On the main characteristics of commercial operation in the late Ming Dynasty from the development history of Ximen Qing

Information 1

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Ximen Qing's Happy Life

The content of life is nothing more than food, clothing, housing and transportation. Let's look at "food" first-people take food as the sky.

Let's give a few examples.

On one occasion, Pan Jinlian won the silver medal in San Qian (equivalent to 60 yuan) at cards. She encouraged Li Pinger, a well-known rich woman in her family, to add seven taels of silver and asked her servant Xing Er to arrange a banquet: she bought a roast duck, two chickens, some "side dishes", an altar of Jinhua wine, a bottle of white wine and a piece of cold fruit stuffing. These all cost a penny or two, which is equivalent to RMB 200 yuan. It's chicken, roast duck, wine, vegetables and snacks. It can be seen that during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the people on both sides of the canal lived very well and the prices were not high.

Say "food" first, then look at "clothes".

In ancient times, we didn't pay attention to famous brands, but only to texture and style. For example, Ximen Qing wants to get engaged to Joe's extended family, and make thirty dresses for six wives and concubines, all of which are made of "South Weaving" good materials with exquisite styles. It's just the tailor's salary. I gave the tailor Zhao five taels of silver, which is equivalent to 1000 yuan. 30 yuan to cut a piece, excluding the cost of materials and sewing wages.

Li Pinger is the richest of all concubines, with the most clothes, shoes and socks. There are over a hundred pairs of shoes alone. Wearing a mink coat in winter is worth 60 taels of silver, which is 12000 yuan.

Let's look at "ok" again.

In recent decades, great changes have taken place in our travel tools. Thirty years ago, everyone rode bicycles and got monthly tickets. Later, when I arrived at the "taxi", the "real" money also rose from one piece to one piece or two or six pieces until two pieces. In recent ten years, buying a car has become more fashionable. In a residential area, the cars are full. From tens of thousands of Alto and Li Xia to hundreds of thousands and hundreds of thousands of Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz, this scene was unimaginable 20 years ago.

People in the Ming Dynasty traveled, or rode horses, or took sedan chairs. Ximen Qing usually travels by horse. His white horse is worth seven or eight hundred taels of silver, and it is a veritable "BMW".

Women usually hire a sedan chair when they go out, just like today. Once, Pan Jinlian's mother, Grandma Pan, came to celebrate her daughter's birthday. The sedan chair arrived at the door, but she couldn't afford to send a sedan chair bearer to ask for it. Pan Jinlian couldn't think of it, and her mother and daughter had a quarrel. Finally, Sanniang Meng Yulou couldn't see the past, so she took out her money and sent the bearers away. In fact, the sedan chair is not expensive, only six cents of silver, equivalent to today's 12 yuan, which is the starting price of a taxi.

"Living" is a major event in life and costs the most. Different classes have different housing needs.

Wu Da, who sells kitchen cakes, "received a dozen taels of silver and lived in a two-story house upstairs and downstairs in front of the county gate. The second floor is a building and the two small yards are very clean. " "Code" is the transfer of the right to use, without property rights. You can stay for a certain period of time every month without paying rent. After the owner has money, he can redeem it. Twelve taels of silver, that is, 3000 yuan, is very cheap. In the downtown area of a big city now, a two-bedroom apartment costs 3,000 yuan a month.

Ximen Qing's property is equivalent to about 20 million today.

People often put three hats on Ximen Qing: a businessman, a bureaucrat and a street bully. Among these three identities, the most fundamental one is a businessman. The total value of Ximen Qing's property before his death, excluding real estate, was nearly102,000 silver, equivalent to 20 million today. Today, this is also a very impressive figure.

■ Ximen Qing's method of making money

One is business income.

In the novel, the matchmaker Wen Sao once boasted that Ximen Qing was a successful businessman: "The old man Simon in front of the county town ... opened four or five shops at home: silk shop, herbal medicine shop, silk shop and wool shop. Outside the rivers and lakes, he took a standard boat, Yangzhou sold salt, Dongping sold incense wax, and there were dozens of assistants in charge ... The fields at home were criss-crossed, the rice was rotten, and the warehouse was bare. "

There are generally two ways to run a business: one is to sit in a business, have a storefront and open a shop; First, hong merchants engage in long-distance trafficking. Ximen Qing combined merchants with merchants. Take the satin shop as an example. This store was opened by him and his in-laws Huang Qiao, and he started to invest in 1200 yuan, and the two companies were located in 520 yuan. I exchanged 30 thousand salt for cash. Then the soldiers split into two ways. One way is for my buddy Han Daoguo to buy goods from Hangzhou and ship them back. Servants all the way came to protect silk, placed an order on the spot in Huzhou, waited for others to weave and ship it, and then shipped it back via Nanjing. There is no middleman, which greatly reduces the cost. The goods returned by North Korea Daoguo are ten cars worth twelve thousand silver. Come back to protect twenty carts, worth twenty-two thousand. In other words, 1200 yuan's investment, after some operations, has become 32,000 yuan, an increase of 30 times, which is obviously profiteering!

Another illegal means is tax evasion. According to the tax system of the Ming Dynasty, thirty taxes were one. Han Daoguo's twelve thousand silks and satins are taxed at more than three hundred taels. But after the tax card, Ximen Qing began to network, paid bribes with five hundred and twenty pieces of silver, and got a personal letter from Mr. Qian. When passing the tax card, the goods are "two boxes and one box, and only two stops are reported for three stops". In the end, I didn't inspect the goods, but only paid three or five taels of silver and got away with it. Of course, after the event, Ximen Qing will also send a generous gift to the cashier. Probably even paying taxes and giving gifts only cost 120 silver. The cargo ship that came to package came from Nanking. Ximen Qing paid a bribe with one hundred and twenty pieces of silver and prepared a banquet gift for the tax official, Master Xie. He evaded taxes by at least five or six hundred and twenty pieces of silver. -Here, the country suffered a big loss, the tax collectors got a small profit, and the biggest profit was Ximen Qing.

■ The annual interest rate of usury in Ximen Qing is around 60%.

Ximen Qing's second way of making money is usury.

In the novel, there are two businessmen, Li Sanhe and Huang Si, who contracted the imperial court's incense wax business, but borrowed money from Ximen Qing for lack of funds. Agreed to borrow 1520 yuan, "five a month." This is equivalent to 60% annual interest. Today, we borrowed money from the bank at an annual interest rate of almost 5%, which shows that usury was very serious at that time.

Someone asked, what was the highest usury in ancient times? The highest annual interest rate 100% is the interest of "snowballing". Semu people in Yuan Dynasty specialized in this kind of usury, which was called "sheep profit" and "dead debt". In Yuan, Cai's mother-in-law is the person who relieves her debts. Dou borrowed twenty taels of silver from her, and after a year, it became forty taels, so he had to take his own daughter to pay off the debt. To this end, I wrote an article to prove that the Dou 'e family and Cai's mother-in-law are probably colored-returning to the cultural background.

Say something beside the point. I thought the monthly interest rate of 50 cents was already very high, but after reading the B2 edition of Beijing Youth Daily on July 23, 2006, Wang Shibin, former deputy director of Yongzhou Public Security Bureau, Hunan Province, lent usury at a monthly interest rate of 80 cents to 14 cents. This is very eye-opening. The monthly interest rate of eight points is equivalent to the annual interest rate of 96%, which is close to the interest rate of snowballing usury. Monthly interest 14 cent equals annual interest 168%, which is unprecedented.

■ Getting rich by marrying satisfied Ximen Qing's desire, but at the same time, he finally died of indulgence.

Ximen Qing's way to get rich is to "marry the rich".

Ximen Qing is a businessman at heart. He has two criteria for taking a wife and concubinage: first, wives and concubines should know the customs; The other is to have money. That is, "both rich and colorful."

Li Pinger and six niang are the concubines of the famous Liang Zhongshu. When Liangshan made a scene in Daming Mansion, Li Pinger escaped with one hundred western pearls and a pair of raven sapphires, and married Hua Zixu. Hua Zixu is the nephew of eunuch Hua. After the death of eunuch Hua, he left a large legacy to Mr. and Mrs. Hua Zixu. Huazixu later moved to Qinghe and lived next door to Ximen Qing. Ximen Qing took a fancy to Li Pinger, and they secretly hooked up without telling Hanako Xu. Later, Hua Zixu was put in prison for fighting a property lawsuit. Li Pinger asked Ximen Qing to step out and show kindness. He took 60 ingots of gold and * * * 3,200 taels of silver and gave them to Ximen Qing in public. There are also four gold-painted boxes filled with python jade belts, hat top sash rings, valuable treasures and good things to play with. Spread the blanket on the wall in the middle of the night and sneak it to Ximen Qing's house. That is to say, Li Pinger has not married Ximen Qing, and most of the property of Huajia has been transferred to Ximen Qing's family. When Li Pinger got married, Ximen Qing "hired five or six pairs of shoulder poles and hung them for four or five days". There may be some exaggeration here, but it also implies that a large part of Ximen Qing's property benefited from the "concubinage project" of "double income in wealth and color". So this reply is called "Ximen Qing seeks wealth and marries women".

We say that Ximen Qing is a successful businessman. There are two concepts to say that literary figures are well written: first, literary figures themselves are lovely. For example, Lu in the Water Margin said: "The mord opens a dangerous road, and the knife and axe hand kills all the uneven people." He is a selfless and fearless hero, so cute that readers like him. Another concept is that the author portrays Cao Cao very well. For example, Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms is treacherous and vicious, and no one likes him in terms of moral judgment. But the author

Ximen Qing's way to get rich is to "marry the rich".

Ximen Qing is a businessman at heart. There are two criteria for him to take a wife and concubinage: first, wives and concubines should know the customs; The other is to have money. That is, "both rich and colorful."

Li Pinger and six niang are the concubines of the famous Liang Zhongshu. When Liangshan made a scene in Daming Mansion, Li Pinger escaped with one hundred western pearls and a pair of raven sapphires, and married Hua Zixu. Hua Zixu is the nephew of eunuch Hua. After the death of eunuch Hua, he left a large legacy to Mr. and Mrs. Hua Zixu. Huazixu later moved to Qinghe and lived next door to Ximen Qing. Ximen Qing took a fancy to Li Pinger, and they secretly hooked up without telling Hanako Xu. Later, Hua Zixu was put in prison for fighting a property lawsuit. Li Pinger asked Ximen Qing to show his kindness and took 60 ingots of * * * 3200 taels of silver and handed them to Ximen Qing in public. There are also four gold-painted boxes filled with python jade belts, hat top sash rings, valuable treasures and good things to play with. Spread the blanket on the wall in the middle of the night and sneak it to Ximen Qing's house. That is to say, Li Pinger has not married Ximen Qing, and most of the property of Huajia has been transferred to Ximen Qing's family. When Li Pinger got married, Ximen Qing "hired five or six pairs of shoulder poles and hung them for four or five days". There may be some exaggeration here, but it also implies that a large part of Ximen Qing's property benefited from the "concubinage project" of "double income in wealth and color". So this reply is called "Ximen Qing seeks wealth and marries women".

We say that Ximen Qing is a successful businessman. There are two concepts to say that literary figures are well written: first, literary figures themselves are lovely. For example, Lu in the Water Margin said: "The mord opens a dangerous road, and the knife and axe hand kills all the uneven people." He is a selfless and fearless hero, so cute that readers like him. Another concept is that the author portrays Cao Cao very well. For example, Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms is treacherous and vicious, and no one likes him in terms of moral judgment. But the author can write that kind of cunning strength, which belongs to "writing" well. Ximen Qing is a good writer. There is a way to identify such a literary figure, that is, as soon as this figure appears in the novel, readers can't help but find everything new and fresh, and look at his way of speaking and doing things with appreciation, hoping that he will stay on the scene for a while-this is a sign that this figure "writes" well. Ximen Qing is such a person.

Data 2

Talking about Ximen Qing's business talents.

In the history of China's novels, Jin Ping Mei is a novel with the theme of describing life and life desires. Through the transformation of Ximen Qing from prosperity to indulgence and the rise and fall of his family, it vividly shows the pursuit of desire by all people in the world, especially the pursuit of wealth and color, and reveals the decline of human morality and the destruction of life caused by the cross-flow of material desires. Ximen Qing is the central figure in Jin Ping Mei. Different people have different views on him. I dare not teach others to teach axes here. Today, I just want to talk to you about some characteristics of Ximen Qing that are in line with the current social situation.

In the sixty-ninth chapter of the novel, Ximen Qing's industry is summarized through Wen Sao's mouth. "Chinese officials owe money and opened four or five shops face to face: satin shop, raw medicine shop, silk shop and wool shop. Outside the rivers and lakes, I took the standard boat, Yangzhou sold salt, Dongping sold incense wax, and there were dozens of assistants in charge. " As can be seen from Jin Ping Mei, Ximen Qing was an early sailor. He started from a small drugstore and became a very rich man in just a few years. Whatever he means, he is a shrewd businessman. However, he didn't have much profound cultural understanding, didn't control himself well, and finally didn't escape from indulgence and forget the ending. It has also become an idol imitated by many successful bosses in today's society. Have you ever found that a gentleman keeps mistresses and secrets as soon as he has a little capital? Even if you don't make a fortune, you have to be a big official, far more greedy than "100 thousand snowflakes a year" Throughout the book, there are dozens of women who have sex in Ximen Qing, but none of them were raped, and all of them were voluntary. Except Pan Jinlian and Chun Mei, who have a crush on Ximen Qing's "Pan An-like appearance", other women commit adultery with Ximen Qing for his money, whether it's Mr. Ruyi or Song Huilian, whether it's Ben Sisao or those prostitutes, all in order to get Ximen Qing's money. Ximen Qing has a problem, but he is definitely not the only one.

Enthusiastic and lecherous, Ximen Qing is developed. It seems natural for him to find some women. Look at him. ".。 . It's said that the Buddhist paradise Buddha not only wants to lay a golden building and ten halls of the underworld, but also wants to ask for some money. As long as I throw away this furniture and do good deeds, I will rape Chang 'e and Weaver Girl, kidnap Xu Feiqiong and steal the daughter of the Queen Mother of the West, and I will not lose my wealth. "Ximen Qing's view is that money makes the mare go and money makes the mare go. His lust is so great that he doesn't even care about his fairy sister. It has become his value orientation to rob money to satisfy selfish desires, but he still has one side that many people should follow now: "It is a good thing to spend all these furniture." Although rich people now have to earn some political capital and donate some money to a committee member, Ximen Qing has nothing. Many people forget their roots when they have more money, and their ancestors when they are old. Ximen Qing was by no means the first or the last. Compared with the official hooking up with nearly 170 women, if women are interested in money in Ximen Qing, I don't know what those women are interested in. When the moral defense line no longer works, then the official should not blame the law enforcer for taking the evidence of nearly 170 women's body hair from his safe, even if Ximen Qing lives in the contemporary era. Now our society is a market economy, and the market economy society is still inseparable from moral norms. Now many entrepreneurs still have the shadow of Ximen Qing. Of course, Ximen Qing himself has a lot of experience that is really worth learning, because he is a successful general manager.

Ximen Qing has intelligence that ordinary people can't match. He knows the world well and understands the truth of "combining officials". Backed by a big tree to enjoy the cool, pulling the tiger skin to be a good official is exactly the same as Lai Moumou's behavior in a red chamber in Yuan Hua. In the era of Ximen Qing, taxes and fees were fiercer than tigers. In order to satisfy his material desires, Ximen Qing had to make friends with powerful people and bribe officials, so as to avoid taxes and exemptions reasonably and legally under the protection of government officials and put himself in a favorable position in the competition. But he is still not satisfied. I can't always give you presents. He also wants to get some benefits in officialdom. So he spared no expense to open the way and recognized Cai Jing as a surname of michel platini. Michel platini's recognition may be valuable. Ximen Qing soon became the finger of Shandong's censure, with real power in his hand and a backer in the imperial court, and his business was smooth sailing. He held the power, monopolized the chamber of commerce, took a lot of gold and silver, and monopolized the operation. He forcibly occupied the antique business in Dongping House and monopolized the sales of salt because he had an official certificate. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, salt was purchased and sold by the government, and it was operated by childe and powerful people, which made great profits. It is difficult for ordinary people to get in touch with this kind of business. Ximen Qing set foot in this unprofitable business only because he is Cai Jing's adopted son. It can be said that the government and business are booming.

Ximen Qing is an entrepreneur because he has advanced management ideas and concepts of contemporary entrepreneurs. First of all, in the shopping mall, Ximen Qing realized the importance of grasping the market. He is familiar with the law of market operation, knows the situation of competitors, knows the psychological effect, and knows the truth that strange goods can live. He also boasts that "you don't know how to be a slave to the market, and you don't even have a place to take off the goods. After six months and three months, you will come to the door to find money. Soon he will be full of Qinghe County. " Besides my big shop and many deliveries, I'm not afraid that if I ask him, I won't come to me. "A rice merchant, when freezing the river, sold 500 packages of Wuxi rice to Ximen Qing, leaving an equivalent price. Ximen Qing disagreed. "What do I want it to do? When the river is closed, no one wants it. As soon as the ship set sail, the price fell even more. " "Silver restless, I was willing to be buried in one place. "These words can explain Ximen Qing's business talent. He opposes overstocked materials occupying funds and advocates making profits through timely turnover of funds. He understands the value theory of commodity circulation. Secondly, Ximen Qing is familiar with human resource management and allocation, especially the important role of ownership structure in business. He knows people very well and makes good use of reasonable dividends to mobilize employees' economy. I looked up some information carefully. Futures were not popular at that time. At that time, people paid great attention to credibility, and they all made real money, which was much more real than the stocks expected in the online circle now. Ximen Qing has three good helpers, one is Han Daoguo, the other is Cui Ben and the other is Gan. Han Daoguo is mercenary and has a low character, but he is familiar with the marketing and management of silks and satins. Cui Ben is familiar with business channels and knows how to operate; Gan was born to be good at opening up markets and attracting customers. These three men were appointed by Ximen Qing to be department managers in the company where he and Joe jointly run silks and satins, giving full play to their respective strengths. Ximen Qing also worked out the share distribution ratio of this company with Joe's family. "Ximen Qing has three points, Joe's family has three points, and the rest are shared equally by Han Daoguo, Cui Ben and Gan". In this way, the interests of employees in the company are combined with their interests, and the sense of responsibility and enthusiasm of employees is enhanced. It can also be seen from this that Ximen Qing is not a very black businessman, but he is much better than some entrepreneurs now.

As an entrepreneur, Ximen Qing is a talented person who knows packaging planning very well. Unfortunately, there was no such advanced media to help him at that time, otherwise he would never be the impression of everyone now. Ximen Qing knows that customers are the best. On the day he opened in Satin Village, the front door was very lively, and drummers performed to attract customers. At least there should be the opening style of some enterprises now, right? But instead of cutting the ribbon with senior officials, he paid more attention to people's feelings. "Gan (health) buddies Yu Han (Daoguo) buddies sell on the counter; One looks at silver and the other talks about price; Cui Ben specializes in collecting life. No matter whether brokers or buyers come in, let them in and have two drinks each. " With this attitude towards customers like family, can business not be hot? ! His publicity attracted a large number of customers and tourists and sold more than 500 taels of silver on the first day.

Ximen Qing has a keen business eye. He is far-sighted in the shopping mall. Focusing on the market, he diversified his business, engaging in both store management and trafficking and logistics. Buying goods in Nanjing, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Huzhou and other places is not only cheap, but also saves others' transportation expenses and the difference earned by second-hand dealers, thus ensuring his genuine characteristics, greatly increasing people's trust in Ximen Qing brand and enabling him to obtain more benefits. Ximen Qing's marketing ideas and management ideas are still beyond the reach of many modern entrepreneurs. I won't list them all here. In a word, Ximen Qing was a successful businessman, but in the end he killed himself. His success or failure is worth studying by some businessmen.

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Wages, incomes and living standards of Ming people.

Twenty-eight years after Hongwu, the price of rice in the Ming Dynasty was basically one or two silvers for two stone meters. "Ming Shi Shi Er": "So the household department decided: one ingot of banknotes, one stone of rice; One or two gold, ten stones; One silver and two stones. " A stone in the Ming Dynasty was about 94.4 kilograms now. According to the average price of rice in 2006 1.75 yuan/kg. One or two silver 2*94.4*2* 1.75=660.8 yuan. It costs more than 660 yuan to buy a steamed bread on the side of a small street, which is too expensive.

Ming people's wages.

Firewood: The people have the obligation to serve the country, but the service is paid. It's the turn to serve and send it to the official's minion. Firewood firewood is to buy firewood, boil water and do odd jobs The annual income is 20 Liang, 132 16 yuan. (In the Ming Dynasty, the state stipulated that the seven products of Tang Zheng could have four-paid soaps, two county officials, two main books, and one classic history; The above officials, each with a groom, paid by the state. )

Groom: Driving horses and going on business trips for government civil servants. The annual income is 40 Liang. 26,432 yuan per year.

County magistrate in Ming Dynasty: Zheng Qipin earned 7.5 stone or 45 taels of silver a year. The actual monthly income is 7.5 *188.8 *1.75 = 2478 yuan. About 30 thousand a year. Other income: four firewood and one groom. The salaries of these five people are paid by the state. Official uniforms and pen and ink fees for winter and summer vacations are subsidized by the state. When a new official takes office, he can also get 40 Liang for repairs first. It seems that Qipin County magistrate 45 taels of silver is almost the same as groom 40 taels of silver. (The salary of civil servants in the Ming Dynasty was really low, and the salary income of civil servants in the Ming Dynasty was even less. But housing, travel, illegal immigrants, county officials, food and clothing, history and other expenses. Basically, it is subsidized by the state, so the annual salary is basically net income, and the cost of pen and ink is set by the state, which is redundant. The groom doesn't have those benefits.

Student: "Cook a liter of rice every day, which is officially given by fish salt acyl." -"Ming Shi Shi Ji Liu". Scholars who are admitted will receive one liter of Mi Yue and two A Jin days (just enough for two people), as well as fish oil and salt. (Note: Ming Dynasty10L =1dou; 10 barrel = 1 stone. ) The Ming Dynasty gave preferential treatment to scholars, and even got 1 two silver for meals every month. However, the view of students in the Ming Dynasty is not the current view of students. Modern students can only be regarded as young students, and young students can only be regarded as "poor students" if they pass the scholar exam and enter the county school. Therefore, scholars in the Ming Dynasty can live without working, but they will be poor if they only eat "poor students", so they are called poor students.

The above is based on "Wan Shu Zatan" in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty and "Ming History" by Kangxi of Qing Dynasty.

Street vendors selling oil: the annual income is about 20 Liang. Rmb 132 16. Feng Menglong wrote three words from Wanli to the year of the apocalypse. Among them, Qin only weighs three taels of silver among the unique flowers that sell oil lang. After selling oil on the street for a year, he still has 16 silver left. "The interest earned every day is also frugal, and things are also accumulated. I bought some daily household items and clothes. No waste. " Excluding the annual expenditure, the remaining 16 is two. So it is recorded as an annual income of 20 Liang.

Pig slayer: Hu, your father-in-law, said to the poor scholar, "It is only proper to find a few taels of silver to support your old lady every year. You asked me to borrow the toll. I kill a pig a day and still can't make money. I'll throw all my money into the water with you and call my home the northwest wind! " -"The Scholars". One dollar a day, three taels a month, thirty-six taels a year. It seems that the income from killing pigs is similar to that from grooms. About 23789 yuan.

Farmer: What is the income of farmers? Farmers "give fifteen acres of land and two acres of vegetable fields." "Newly cultivated land is rent-free for three years." Assuming that the ancient farming level was only 1/2 or 2/3, farmers could earn about 250 or 350 kilograms per mu of rice. According to 300 kilograms, the south harvested two crops and the north harvested one crop. If farmers are diligent in good years, the average total income of farmers in the south is 15750, and that of farmers in the north is 7875, excluding farm tools and fertilizers.

Prices in Ming Dynasty (Wanli).

Ming dynasty price:

Rice silver 1 two =2 stones, that is, 377.6 kg. Rmb 1.75 yuan/kg.

Fine pork silver 1 six cents =8 kg+13.2 yuan/kg.

Silver 1 Money Cent =8 kg RMB 9.5 yuan/kg.

Five catties of beef and seventy-five cents of silver are equivalent to RMB 9.9 yuan/catty.

The price of five Jin of main carp is 1 silver, equivalent to 13.2 yuan/Jin.

The price of chestnuts is 5 kg, and silver is 6.5%, which is equivalent to RMB 8.6 yuan/kg.

The price of a live fat chicken is 4 cents of silver, 26.4 yuan/chicken.

The price of four pieces of white cloth is 8 yuan silver, equivalent to RMB 132.2 yuan/piece.

Cotton candy is 6 cents per catty, equivalent to RMB 39.6/catty.

The price of high-grade red dates is 100 kg, and the price of silver is 225 yuan, 16.5 yuan/kg.

I'll try two yellow silk umbrellas, and the silver price is 60 cents for RMB 3 yuan/pair.

The price of five shovels used for instruments of torture is two yuan and five cents, equivalent to RMB 33 yuan/shovel.

The official longan is two catties and eighty taels, one yuan and twenty-five cents is 29.5 yuan/catty.

The above prices are subject to ten thousand miscellaneous notes in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

When Yang Zhi sold knives in Tokyo in the novel Water Margin in the Ming Dynasty, Niu Er once said, "What a bird knife is worth!"! I'll buy one for thirty pence, and I'll also cut the meat and tofu. " One or two values 1000, a kitchen knife is about 30 20 yuan. Considering that there was no industrial ironmaking at that time, the price of this kitchen knife was similar to ours now. When Dai Zhong Yang Lin invited Shi Xiu to dinner on the 44th occasion, Yang Lin casually threw out one or two pieces of silver for the store to serve. This more than 600 yuan is not enough in our hotel now, but it is really ok to serve casually in a pub.

Real estate price: "It can be said:' There is a vacant room next to the grave for sale, as long as fifty taels of silver. If you can buy his, it will be convenient to get there. "Chun Er scraped together five hundred taels of silver to buy a house."-"Sanyan Zhao Chuner sees Cao Guzhuang" is a low-grade property with 50 taels of houses, about RMB 33,040. Gao Mansion: 654.38+more than 100 million. "Stone see eager to sell, then fell into a trap. This property is worth thousands of dollars. Guo Diaoer is discussed in China, and it is only worth 400 gold. "-"Sanyan Guiyuan Road is poor and regretful ". It seems that the houses of rich people in Ming Dynasty are really expensive.

The price is stable. In the early and late Ming dynasty, there was one or two pieces of silver to buy a stone of rice; During the orthodox years, there was a time when one or two pieces of silver could buy four stones; The chaos of the Chongzhen Empire has a price of two or two stones. But compared with the soaring prices at the end of the Republic of China, silver is still a hard currency. Prices in the Ming Dynasty were basically stable, especially the ratio of official salary to hard salary, which was one stone and two meters. It plays a considerable role in stabilizing currency prices.

Taxes.

"Shi Ming Wu Shihuo" "Where the business tax, choose one out of thirty, and those who pass it will be regarded as violating the order."

"Ten Thousand Miscellaneous Talks": "Ten years of Wanli, three free title deeds. The purchase price is lower than 420 and the standard price, all of which are tax-free. If the purchase price is more than 420, the tax will be reduced by 10 cents. "

In the second year of its establishment, Shi Mingshi declared: "Jiangsu and Zhejiang impose heavy taxes, while the Soviet Union and the Song Dynasty allow private renting of subjects to punish the temporary die-hards. How can we make it a rule and pay more attention to the affected parties? Knowing how to reduce it, there can be no dispute. "

In February of the fifth year of Xuande, Shi Mingshi Food II announced: "The old government rent will be reduced by two tenths for those who have one bucket to four buckets per mu, and by three tenths for those whose four buckets have risen to more than one stone. Write for the order. "

The commercial tax of the Ming Dynasty was originally 30, which was 3.3%. Later, Ming Chengzu and the cabinet considered reducing the burden on the state to reduce the burden on the people, which fell to 1.5% in Wanli period. Small businesses and vendors with an annual turnover of 40 taels of silver, that is, those with a turnover of less than 26,432 yuan, are exempt from tax. -is this to take care of the disadvantaged groups? At the beginning of Hongwu, there were three or four fights for farmers' taxes. Later, the tax on private land was reduced to a bucket of rice per mu, about 18.9 kg. Guantian fights a little more than three. The low tax rate of the people is also related to the streamlining of government institutions in the Ming Dynasty. However, when there is a war, the cost is not enough. During the Chongzhen rebellion, the emperor complained almost everywhere for a little military expenses. When the harvest was the best in the Wanli period, the national finance had 2 million taels of silver a year, which was made by Zhang Reform. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the total population was about 60 million, and the per capita annual national tax burden was 0.033 taels of silver, which was about RMB 22 yuan.

Welfare.

At the beginning of Shi Ming Shishi Huoyi, Taizu set up a nursing home to collect food without notice. Build a leaky garden to bury the poor. There is a righteous tomb in every county in the world. He also engages in a pension policy and gives him a title of at least 80 years old. Give preferential treatment to soldiers and civilians in distress after the imperial edict. However, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, punishing the powerful and bullying the poor and weak, legislation was more about suppressing the poor from the rich.

There were no beggars and vagrants in the Ming Dynasty, and every county had free nursing homes. "Wan Bu Miscellaneous Notes" contains "Each person gives Taicang three buckets of rice a month, and at the age of five, gives Jiaziku a horse." The conditions for entering the nursing home are: "check the old, weak, sick, lonely and poor people inside and outside the capital, and invite them every year." Because of the treatment, some people will not leave when they are developed. "Sometimes there are well-fed people." And mixed a name in it for profit. In abel tamata, China, people in exile due to floods and droughts can get 65,438+05 mu of land for farming if they can farm, and give them cattle and farm tools. If the poor have no money to buy land for burial, the state will give it to them. If an old man is over 80 years old, the state gives him a title. Jue has income. That is, the state pension. But not until you're 80.

Vacation.

Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Wu Rui Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Double Ninth Festival. For the festivals in modern Wu Rui, the Ming Dynasty compared this festival.

"Every Dragon Boat Festival in the imperial court, the imperial court gives baiguan bread and jiaozi outside the meridian gate, and drinks a few lines. The minister of civil service is still watching the minister of martial arts shoot willow in the back garden, and everything is over. Fortunately, after welcoming the mother, watching the dragon boat, the guns are endless. " -"Garden Miscellaneous Notes" in Ming Dynasty.

This is how people in the Ming Dynasty lived. After the Qing soldiers entered Shanhaiguan, power politics, burning code to change history, shaving and changing clothes, paying heavy taxes, making people slaves and lowering their living standards. No wonder the anti-Qing movement lasted for half of the A Qing dynasty.

Written by Han nationality on February 30th, 2006 +65438.

Ningbo, Zhejiang