These world heritages in Shaanxi are awesome! If you don't come to see it, you will lose.

Source: China News Service WeChat WeChat official account

Author: Bird Yang Yingqi

World cultural heritage, the historical memory of all mankind and the wealth of * * *. At present, there are 55 world heritage sites in China, ranking first in the world, but do you know how many are there in Shaanxi?

Shaanxi, which was once the cradle of Chinese civilization, has left a lot of precious civilization marks after the change of thirteen dynasties. There are three ***9 points in Shaanxi's world cultural heritage, which are distributed all over the province. They are: Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit, Silk Road: Chang 'an-Tianshan Corridor Road Network, and the Great Wall with other provinces and cities.

One of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 2th century: Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang

In 1974, Yang Zhifa, a villager from Xiyang Village, Lintong District, accidentally discovered some fragments of pottery figurines while digging a well. After exploration and excavation, a large figurine pit appeared in front of the world. Yang Zhifa didn't realize that his accidental discovery was not just a cultural relic, but "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 2th century". This "eighth wonder of the world" has become one of the favorite places for foreign heads of state to visit China, and more than 2 foreign heads of state and government have visited here successively.

Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is located in the south of Xiyang Village, 1.5km east of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, and it is the burial pit of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. At present, three figurine pits have been discovered, covering an area of more than 2, square meters. Among them, there are nearly 8, pottery figurines and horses similar in size to real people and horses, and the pottery figurines are rich in arms, neatly arranged, and their images are also different and vivid. When people stand in front of the Terracotta Warriors' No.1 pit for the first time, they are always shocked by the scene before them: the majestic military array seems to bring people back to the Qin Empire.

Now, nearly half a century has passed since the Terracotta Warriors were discovered, but it is still the focus of people's attention.

"The discovery of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang made up for the lack of this broken civilization. For the study of the burial system of feudal emperors, the politics, economy, military, social life, sculpture art and bronze casting technology of the Qin Dynasty are particularly precious. " Zhao Kangming, former director of Lintong District Museum, said in his book "Archaeological Career". As the first person to restore the Terracotta Warriors, Zhao Kangming deeply understood the cultural significance of these terracotta warriors and devoted his life to the protection and restoration of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses.

Liu Jiangwei, 52, is also engaged in the restoration of Terracotta Warriors. Liu Jiangwei entered the Terracotta Warriors Museum at the age of 19. Today, the task of restoring cultural relics he took over is still a "hard bone" with a huge amount of work and many problems left over.

In Liu Jiangwei's view, the most difficult thing in the process of restoring the cultural relics of terracotta warriors and horses is to protect the color of the pottery figurines. "After the terracotta warriors and horses are fired, they will first paint a layer of raw paint on their surface, and then paint on it. The unearthed pottery figurines have undergone great changes in temperature and humidity, and some painted layers will curl and fall off in a short time. " Liu Jiangwei said.

Not only that, Liu Jiangwei also tried his best to restore the stone armor unearthed from the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. From July 1998 to January 1999, a large number of stone armor and stone rafters were unearthed in the burial pit about 2 meters away from the current enclosure of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. Liu Jiangwei and his companions found that most of the stone armor was Zajia or exquisite "fish scale armor", which should be worn by senior generals. Considering the dead weight of stone armor, Liu Jiangwei designed a set of "liner", which is quite practical, just like a model frame.

"We are dealing with already fragile cultural relics, just like a doctor dealing with a seriously ill patient. We can't afford to be careless. Any minor mistake in operation will probably lead to great losses." Liu Jiangwei feels that the restoration and protection of cultural relics should be done slowly and carefully, and more importantly, it should be able to withstand loneliness.

Over the past 4 years, with the development of society, the Terracotta Warriors Museum has developed into the Mausoleum Museum of Qin Shihuang, and the Terracotta Warriors Site has also become a national archaeological site park. At the same time, the exhibition and utilization of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has been continuously deepened, making it a model for studying, protecting and utilizing cultural heritage. Today, Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have received more than 1 million visitors at home and abroad, and the number of visitors is still growing. Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are not only the most famous "World Heritage" in Shaanxi, but also a "business card" for China.

Silk Road: the road network of Chang 'an-Tianshan Corridor

In 214, at the 38th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO, the project "Silk Road: the road network of Chang 'an-Tianshan Corridor" jointly applied by China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan was passed and became a world cultural heritage.

The Silk Road across Eurasia witnessed the exchange of economic, cultural and social development between Asia and Europe from the 2nd century BC to the 16th century AD. The World Heritage Committee once said that this is a road of integration, exchange and dialogue between the East and the West, which has made important contributions to the prosperity of mankind in the past two thousand years. The ruins of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an, Han Dynasty, Daming Palace in Chang 'an, Tang Dynasty, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Pagoda, Binxian dafosi Grottoes and Chenggu Zhangqian Tomb are the important coordinates on this road of prosperity.

The ruins of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an City of Han Dynasty symbolize the earliest eastern starting point of the Silk Road. Weiyang Palace was built in 2 BC. As the most important palace in the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, it is the power center of the Han Empire. In the 7th to 1th centuries, the eastern starting point of the Silk Road became the Daming Palace in Chang 'an, Tang Dynasty. It is located in the northeast of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty, and is built on the north wall of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty in the south. Today, the site is located on the Longshouyuan in the northern part of Xi 'an, and it is a representative relic of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty, the eastern starting point of the Silk Road in its heyday.

in the 2nd century BC, Zhang Qian, the pioneer of the Silk Road, embarked on a journey to the west. After 18 years of two missions to the Western Regions, Zhang Qian, the famous diplomatic envoy of the Han Dynasty, left the earliest and most detailed written materials for later generations in the 2nd century BC in the Western Regions and Central Asia. Therefore, Zhang Qian himself has a close connection with this important world historical event of East-West cultural exchange, and the excavation of Zhang Qian's tomb has confirmed the existence of this great historical figure, and now it has become the tomb of a world-class precious heritage, representing the indomitable pioneering spirit of China people, and therefore it has been endlessly remembered and commemorated by future generations.

The Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Pagoda and Binxian Big Buddha Grottoes show the significance of the Silk Road to the cultural exchange and communication between the East and the West. They witnessed the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road until the prevalence of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the 7th and 8th centuries to preserve the scroll Buddha statues brought back to Chang 'an by Master Xuanzang, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, through the Silk Road, while Xingjiao Temple Pagoda is a relic tomb pagoda surveyed by Master Xuanzang and his disciples Kui Ji and Silla, both of which play an important role in the history of Buddhist communication and cultural exchange along the Silk Road.

Wan Li Great Wall No.1: Zhenbeitai

On the Hongshan Mountain outside Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, there stands Zhenbeitai, the largest existing beacon tower. This "First Wan Li Great Wall" was built by Tu Zongjun, the imperial envoy of the Governor of Yansui in the thirty-fifth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, and it is the most grand observation command post on the Great Wall. Boarding the northern platform of the town, we can see the whole green grassland, and in the distance we can see the promontory and sand dunes surrounding the oasis. The high platform is towering, the forest is vast, and a magnificent scenery is greeted.

The site of Zhenbeitai is located near the former Qin Changcheng site. This place is a battleground for military strategists in the history of "blocking Hetao in the north, Wuyan in Nanping, Shanxi in the east and Ganning in the west". Nomads from all over the world have tried to enter the Central Plains through this place, which is an indispensable pass on the border defense line.

"Autumn sounds in important towns are blooming, and the tour is not for the stage. Qian Shan goes far into the sky, and a stream of water comes from the desert. " Liu Minkuan, the governor of Ming Yansui, the governor of Shaanxi Trilateral and the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, once wrote this poem for Zhenbeitai. Yulin was a frontier fortress in ancient times, and along the Great Wall is one of the four sandy lands in China. Zhenbeitai is also located in the Huangsha Desert, where the Mu Us Desert has invaded continuously. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, Yulin City was already "windy and sandy, and the city was flat", and people could even ride horses and step on the sand to enter the city. But now, Zhenbeitai is no longer what it used to be "looking at the yellow sand and not producing grains".

Today, near Zhenbeitai, there are the rippling Hongshixia Reservoir, lush sandy botanical gardens, winding and vast sandy canals, and even orchards with bumper harvests all the year round, all thanks to the hard work of Yulin people in sand control for many years.

"In the past, Zhenbeitai was not like this." Duan Yunfei, president of the Great Wall Society of Yulin City, said. In the early days of the founding of New China, the forest coverage rate in Yulin City was only .9%, 1.2 million mu of farmland and pasture were swallowed up by quicksand, and 6 towns and 412 villages were buried by sandstorms. Every year, Yulin imported 53 million tons of sediment into the Yellow River due to soil erosion, accounting for one-third of the amount in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River. Whenever the wind blows hard, the dust rolls here, covering the sky, and there is almost no green on the sandstorm line of nearly 1 kilometers.

in 195, the first national forestry conference put forward the policy of "universal forest protection, focusing on afforestation", and large-scale afforestation and ecological management work in Mu Us sandy land began. In order to realize the "green" dream, the people of Yulin went wave after wave and started a long-term cause of sand control.

In 1974, the sand control company of Bulanghe Women's Militia was established in the local area. Fifty-four women militiamen with an average age of only 18 years set up camp in Heifengkou, Bulanghe, where wind and sand erosion was the most serious, and started the afforestation movement for nearly half a century. According to He Li 'e, the third company commander of the sand control company of Bulanghe Women's Militia, when the management began, this place was a vast desert, and Fiona Fang could not find a firewood for miles, but the sisters built their own houses, planted trees and raised seedlings, vowing to manage this desert well.

"In the first ten years, we struggled hard, fighting against the sky, the earth and all kinds of natural disasters. More than 6 people in the company only have more than 2 yuan a year for medical expenses, and they grow various Chinese herbal medicines to treat diseases. We are a concentric circle, born for sand control. " The first generation of old militia He Shalian said.

under the leadership of 14 company commanders, the sand control company of Bulanghe Women's Militia has leveled more than 8 sand dunes and created 35 windbreak and sand-fixing forest belts. Generations of foresters have built indestructible green corridors in the Mu Us Desert with painstaking efforts, sweat and even life.

in the past 7 years, the forest coverage rate of Yulin, which used to be a vast yellow sand, has increased from .9% to 33%, and all the local 8.6 million mu of quicksand has been fixed and semi-fixed, and Mingsha has been hard to find. Now, the Mu Us Desert where Zhenbeitai is located is about to disappear from the map. Zhenbeitai is no longer covered by yellow sand, but stands on a vast oasis. The scenery around Zhenbeitai has also become the epitome of China people's persistence in sand control despite difficulties and dangers.

The above are three 9 world heritages in Shaanxi, of which 6 (Terracotta Warriors, Wild Goose Pagoda, Little Wild Goose Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Pagoda, Daming Palace and Weiyang Palace) are located in Xi 'an. How many places have you been? Come and have a look!