History of gold mining

The Jiapigou gold mining area has a long history of gold mining. According to relevant historical data, gold mining in this area began in the Tang and Song Dynasties, but it was strictly forbidden in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, on the grounds of protecting the birthplace of Changbai Mountain, it was strictly forbidden to cultivate land, dig ginseng, mine gold and hunt here. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the corruption of the imperial court and successive years of famine, the people were in dire straits, and the victims in Qilu and Zhili in the pass fled to the outside of the pass to make a living in Changbai Mountain. In the first year of Daoguang (1821), "refugees" discovered gold placer in Huiquan Stack and Laojinchang near the Weishan River Basin, and the modern history of gold mining in this area began. Since 1821, the gold mining activities in this area have been uninterrupted. In the history of gold mining for more than 17 years, it mainly experienced the discovery period (1821 ~ 1853), the period outside the Korean border (1854 ~ 1933), the Japanese puppet regime (1934 ~ 1945.8) and the early liberation period (1945.9 ~ 196).

(1) Discovery period (1821 ~ 1853)

In the first year of Daoguang (1821), Qilu "refugees" discovered gold placer in Huiquan Stack and Laojinchang in the Weishan River Basin, and began to mine a large number of gold placer here. In the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Ma Wenliang, a gold miner, discovered mountain gold and outcrop veins in Beigou, Jiapigou, with a vein thickness of 4 ~ 5m and high gold content. After that, gold was obtained by simple mining, dressing and refining. Since then, a large number of gold miners have flocked, reaching thousands at the peak of gold mining. However, the local gold mining order is very chaotic, with gangs from all walks of life, indiscriminate mining and indiscriminate excavation, and harassment by bandits, which makes the life of gold miners extremely difficult and the safety is not guaranteed.

(2) The period outside the Korean border (1854 ~ 1933)

Around 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), the gold mining industry in Laojinchang and Jiapigou flourished, and Han Xianzong went to Ma Wenliang to work as a metalworker. Because of the bandits Liang Cai and others, fish and metalworking were a big worry for local metalworkers. At that time, Han Xianzong joined forces with the leaders of Jiapigou Gold Gang, defeated Liang Cai and other gangs twice in 1853 and 1854, regained the occupied gold field, and was later promoted as the leader of gold mining by gold miners. Since then, Han Xianzong's reputation has been greatly shocked, and he has also made a fortune.

Han Xianzong (1819 ~ 1897) was originally from Hanjiazhuang, Wendeng County, Dengzhou Prefecture, Shandong Province. When I was a child, my family was poor, and I went out with my father. I lived in Huaqu Liugou, Mushi River Basin, Jiutai County, Jilin Province, for a long time. This place belongs to the "Liubianbian" closed by the Qing Dynasty to the northeast, so it is historically called the period outside the Korean border when Han Xianzong ruled Jiapigou area to establish a "home world" for gold mining, and his nickname is Hanbianwai.

Han Xianzong replaced Liang Cai to win the mining right of Jiapigou gold field, and then he became a "country within a country" by relying on the legal system, rewarding and punishing, levying taxes and supporting private soldiers. At the same time, the amount of gold production increased sharply, merchants gathered, the population became dense, and the influence of the Korean family expanded day by day; By 186 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), there were 22 placer gold mines, 7 vein gold pits, thousands of soldiers, and several meeting houses. According to relevant historical data, the governing scope of Han Xianzong is centered on Jiapigou, which is 2 miles long from east to west and 1 miles wide from north to south, with an area of more than 2, square miles (5, square kilometers) and a population of about 5,. According to the Japanese version of "Beiman Gold Mine Resources", in its heyday, about 187 (twenty years of Xianfeng), Jiapigou Gold Factory produced more than 5 taels of gold per day, more than 5, taels of gold per month and more than 6, taels of gold per year, which was said to be one of the highest gold mines in the world at that time. In 1897 (the 23rd year of Guangxu), the sphere of influence of the Han family expanded to six counties, namely Huadian, Panshi, Dunhua, Mengshan, Fusong and Antu, with a length of more than 8 miles (4 kilometers) from east to west and a width of 5-6 miles (25-3 km) from north to south.

From the day of its rise, the outside of Korea has been concerned, interfered and invaded by imperialist countries. In 19, the Russian Empire invaded the northeast of China. From 192 to 194, Russia obtained the right to mine in Jiapigou through the so-called "Jilin Gold Mine Treaty" and "Jilin Gold Mine Treaty Renewal", and established the "Big Nose" office and mine. Russia adopted mechanical gold mining and pot camel drainage, and in less than a year and a half, it plundered a lot of gold from Jiapigou area.

Japanese imperialism also plundered Jiapigou Gold Mine by various means. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan obtained the railway management right and ownership from Changchun to Lvda from Russia. In 196, a colonial organization, Nanmanzhou Railway Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Manchuria Railway") was established in Luda area, trying every means to seize the mining right of Jiapigou gold mine. In 1915, Yuan Shikai secretly signed the Sino-Japanese Treaty with Japan, and put forward the mining right of Jiapigou gold mine in the annex, but the Sino-Japanese Treaty failed because of the strong opposition of the Japanese people. After the "September 18th Incident" in 1931, Japan launched a war of aggression against China and occupied the northeast. At that time, Han Jintang, the fourth generation of the Han family, borrowed tens of thousands of yuan from "Manchuria Railway" when he was unable to maintain gold mining production. On December 23, 1933, Datong Breeding Co., Ltd., a vassal of Man Tie, signed the Contract for Cooperative Operation of Jiapigou Gold Mine with Han Jintang to solve the debt problem between Han Jia and Man Tie. It is stipulated in the Contract that all the mines, land and forests within the Han family's territory will be transferred to Datong Breeding Co., Ltd. for joint operation. The signing of the "Contract" actually made the Japanese invaders forcibly annex all the property of the Korean family at a small cost, and ended the period outside the Korean border that lasted for 8 years and ruled for hundreds of miles.

(3) during the Japanese puppet regime (1934 ~ 1945.8)

Since 1934, the Japanese aggressors have sent more than 2 armed investigation teams to Jiapigou Gold Mine to investigate the resources. From 1937 to 1941, Japanese imperialism successively opened up pits in Jiapigou Gold Mine, such as Xiaobeigou, Yikeng, Toudaokou, Xiaodonggou, Dajinniu, Daxiangou, Xiatai and Dongtuoyaozi. According to the records in the History of Huadian County, only in the four years from 1941 to 1944, the Japanese invaders plundered 1825kg of gold from Jiapigou.

(4) Early period of liberation (September 1945-196)

After August 15th, 1945, Jiapigou Gold Mine was liberated. In January 1946, it resumed production and became the first gold mine in New China under the leadership of the China Communist Party and the People's Government. From 1946 to 1948, due to the flooding caused by power failure, it brought great difficulties to mine production, but under the correct leadership of China * * * production party, it quickly resumed production. At the beginning of 1949, Jiapigou Gold Mine was completely renovated, the old pit was restored, and mixed mercury flotation was adopted. Under the very difficult production conditions, 73.86kg of gold was produced that year. In 1952, the new No.1, No.2 and No.3 veins in Lishankeng and No.3 and No.6 veins in Xiaxitaikeng were successively discovered by pit exploration, and the total geological reserves of gold and metal were 1961kg. From 1951 to 1953, linear cylindrical cut drilling blasting and wet drilling were popularized, which improved the tunneling efficiency and reduced the underground dust concentration. In 1954, some technological processes were reformed and ball mills and cyclones were installed, and the gold output was greatly improved, reaching 1856kg, the highest level in history. After 1955, the geological resources in the mining area decreased day by day, and the proportion of the third-grade ore was seriously out of balance, and the mine resources were exhausted. On December 31, 1955, Laoniugou gold and copper mine closed its pit and stopped production. In October, 196, Jiapigou gold mine stopped production, and the gold mining industry in this area faced a very difficult situation. During this period, * * * produced 11.76t of gold.

(5) Prosperity period (1961 ~ 199)

Jiapigou Gold Mine declined to prosperity, which is closely related to the breakthrough in the understanding of gold geology and the significant progress in geological prospecting. This is the result of the joint efforts of mine geologists engaged in mining areas and relevant personnel in geological prospecting, teaching and scientific research departments, especially the establishment of 64 in November 1959. They persisted in opening up old areas and new areas for a long time, practiced repeatedly, tried hard to explore the law of mineralization, and the results of prospecting kept emerging, which made indelible contributions to the re-prosperity of Jiapigou Gold Mine.

with the concerted efforts of the leaders and geologists of Jiapigou Gold Mine, and on the premise of finding out some resources in Jiapigou Mining Area, Jiapigou Gold Mine resumed production again in August 1961. In 1964, Erdaogou Mine was completed and put into operation. In 1965, Sanjiaokou Mine (formerly known as Hongqikeng) began to explore pits, and Jiapigou Gold Mine began its glorious and prosperous period again. In 1965, the gold output reached 553.33 kg. In 1966, the "Cultural Revolution" movement caused serious damage and interference to gold production. From 1967 to 1969, the whole mine was in a state of stagnation and semi-stagnation. In 1968, the output of gold decreased from 716.9kg in 1966 to 443.4kg. In 197, the mine production returned to normal. Because of the introduction of new excavation equipment, the excavation speed of the largest pit-Hongqikeng (Sanshukou Mine) was accelerated day by day. In addition, the beneficiation process was reformed and the production capacity was improved. In 1974, the gold output increased from 443kg in 1968 to 1543kg, making this mine the largest gold production mine in China at that time. However, due to the blind pursuit of output, the mining ratio and the third-grade ore quantity are seriously out of balance again, which will bring very serious consequences to future production.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the relationship between excavation and mining was gradually straightened out, and the production focus was shifted to excavation and prospecting, so that the excavation volume increased year by year. From 1982 to 1984, in order to solve the problem of nearly exhausted resources and the reduction of ore grade, speed up the construction and transformation of key mine projects, and dig deep into the internal potential of old mines, the blind well expansion projects in Bajiazi, Gaoxing and Erdaogou were completed and put into production successively, and at the same time, enterprise management was strengthened, technical progress was paid attention to, and the production enthusiasm of workers was fully mobilized. In 1984, the labor productivity, primary mining loss rate and quality gold grade of all mineral processing personnel reached the same industry in China.

During the Sixth Five-Year Plan and the Seventh Five-Year Plan, in order to obtain more geological reserves, Jiapigou Gold Mine set up a small drilling team to explore the deep parts of Sandaowan Mine and Erdaogou Mine, and achieved good geological results. At the same time, it also explored the production pits such as Sihuankou, Dashankeng, Lishankeng, Honggou District, Xiaxitai and Miaoling and put them into restoration projects.

At the same time, Jilin Gold Mine, Banmiaozi Gold Mine and Huifahe Gold Mine have been put into operation in this area, which has effectively promoted the gold production in this area, and the gold output of Jilin Gold Mine alone reached 14kg in 199.

(VI) Development period (1991-present)

With the in-depth development of reform and opening up, the gold mining industry in this area has shown a prosperous development period. At present, in addition to the six production mining areas (i.e. Sanjiaokou, Erdaogou, Bajiazi, Xiaobeigou, Miaoling and Xiaxitai) owned by Jilin Jiapigou Gold Mining Company, a concentrator with a daily processing capacity of 1, t, there are also four production mining areas and a concentrator owned by Labor Service Company. In addition, there are a large number of mines with different production scales, such as Jilin Gold Mine, Banmiaozi Gold Mine, Daxiangou Gold Mine, Dajinniu Gold Mine and Huifahe Gold Mine, which belong to gold companies such as Jilin City and huadian city. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 1 large and small gold mines and 1 large and medium-sized concentration plants in the whole region, and the star pits are all over the region. The daily processing capacity of the concentration plants is close to 2t, making it one of the important gold production bases in China.