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hefei has been an important administrative center and military town in the Jianghuai area, and it is a battleground for military strategists, and it is known as "Jiangnan Lip Tooth, Huai right lapel throat" and "the head of Jiangnan, the throat of the Central Plains".

The place name of "Hefei" comes from the record of "Summer water soars and is applied to fertilizer" in Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is called Lu for short, and was called Luzhou and Luyang in ancient times. After liberation, it was designated as the capital of Anhui Province. Located in the eastern part of China, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the shore of Chaohu Lake and the coastal waters near the river. The total resident population is 7-8 million, and the urbanization rate is over 7%.

is an ancient historical city with a history of more than 2,2 years since the establishment of the Qin Dynasty. It was once ruled by Yangzhou, Hezhou, Nanyuzhou, Luzhou, Desheng Army and Huainan West Road, and has been the administrative and military capital of the Jianghuai area.

When war broke out in ancient China, especially when the north and the south were divided, Jianghuai was an important battlefield, and the title of "lapel, throat, lip and teeth" was very realistic, which meant that it was important in strategic position. Northerners had the opportunity to leave the Yangtze River natural barrier, while southerners had the opportunity to attack and retreat. According to Xu Lu, southerners can seize the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, guard Xu Lu's quasi-screen in the south of the Yangtze River, and wait for an opportunity to advance northward, so they say that they are arrogant!

In the sixty-seventh chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Cao Cao pacified Hanzhong, and Zhang Liao conquered xiaoyaojin"

In the history of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Wei and Sun Wu fought for Hefei for nearly 32 years, and more than 1, people fought on land and water. At that time, Sun Quan set up a military stronghold in the mouth of ruxu in Jiangbei (now near yuxikou) as the key to the north gate of Soochow. Cao Cao sent heavy troops to defend Hefei and Wancheng (now at the county level of Qianshan) as bases for attacking Sun Wu to the south. Therefore, Wei and Wu fought frequently in these places. In 213, Cao Cao led 4, troops to attack Dongwu in ruxu, based in Hefei, but failed. In 214, Sun Quan sent generals Lv Meng and Gan Ning to attack Anhui, and Wei captured Zhu Guang and tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians guarding the city. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hefei was the military frontier of the North and South. Known as "Huai right lapel throat, Jiangnan lips and teeth", it has always been a battleground for military strategists.

This is determined by Hefei's military strategic position in history.

Hefei is located in the hinterland of the Jianghuai area, with developed water transportation since ancient times, connecting the Huaihe River system in the north and the Yangtze River system in the south. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, Hefei was an important water transport transit node between the north and the south. The goods in the north were transported from Huaihe River, transported through Hefei, passed through Chaohu Lake and entered the Yangtze River southward. Southern goods and vice versa. It is precisely because of Hefei's position as an important transportation hub in north-south water transport that Sima Qian recorded in Historical Records Biography of Huo Zhi: "Hefei is affected by the north-south tide, and leather, abalone and wood will also lose." Hefei has become one of the eighteen commercial cities in China recorded in Biography of Huo Zhi. This is also the earliest official historical record of Hefei as a place name.

"Success also defeats Xiao He and Xiao He", precisely because of the convenient transportation, Hefei is an economic center with a developed economy in peacetime. During the war, it became a military center, a battleground for military strategists in previous dynasties, and was devastated by war.

1. "Huai right lapel throat"

"Huai right", the western part of Huaihe River. The ancient architecture faces south and north, and the left is east and the right is west. "Neck and throat", collar and throat, represent the key place. "Huai right lapel throat" shows that Hefei is the main traffic throat in Dabie Mountain area on the west side of Huaihe River, and it can go deep into the hinterland of Dabie Mountain regardless of land and water.

As early as Wu Chu's hegemony era, the Jianghuai area around Hefei was the place where Wu Chu and China repeatedly used military forces, and the gains and losses of the Jianghuai area were related to the gains and losses of Huaihe River control.

after He Lv, king of Wu, ascended the throne, he supported Wu Zixu's political reform, and Sun Wu's army consolidation and martial arts in military affairs. After years of Wu Dazhi. The adoption of the strategy of "three divisions tired of Chu" constantly harassed Chu, and Chu was tired of coping with it. After several years, Chu's national strength was seriously depleted, resulting in the gradual relaxation of the defense of the Jianghuai area. After six years of exhausted Chu strategy, Wu took advantage of the contradiction between Chu State and Cai State and Tang State, and attacked Chu State in the name of saving Cai. In 56 BC, He Lv, the king of Wu, personally took command, with Sun Wu and Wu Zixu as generals, and 3, soldiers marched rapidly westward along the Huaihe River, passing through Cai, and "the soldiers were flying at a high speed" and went straight into the hinterland of Chu. In the battle of Baiju, the army of Wu defeated 2, main forces of Chu. Ten days later, Chu Duying was captured.

Second, "Jiangnan Lips and Teeth"

"Jiangnan", the area south of the Yangtze River. "Lips and teeth", lips and teeth, are closely related and interdependent, which means that the lips are dead and the teeth are cold.

the Huaihe river and the Yangtze river are both natural rivers and two natural military defense lines in the north and south. The military gains and losses in the Jianghuai area between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River are related to the attack and defense of the two defense lines. In Wei and Jin Dynasties, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Song and Jin Dynasties, etc., in the era of great division between the North and the South, "defending the river must defend the Huai River" was the established principle of military strategic defense of southern forces.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Hefei was the military bridgehead for Cao Wei's attack on Sun Wu, eyeing the south of the Yangtze River. For decades, the two sides fought repeatedly for offensive and defensive battles around Hefei, the most famous of which was Zhang Liao's victory over xiaoyaojin with less, because the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was well known to everyone. Later, Man Chong, the general of Wei Zhengdong, abandoned the old city and built a new city to continue Hefei's military defense for military reasons. Later, Hefei was used as a military offensive base and military springboard, and the army went south, and Soochow perished, and the world returned to Jin.

"I've been to the Yangtze River, China before liberation!" .

In the decisive battle of the great China Liberation War, the General Front Committee of the Battle of Crossing the River was composed of Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin, and Deng Xiaoping was the secretary of the General Front Committee. At the beginning of April, 1949, in order to command the whole battle of crossing the river from the front, the General Front Committee moved to Yaogang Village, Feidong, Hefei, where it commanded the whole battle of crossing the river until it entered the south of the Yangtze River after its victory.

At present, there is a magnificent memorial hall for the Battle of Crossing the River near the north bank of Chaohu Lake, and Hefei, whose honor as the command center, is well deserved.

In ancient times, Huai River and Jiangnan were battlefields, and both the front, throat, lips and teeth had extremely important meanings, referring to strategic locations, which Hefei used to call it. In the Sixty-seventh Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when Cao Cao pacified Hanzhong, and Zhang Liao made a great impact on xiaoyaojin, Cao Wei and Sun Wu fought for Hefei for nearly 32 years in history, and more than 1, people fought on land and water. At that time, Sun Quan set up a military stronghold in the mouth of ruxu in Jiangbei (now near yuxikou) as the key to the north gate of Soochow. Cao Cao sent heavy troops to defend Hefei and Wancheng (now at the county level of Qianshan) as bases for attacking Sun Wu to the south. Therefore, Wei and Wu fought frequently in these places. In 213, Cao Cao led 4, troops to attack Dongwu in ruxu, based in Hefei, but failed. In 214, Sun Quan sent generals Lv Meng and Gan Ning to attack Anhui, and Wei captured Zhu Guang and tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians guarding the city. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hefei was the military frontier of the North and South. Known as "Huai right lapel throat, Jiangnan lips and teeth", it has always been a battleground for military strategists.

at the end of the eastern Han dynasty, heroes rose together and the world was in chaos. From then on to 589 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty reunified the whole country, during which he experienced Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. Except for the short-term reunification in the Western Jin Dynasty, China was in a state of separatist regime for more than 3 years. Hefei, which is located in the middle of Anhui Province and in the hinterland of Jianghuai, has always been a strategic place for the south and the north to compete for, and is known as "Huai Right Lip and Throat, Jiangnan Lip and Tooth". "Those who go out from the great river to the north can go to Shencai in the west and Xushou in the north to win the Central Plains. If the Central Plains wins Hefei, it will be awkward in the south of the Yangtze River, but it will be awkward. " Han Wu-chiu's Theory of Terrestrial Conditions says: Hefei "belly Chaohu Lake, control Huaidian, fake ruxu, pillow dive in Anhui, and put it to good use". Because of this, in this land of Hefei, there was no empty day of war after Wei, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. Especially in the Three Kingdoms period, Hefei was the focus of repeated battles between Wu and Wei, so Hefei became a famous ancient battlefield of the Three Kingdoms, and the sites of the Three Kingdoms were spread all over urban and rural areas. Up to now, sites such as xiaoyaojin, Feiqi Bridge, Jiaonu Platform, Huilong Bridge, Hubingtang and Three Kingdoms New Town still exist in Hefei.

Liu Fuzhi Hefei

In the fifth year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (AD 2), Bing Lin, the satrap of Lujiang, attacked and killed Yan Xiang, the secretariat of Yangzhou, and Mei Gan and Lei Xu each gathered tens of thousands of people to fight between Jianghuai. When the imperial court was in jeopardy and the world was in chaos, Cao Cao moved Yangzhou to Hefei in order to control the Jianghuai passage and consolidate the north and south sites of Huaihe River, and appointed Liu Fu as the secretariat of Yangzhou. Liu Fu was born in Suixi County, Anhui Province. In 21 AD, he "rode alone to build an empty city in Hefei" and established state governance. At that time, Hefei, because of the war, the population fled, the fields were deserted, and the city was in ruins. In this case, Liu Fu decided to start with reclaiming farmland and restore local agricultural production. He recruited a large number of refugees and provided them with all or part of the means of production, such as plows, cattle and other farm tools and seeds, so that farmers who lost their reproduction ability in the war could restore their ability to operate independently as soon as possible. In order to improve agricultural production conditions, he vigorously built water conservancy projects. In just a few years, Liu Fu has made great achievements in running Hefei, and established a strong military town for Cao Wei Group on the defense line of "broken counties between Jianghuai". According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu and Liu Fu, it is recorded that: "The kindness is great, the people enjoy their politics, and there are tens of thousands of refugees who cross the country and return home. So we gathered all the students, started schools, extensively cultivated fields, and cultivated Shaopi, Rupi, Qimen and Wu Tang to irrigate rice fields, and the government and the people had livestock. It is also a high fortress, with many building blocks and stones, woven into tens of millions of grass mats. It is beneficial to store thousands of fish paste, thinking that it is prepared for war. " Liu Fu stayed in Hefei for 9 years, and turned Hefei into a "giant town" of Wei, so that Sun Wu's army "can't go back to the river to see the Jianghuai in the end of Wu's life." At the same time, Liu Fu's activities in Hefei, such as reclaiming farmland and building water conservancy, improved the agricultural production conditions in Hefei, promoted the historical process of regional agricultural development in Hefei, and played an important role in restoring the economy at that time.

Zhang Liao Wei Zhen xiaoyaojin

In the 13th year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 28), Cao Cao basically unified the north, and his strength increased greatly, so he prepared to go south to destroy Liu Bei and Sun Quan. However, because Sun and Liu Lianhe defeated Cao Jun in Chibi, the situation changed significantly. During the five or six years after the Chibi War, Cao Cao kept fighting in the Jianghuai area, trying to break through the Yangtze River moat and unify Jiangdong from here, but he was stubbornly resisted by Sun Wu. Cao Cao had to change his strategy. In order to avoid being attacked on both sides, he temporarily abandoned the unification of Jiangdong and sent general Zhang Liao to station troops in Hefei to rest the army. On the other hand, he led an army to the west to explore Zhang Lu, trying to seize Hanzhong and further expand his strength. In August of the twentieth year of Jian 'an (AD 215), Sun Quan, the Lord of Wu, personally led 1, troops to attack Hefei on the occasion of Cao Cao's Western Expedition. At this time, only Zhang Liao, Li Dian, Le Jin and Xue Mian were stationed in Hefei. The two armies confronted each other, and they were outnumbered. Before Cao Cao went to war, he estimated that Sun Quan might invade Hefei again. Therefore, he wrote an order in advance, sealed it in a wooden letter, and handed it to the guard army Xue Yan, asking him to "be a thief" and act according to the plan. When Sun Quan was in Enemy at the Gates, Xue Mian and the generals opened the letter and saw the order: "If Sun Quan arrives, General Zhang and General Li will go out to fight, General Le will defend, and the army will not have to fight." In Cao Cao's view, Zhang Liao and Li Dian are valiant soldiers who can be good at fighting, so they are made to go to war, and Le Jin is a prudent man, so they are made to guard the city; Xue Zan, a civilian, did not take part in the war. The generals looked at the order and were full of doubts. Lejin, Li Dian, etc. think that the strength of the two armies is very different, so it is difficult to win in battle. Seeing this, Zhang Liao rose up and said, "Cao Gong is on an expedition. If we wait for reinforcements to rescue us, even if reinforcements arrive, we will have been defeated by Wu Jun. Now, when Wu Jun's foothold is unstable, take the initiative to attack, in order to defeat its spirit and hold the city. " Le Jin and others listened to Zhang Liao's words, but still hesitated. Zhang Liao said angrily, "The success or failure depends on this battle. If you doubt it, I, Zhang Liao, will decide it alone." Li Diansu was at odds with Zhang Liao. At this time, seeing that Zhang Liao was so determined, he also made a generous statement: "Since the general has made up his mind and is desperate, can we give up our righteousness for personal gain?" So, people followed Zhang Liao's advice, recruited 8 people who dared to die overnight, and gave a banquet to strengthen their military power. The next morning, Zhang Liao armored himself with a halberd and shouted "Zhang Liao is here" and led his troops into the enemy line. At this point, Wu Jun unprepared, at a loss. Zhang Liao killed dozens of people in a row, and killed two generals, including Chen Wu of Soochow, and forced Sun Quan to take his life. Sun Quan was so frightened that he climbed a mound in a panic, holding a halberd and guarding himself. When Wu Jun saw Zhang Liao and Serenade, he quickly mobbed him and surrounded Zhang Liao for several layers. Zhang Liao waded, sprint, fight our way out, led his dozens of people rushed out of the siege. At this time, Li Dian also took people to meet, and the two sides fought until noon. Wu Jun suffered heavy casualties and his morale was greatly reduced. Zhang Liao saw that the purpose of going to war had been achieved, so he led the people back to the city and strengthened their defense. After that, although Sun Quan continued to besiege the city for more than ten days, he could not break the city, so he withdrew his troops and returned. When Wu Jun retreated in succession, Sun Quan and a few generals patrolled the north shore of xiaoyaojin, which was just detected by Wei Jun. Zhang Liao immediately rode a number of troops to raid Sun Quan. Wu Jiang Gan Ning and Lv Meng fought hard with Zhang Liao, while Ling Tong led Qinbing to guard Sun Quan to break through. When Sun Quan and others rode to Xiaoyaojin Bridge, they saw that the south board of the bridge had been demolished and could not cross. At this critical juncture, Wu Jiang Gu Li used his quick wits and lashed a whip behind Sun Quan's mount to "help the horse". The steed jumped hard and flew over the bridge, but Sun Quan made his way and escaped. The history of this war is called "Zhang Liao's Great Shock to xiaoyaojin", which is a famous war example set by Wei Jun during the Three Kingdoms period.

The Three Kingdoms New Town in Hefei was repeatedly besieged by Sun Wu because of Hefei. In the first year of Wei Qinglong (AD 233), Man Chong, the general of Wei Zhengdong, went to Wei Mingdi, saying, "Hefei faces rivers and lakes in the south, and Shouchun in the north", and Wu Jun besieged the city in the north, "according to the water"; And Wei "officers and men to save it, first break the army, and then surrounded by solutions"; It is "easy" for the enemy to attack, but "it is very difficult for the soldiers to save". Therefore, Man Chong suggested: "Move the soldiers in the city outside the city", and "there are strange risks to follow" 3 miles west of Hefei, where another new city can be built to lure Wu Jun away from the waterway and flatten the ground, so as to "find its way back" and defeat the enemy. At that time, many people were opposed to it, thinking that automatically withdrawing from Hefei would "extricate themselves before attacking" and "show the weakness of the world". Man Chong stated that "moving the city to the interior" on his own initiative was not a sign of weakness, but a false reality, which was in line with the "devious way" of military strategists. With the permission of Wei Mingdi, Man Chong and others rushed to build Hefei New Town. Soon, the new city will be completed. During the twenty years after the completion of the new town, Wu Jun repeatedly besieged and failed. In 233 AD, when the new city was just completed, Sun Quan sent his troops into the encirclement. When Man Chong got the news, he said to the generals, "Now Sun Quan knows that I have moved to the city, and he is bound to make arrogant remarks among the soldiers. I'm coming here in a big way today, and I'm sure I'll win. Although I dare not attack rashly, I'll go ashore and show my troops. " Therefore, Man Chong sent 6, troops to ambush in the shelter of Feishui "waiting for him". As expected, Sun Wu went ashore to show off his military power. At this time, Wei Jun's ambush suddenly came out, and Sun Wu's army was caught off guard. Being far away from the waterway, Wu Jun dared not rashly disembark and attack, and Yao Bing retreated after being frustrated. Man Chong has created a surprise battle example. In the second year of Wei Qinglong (AD 234), Sun Quan led 1, troops to storm the new town again. Man Chong was afraid of being outnumbered and wanted to give up the new town and retreat to Shouchun. According to the "History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu and Ming Di", Wei Mingdi and Cao Rui resolutely refused to retreat, saying: "First.