Which is the closest, Shinkansen Tokyo Station or Ueno Station?

It's not near anywhere. It is more convenient to go to Tokyo by bus.

Now, take the Yamanote Line at 1 station from Tokyo to Yurakucho, and take the subway line from Youmachi to Edogawa Bridge.

Now take the Yamanote Line 5 stops from Ueno to Yurakucho, and take the subway line from Youmachi to Edogawa Bridge.

Edogawa Bridge exit is west.