Is Qi Jiguang the greatest strategist in China in the16th century?

Qi Jiguang (1528165438+1October12-1588 65438+1October 5), whose name is Jing, was named Nantang, and later died. Han nationality, born in Dengzhou, Shandong Province (now Penglai, Shandong Province), is a hereditary Dengzhou Wei, in charge of state affairs, originally from Dingyuan, Haozhou (now Dingyuan, Anhui Province). Famous anti-Japanese warrior, outstanding strategist, calligrapher, poet and national hero in Ming Dynasty.

Qi Jiguang has been fighting against the Japanese pirates in the southeast coast for more than ten years, eliminating the Japanese pirates who invaded and plundered the coast for many years, and ensuring the safety of people's lives and property along the coast. Later, he fought against the northern Mongolian tribes for more than ten years, which ensured the security of the northern territory and promoted the peaceful development of the Mongolian and Han nationalities. He wrote eighteen volumes of New Books on Discipline and Effectiveness, fourteen volumes of Practical Discipline in Training, and other military masterpieces, as well as "Stop the Hall Collection" and notes and suggestions submitted to the court in different historical periods.

At the same time, Qi Jiguang is an outstanding weapon expert and military engineer. He reformed and invented all kinds of fire weapons. The warships and chariots he built made the land and water equipment of the Ming army superior to the enemy; He creatively built a hollow enemy platform on the Great Wall, which can be attacked, retreated and defended. This is a distinctive military project.

In military training, Qi Jiguang wrote two important military works, namely, A New Book on Discipline and Efficiency and Practical Discipline in Training. These two books are a summary of his experience in training and fighting, and they are also teaching materials for his training. They have a high position in military science, and are included in Sikuquanshu, accounting for one tenth of military works.

When Qi Jiguang first arrived in Shandong to prepare against the enemy, he found that the Ming army was arrogant and lazy, and the soldiers were not used to fighting. Compared with the enemy who skillfully uses Japanese knives and heavy arrows, the combat effectiveness is too weak. So Qi Jiguang went to Jinhua, Yiwu and other places to recruit 3,000 farmers and personally trained them. This is the early "Qi Jiajun".

(1) Yuanyang array

Due to the mountainous marshes along the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian, the strength of large troops is not easy to expand, and the enemy is good at ambush and hand-to-hand combat. In view of this feature, Qi Jiguang created a new battle formation, which seems to go hand in hand with the Japanese army, so it was named "Yuanyang Array". This formation, with twelve men as the basic unit and a combination of long and short weapons, can constantly change with the terrain and operational needs.

Yuanyang formation consists of 12 people, with the captain at the front and the second two holding a long card and a rattan card. The long card holds a long shield to shield the enemy's heavy arrows and spears, and the rattan card holds a light rattan shield, with javelin and broadsword. Long card players and rattan players mainly cover the rear team to advance, and rattan players can also engage in close combat with the enemy in addition to covering. The other two men hold the wolf's den. The wolf's den is made of bamboo grown in the south. Choose old and strong ones, cut the bamboo ends into sharp shapes, and leave sharp branches around them. Each den is about 3 meters long. The wolf's den uses a sharp blade in front of the wolf's den. Then there are four long gunmen with long guns, two on the left and two on the right, taking care of the shield hand and the wolf hand in front. Followed by short soldiers with short knives. If the long gunman didn't stab the enemy, then the short soldier rushed forward with a short knife to kill the enemy. The last one is the fireman in charge of food. "Yuanyang array" not only makes the spear and shield, long and short closely combined, but also gives full play to the effectiveness of various weapons, and the formation changes flexibly. According to the situation and operational needs, the column can be changed to a horizontal row, and later it can be changed to two small arrays on the left and right or three small arrays on the left and right. When it becomes two small arrays, it is called "two-talent array", and the left and right shield hands follow the left and right Wolf Warriors hands, long gunners and short soldiers to guard their attacks; When it becomes three small arrays, it is called "three-talent array". At this time, wolves, long gunners and short soldiers were in the middle. The left and right shield guards. This change of array is also called "change of mandarin duck array". The flexible use of this array just restrained the enemy's superiority. Qi Jiguang led the "Qi Jiajun", and after the rehearsal of the "Yuanyang Array" method, he dealt a devastating blow to the enemy in the battle with him.

(2) Che Ying

During the period when Qi Jiguang was guarding Jimen, according to the characteristics of northern nomads who were good at cavalry fighting, a chariot camp was established to restrain cavalry, and every four people pushed a chariot, refused horses and placed firearms in it. When fighting, the chariots will form a phalanx, while the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look army will use firearms to carry out long-range attacks. When the enemy cavalry approaches, the infantry will line up in front of the battle line with horse refusal devices and stab them with long guns. After the enemy is defeated, cavalry will be sent to pursue it. Qi Jiguang in the rear of the trench camp, choose the south as the pioneer, to join the guards as the coordinator. The soldiers in this town were in charge of defense, and Qi Jiguang's army was cautious and sharp, which made Jimen the first frontier fortress army at that time. ?

Building the Great Wall (1) Jinshanling

The "pirates coming from the south to the north", that is, the intrusion of the pirates in the southeast coast and the harassment of the Tatar cavalry in the northern border, are two major problems that have long plagued the Ming court and endangered Daming Mountain. After Tan Lun and others wiped out the pirates in the south, Qi Jiguang was transferred to the north to defend the Tatars.

In order to strengthen the defense in the north, the Ming Dynasty divided the Great Wall into nine defense zones, in which heavy troops were stationed, called Jiubian Town, and each town was under the jurisdiction of the general staff. Jidong starts from Shanhaiguan in the town and reaches Juyongguan in the west, guarding the capital. It is the most important town among the nine towns, and Qi Jiguang is the company commander of Jizhen.

The Great Wall in Zhen Ji Town was built in the early Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Hongwu, the general Xu Da was ordered to prepare Shanxi and Beiping, and the general was ordered to make plans. From Huai 'an Hou Hua Yunlong, it is said that from Yongping, Jizhou and Miyun to the west, the pass is 120 and 9, all of them are guarded. In the 14th year of Hongwu, Xu Dafa and Yanshi guarded fifteen thousand one hundred people and built thirty-two passes such as Yongning and Ling Jie. Although the Great Wall was also built during Hongzhi and Jiajing years, it is too simple. The real large-scale construction was completed by Qi Jiguang from Qin Long to the early years of Wanli.

In the process of building the Great Wall in Qi Jiguang, according to the architectural idea of "adjusting measures to local conditions, controlling the blockage with risks", the wall was heightened at the low mountain; Enemy towers are built in places with steep mountains, and barriers, buttresses and horse retaining walls are added in some places, all of which are masonry structures or masonry wood structures, making this section of the Great Wall complete in facilities, firm in construction, rigorous in layout and both offensive and defensive. According to expert appraisal, Jinshanling Great Wall is the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li, China. Barrier, brick and horse retaining wall are known as the "three wonders" of Jinshanling Great Wall. ?

(2) Hollow enemy platform

While strengthening the city wall, Qi Jiguang also built a hollow enemy platform. The hollow enemy platform consists of upper, middle and lower parts. The lower part is the base, which is made of big stones and has the same height as the city wall. The middle part is a hollow part. Some of them are supported by brick walls and brick arches, which are connected with each other. Some are supported by wooden columns and wooden floors, and the outside is covered with thick brick walls, forming a large indoor space of one or two floors for soldiers to station and store food and weapons. The upper part is the top of the platform, and most enemy platforms have towers in the center for the soldiers guarding the city to shelter from the wind and rain. There are some platforms on the platform for burning smoke and raising flames to give an alarm, but there are no towers.

Qi Jiguang recorded the hollow enemy platform in detail in Xun Zaji. The enemy platforms are different in height and size, and they are horns of each other and help each other. The enemy platform was equipped with artillery, and the Tatar's bow and arrow could not reach the soldiers on the enemy platform, and the cavalry dared not approach the Great Wall under the attack of artillery. Each hollow enemy station has a commander in chief who is responsible for directing the battle. ?

Equipped with the invented saber (1)

Qijia Dao is an improved Japanese Dao made in Qi Jiguang, which is a weapon specially used against Japanese pirates. The knives used by the Ming army are often cut off by Japanese knives when fighting against the Japanese. Qi Jiguang absorbed the advantages of Japanese swords and improved China saber, which has obvious Japanese style. The curvature of the blade is increased, the width of the blade is reduced, and the curvature of the blade tip is very small. There is a take-up thread in the middle of the blade and a thread on the back of the blade. The thickness of blade tip and blade body remains basically unchanged, and the back of the blade is cut to reduce the overall weight of the blade without reducing the strength of the blade. Qi Jiguang recorded the forging method of this knife in his book Miscellany of Military Training and Military Equipment Solutions. ?

The China National Museum now has a saber of the Qi family in Dengzhou, and the words "Ten Years of Wanli, Qi family in Dengzhou" are engraved on the upper part of the saber.

(2) Wolf Zen

Wolf Mountain is one of the weapons that Qi Jiguang provided to the Qigujun to deal with the enemy. It is two feet thick and one foot five or six feet long. When the Ming army was at war with the enemy, they panicked because they were afraid of the enemy's Japanese knives. Qi Jiguang put an iron spear on the top of a long and knotty bamboo pole, scalded the branches on both sides with fire, poured tung oil on them and coated them with poison. In the battle, although the enemy's long knife is sharp, it keeps cutting off soft branches, and the bamboo joints are deep, which can prevent the pike from penetrating. The branches on the wolf coffin are luxuriant, which can cover the holder. Rushing into the array can protect yourself, which is very lethal. It can be described as both offensive and defensive, and it is called "a sharp weapon to stab the Japanese." ?

(3) artillery

The gun that Qi Jiguang gave to Qi Jiajun was also called "Tiger Squatting Gun", which was named after its shooting like a tiger crouching. The Ming army attached great importance to the use of firearms and specially set up the "Jishen Camp" equipped with firearms. When fighting against the enemy, Qi Jiguang found that there were great shortcomings in the use of the bird's gizzard and the French machine. Although the bird spear is accurate, its lethality is too weak, while the French machine is deadly, but it is very heavy, which is not conducive to carrying. So Qi Jiguang invented the "Tiger Squatting Gun", which is more lethal than a bird's gizzard, lighter than a utensil and easy to carry. And a large number of manufacturing equipment.