The origin of Chongyang culture.

Yi Hui leucorrhea Gong Bing Qian Qiu.

—— A brief account of the compilation of Chongyang annals in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Heping Wang

In the early Han Dynasty, Chongyang was built as Xiajuan County. During the Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the affiliation often changed, and the county name was sometimes in the county and sometimes in the state. In the second year of Tang Tianbao (AD 743), Tangnian County was established, which was the beginning of the official establishment of Chongyang County. It has been more than a thousand years since it was changed to this name in the eighth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (975).

This county not only has a long history, but also has magnificent mountains and rivers and outstanding people. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it has been called "literature". But until the early Ming Dynasty, there was no county annals of Chongyang. According to legend, Yan Shizhen, a city at the end of Yuan Dynasty, wrote "A Hundred Visits to Taoxi", which was praised by later generations as the origin of "Chongyang County Records" because of its scenic spots and local people.

In the seventh year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1432), he was "out of touch with the times, leading to returning to the field with illness", and served as an imperial consultant in Guangxi, Fujian and Shandong, and Yang in western Zhejiang (86 pages). During the seven to ten years of Xuande, the first Xuande County Chronicle was compiled. "Ben Shizhen's" Hundred Tour Taoxi "is a collection of allusions, and the visit is a book." Its eight scenic spots were identified and later used as blueprints in all previous chronicles. Yang (86 pages), a scholar of Yongle, is well-read, honest and honest, and enjoys a high reputation in the ruling and opposition circles. He used his spare time to compile local chronicles, which not only pioneered the compilation of Chongyang county chronicles, but also set an example for future generations to care about local culture.

In the eighth year of Chenghua (1472), a juren from Shangyu, Zhejiang Province returned to Yu to give lectures in Chongyang. He edited and revised it himself, and on the basis of Xuande's chronicle, it continued to be Chenghua's nine-year chronicle. The old chronicle called it "Bosher Shu Qun". However, the county annals he edited were too early for future generations to have a glimpse.

From Zheng Debing Yin to the new four years (1506— 152 1), Yi people Ai Jie and Cai Gan compiled the Annals of Zheng Debing according to the nine-year annals of Chenghua. Because this chronicle is also a continuation, its style and content have not been taken off, and Xuande Year business card printing has stopped. Ai Jie, a juren of Chenghua Ding You, first served as Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Jiang 'an, Sichuan, and participated in the compilation of Shu Zhi. After completion, he became a professor of Du Fu studies and had considerable experience in compiling records. Cai Gan, Ding Chou Jinshi, was an official in Sichuan. After becoming an official, he edited the current county annals in cooperation with Ajie. According to the pilot year in Cai Gan and the year number of Zheng De, the book should be written between thirteen and sixteen years.

Ji Mao of Jiajing (1529) was edited by local citizen Wang and county scholar Xu Xing, thus compiling Eight Years of Jiajing. But this time it continued. Xu Xing thinks that the compilation of local chronicles is "collecting the remnants and breaking them" and "collecting chapters and sentences, … to benefit from reading less". However, the theory of "Star Field" put forward by him in the chronicle was ridiculed by later generations as far-fetched and superficial. Editor Wang, though young at that time, didn't take the college entrance examination, but influenced by his father and brother, he was indifferent and good at studying history. Jiajing became a scholar in the Reform Movement of 1898, and later became an official in Nanjing. He wrote more than ten kinds of works in his life, including Ying Tianfu Zhi, Nanjing Shang Bao Dian Zhi, Nanjing Dali Temple Zhi, Nanjing Official Department Zhi and so on.

During the period of Mu Zong (1567-1572), Rao Yidi edited a county chronicle, which was called Chronicle of Qin Long. Rao was an ugly scholar in Jiajing period, and he was tired of being an official in Henan Province. Qin Long's chronicle was compiled after his exile.

In the twelfth year of Wanli (1578), the magistrate Zhou personally edited the May 1 ST Annals of Wanli. Zhou, Zhejiang Huiji, Jinshi. After Wanli Ding Chou was transferred from Zhengding (now Zhengding, Hebei Province) to Chongyang, he immediately began to compile county annals and wrote a book the following year. The longest time between Wanli Wuyinzhi and Longqingzhi is only ten years, and the shortest time may be only five or six years.

In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Ren Zhifu, Wu Chucai, Gong and Confucian tutors participated in the editing and compilation, which was compiled into the Ugly Records of Wanli. Chen Honglie briefly explained the reason, process and method of this compilation in the Preface to Chronicles: "Five children in Wanli, (88 pages) moved mountains to worship Yang. Just look at the seal script, and there is nothing to test for all Feng religions. According to Suoyi and Fu De's records. ..... In the city of seeking, I gladly ordered my students to learn from unofficial history, participate in discussions, and create tools to read the moon. Wu Jun, a township doctor in Yu Fu's case, protected righteousness and slightly increased losses. Hu, this person is both self-sufficient and qualitative, and he does not cut. Most of the pens are constantly cut and confused, and one grasps right and wrong. It depends on reading the moon again. Zhicheng, Volume 11, Item 54 ". Chen Honglie, a native of Guangshan, Henan, is a scholar. Later generations praised him for "compiling records, hanging down as the criterion, and following it today." "Continue to compile local chronicles and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of worshipping the city. I am willing to do it." Wu Chucai, Qin Long Ding Mao, Juren. He used to be Yin in Huining, Gansu. "At the beginning of local chronicles, it is difficult to miss, and it must be compiled and compiled." Men and women are called "learned and ancient" by the old annals. Chen Honglie mentioned Hu Fangbo in his preface, that is, Hu Ding, a native of this city. Wanli Chen Bing Jinshi, in the name of poetry, went to Guangxi to make corrections. His "articles are refined and refined, which makes him elegant and Confucian". He reviewed the manuscript and made a preface for "Send Ugly Records".

Chronicle of Apocalypse of Master Xi (1621-1627) edited by Wei Guangqian is the last county chronicle compiled by Chongyang in Ming Dynasty. Soon after this ambition was written, it was scattered in the war in the late Ming Dynasty. Wei Guangqian was born in Suiping, Henan. In the seventh year of the Apocalypse, it was transferred to Chongyang, but the same year was the last year of Xizong Zhu Youxiao. It can be seen that the chronicle was compiled in the year when Wei arrived. Therefore, we might as well call this county annals "the seven years of the apocalypse" exactly.

In the 9th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1670), the Yi people Wang and Wang were responsible for compiling the Records of Kangxi, which was the first time that Chongyang compiled the Records in Qing Dynasty. Wang is an enlightened scholar. He once went to Yunnan Province to supervise suggestions, and later added an assistant minister of the Ministry of War to the Volunteer Brigade in Shanzhai, Hubei Province. When the Ming Dynasty died, the Qing court specially recruited the governor and refused to return. Wang, a native of Jihai, Shunzhi, used to be a teacher in Luzhou, Sichuan. "His knowledge of classics and history is extensive and detailed, and he is a municipal document." Gao Jingzhi, a magistrate of a county, said in the Preface that when he decided to compile local chronicles, "he consulted with Yibo Liu Jun. ..... At the age of 20, I had to choose Wang Jun ..... to join the group. So, I don't shake my mouth, but I am modest. Read the moon again and make a tool. The king of quality, Zhong Cheng (battle), is in the midst. Wang also said in the preface: "At the age of twenty-three, the doctor recommended ieee fellow and literature, looking for anecdotes to make up for the old ... a few months later? "It can be seen that one of the specific compilers of this county annals is Wang; The other is Yibo Liu Jun, that is, Liu Tiren, a native of Pingjiang, Hunan Province, who was taught by Confucianism in the county. It is because of Wang's high reputation and qualifications that he is responsible for the final drafting.

Is Kangxi, Geng Xu and A Zhi a new edition or a continuation edition? Wang made it clear in the postscript: "After his appointment, Wang Zhongcheng became a public servant. Gong Yue: This is a sequel to Chen Zhi (note: Wanli's History of Judging Ugliness), and the rules were drawn up by Chen Yi. " "Take Chen Zhi to consider its regulation first. Its word is land and sea, and it is a lovely body. Its year number and place name are declared to be wrong and simple. Although there was a lack of fine schools in the past, it is easy to correct it today. " It can be seen that Geng Xuzhi is still a sequel.

In the 12th year of Yongzheng (1734), the county compiled Yong Jia Zheng Yin Zhi. Chen Shuang, a city student, is responsible for editing, and Wu Li, president and magistrate of a county, is responsible for editing (89 pages). After Kangxi's Geng Xuzhi, Chongyang stopped making chronicles for 63 years. Although it has been put forward many times, it has not been put into action. Wu Li (page 89) is determined to do it well after arriving at his post. He believes that the reason why the records of Chongyang County have not been revised for a long time is because of "building houses by the roadside". So the decisive invitation wrote: "The pavilion and Xiao Temple were built together, and a pot of food was given to make them concentrate on their work and not shake their mouths ... This is a small correction. For more than 60 years, I feel that things have become very clear, and I am determined to achieve it. "

After six years of Qianlong (174 1), Chongyang Human Resources advised Guo Yan, the former blogger of Tongcheng County, to edit "Gan Long Xin You Zhi". From Jiayin in Yongzheng to the heart of Qianlong, the time interval is only six years. Why do you want to make records again? Huang Zhou, president of the county annals and magistrate of a county, made a specific explanation in the preface to Rebuilding Chongyang County Annals. He said: "The people who wrote Geng Xuzhi were many literati in the city where Gao Jingjun was appointed in the ninth year of Kangxi. They regarded Chen Junhonglie as a continuation of the previous Ming Dynasty; Jia Zhu, Li (90 pages), a preface in the twelfth year of Yongzheng, is a continuation of views; Published today, for those who are on the job, gentlemen in the city welcome those who were originally taught by Guo Zhi of Tongcheng and studied Jia Yin's books. The heart is only six years away from the good news! There is nothing worse than Ben. Gu Lijun has a lot of good governance, continuing his ambition and respecting personnel (90 pages). " It is precisely because people in this county think that the quality of the previous chronicles is not ideal that they are determined to rebuild them. Huang Zhou thinks that the first two editions of Chongyang County Records revised in Qing Dynasty can only be regarded as sequels. "Only the heart has published" Yunxiu "today. Now it seems that Xin Youzhi is divided into ten volumes, including astronomy, geography, architecture, food, officials and teachers, elections, people, etiquette, music, literature and art, and general program, with 64 orders. Its category division and data content are basically the same as the existing Kangxi Gengxuzhi, but some items have not been changed or added. Some items just add a few facts at the back. At the end of the first volume, it is marked: "The above is a complete record of Geng". In the final analysis, it is not the reconstruction of the name.

In the winter of the 17th to 18th year of Qianlong (1752- 1753), Cao, the magistrate of a county, invited Wu Shixiong, a native of Yi 'ao, to write and edit a county chronicle, which was called Qianlong Chronicle. But the book was not finished, and Cao had left the office. Later, he recalled this question in the preface: "I don't want to do anything, but I have less leisure in government affairs." I want to invite a gentleman to visit my hometown to comment, learn from others' strengths and continue the city's ambitions. And Yu is hard to be underestimated ... I didn't mean to. "Cao is from Shexian County, Anhui Province, and he is a scholar. Gan Long was in power for 14 years and achieved great success. This year's Renshen County Chronicle organized a study class at the end of the twelfth lunar month, which actually wrote the year of Gui You. Because the time interval between Ren Shenzhi and Xin Youzhi is only ten years, and they are both sequels, not only the style and category follow the previous records, but also the content has not changed much. Later generations have a lot of complaints about this, thinking that hunting is too cumbersome, so nine times out of ten I will delete it. "

From the 18th year of Qianlong to the 20th year of Daoguang, Chongyang has never completed the county increase, with a time interval of nearly 90 years.

From 21 to 22 years of Daoguang (1841-1842), Jin Yunmen, the magistrate of Chongyang County, served as the president and organized the class to compile local chronicles. In view of the low evaluation of Ganlong Ren Shenzhi at that time, I decided to rebuild it. It was finalized by Liu Zhending, a Yi nationality, and compiled into the Records of Daoguang People. The book * * * eight volumes, Jin Yunmen preface. Before the book was published, the incident of "Zhong Jiu disturbing Cao" happened and the manuscript was lost. So this is an unpublished yearbook. Liu Zhending, a gentleman in Jiaqing, was a famous man in Chongyang at that time.

In the five years of Tongzhi (1866), Chongyang compiled the last county annals of the Qing Dynasty-Tongzhi Bingyin Annals. This compilation team is huge, which is divided into editor-in-chief, supervisor, producer, editor-in-chief, deputy editor-in-chief (the main author of each volume), subject-division, interview, reference, subscription, producer, interviews with various departments, drawing and compiling books. Magistrate Gao is responsible for the overall renovation, Fu Xieding is responsible for the compilation, and 139 people are engaged in the specific work of each tribute respectively. The vast majority of members are retired or candidate officials, as well as judges, students and supervisors. Fu, a native of this county, is a deputy and a candidate for teaching. He is the author of Tongshan's Records of Jiugong Mountain and a collection of poems, Echo of Snow Waves. There are many innovations in the county annals he compiled. The book is divided into territory, organization, diet, music, official position, election, music, art, essays, etc. 10, with a total of 12 volumes 6 1 item. * * * About 320,000 words. Compared with the previous county annals, Bing Yin Zhi is more perfect in style, richer in content, more accurate in historical materials and more appropriate in details. Judging from the functions of managing resources, preserving history and educating people, it is indeed the top grade in the old records of this county.

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During the 434 years from the seventh year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty to the fifth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, General Manager Chongyang compiled 14 county records, with an average of 3 1 year. Among them, the Ming Dynasty averaged 26 years and the Qing Dynasty averaged 37 years. It is a great historical miracle that two dynasties compiled so many local chronicles in a mountainous county with no more than 10,000 households. There are many subjective and objective reasons.

Objectively speaking, in order to consolidate their rule, the Ming and Qing dynasties needed to learn from history and understand the local situation. Therefore, we attach great importance to the compilation and revision of local records. During the Hongwu period, various ministries presented maps of cities, mountains and rivers, Guanjin, pavilions, roads and warehouses. In the sixteenth year of Yongle, the imperial edict ordered all counties, counties, hospitals and institutes to compile local chronicles, and promulgated the Example of Compilation of Local Chronicles. Emperors such as Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to compiling historical records and often asked themselves questions and answers. In the eleventh, twenty-second and twenty-fourth years of Kangxi, several letters were sent to all provinces, prefectures, prefectures and counties in China to compile local chronicles, which was completed within a time limit. In several prefaces and postscripts of Kangxi Gengxuzhi, Gao Jingzhi, the magistrate of a county, explained that Chongyang compiled his records because "the Emperor of Heaven first collected culture and education, and collected ancient and modern times, which made all the ministries salty and ambitious." Liu Tiren also said: "In the early winter of this year, I gave you a gift to take advantage of the city." It can be seen that the compilation of some local chronicles in Chongyang County at that time was forced by the situation and had to be overwhelmed. However, this objective condition, which is common in the whole country, is not the main reason for Chongyang's repeated compilation of records.

Since the Song Dynasty, there have been many talented people in this county. According to old books, in 280 of Ming Dynasty, there were 30 Jinshi in Chongyang, including Jinshi 1 19, Gong Jinshi 260, and Wang Bidong, Wang Wensheng and Gong Yongmao were among them. And a list of two people also includes Jiajing Ugly (,Gong (93 pages)), Jiajing One (Wang Zongkai, Rao), Jiajing (Hu Ding, Wang Tingqian) and Wanli Ugly (Chen Zhongai, Wang Yang) four times. Among the seven fathers and sons of Wang, there are Wen Sheng, Zongyuan, Zongkai, four Jinshi, and three Juren. Throughout the Ming Dynasty, there are Yang (93 pages), Dai Shu, Rao, Wang, Liu Jingshao, Hu Ding, Rao, Chen Zhongai, Xiong Zezhen and Wang. Not only was he promoted to a high-tech post, but he was also famous for his knowledge, merits, morality and articles. To this end, Wu Fu, a scholar in Chongyang County in the Ming Dynasty, praised in the book "Rebuilding Confucianism": "Chongyang mountains and rivers are beautiful, dense and open, Zhong Ling is beautiful, and wizards come forth in large numbers." Jin Mianzu, a magistrate of a county in the early Qing Dynasty, said: Chongyang is surrounded by mountains and waters, and there are beautiful bells. Therefore, its awning is opposite, and it can be sealed more than the door, which is not comparable to other cities. Wu Shixiong, the editor-in-chief, also said, "I admire Song Heming very much. Humanities are superior to other cities. Anyone who is an official and shines with honor and integrity in the history books can take the exam. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were new literary records, followed by worshippers and others. "It can be seen that during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chongyang talents came forth in large numbers, which was the root cause of frequent training.

Most prominent people in Chongyang in Ming and Qing Dynasties loved their hometown. They not only praised Chongyang with a large number of poems and songs, but also attached great importance to the collection and collation of local anecdotes and essays. Many people returned to their hometown in the ups and downs of their official careers, and supported participating in or presiding over the compilation of local chronicles. Xiangyang (93 pages), Rao, Wang, Hu Ding, Wang and others are all like this. The ancestors of Chongyang also attached great importance to the quality of county records. A county chronicle is not well edited, even if the interval is short, it is determined to rebuild it.

It should also be pointed out that some counties in Chongyang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were far-sighted. After they took office, they were not only good at using the old records to master the county situation, but also took it as their responsibility to compile new records. Whether a county chronicle can be successfully completed has a lot to do with local competent officials. The ancients said: "Follow the rules, the rate is the first, then the group will see the group, and the city will see the order of the city." The above-mentioned Zhou, Wei Guangqian, Gao Jingzhi and others set out to compile local chronicles as soon as they got off the bus. Some of them think that "the aim is to carry things, and the practice is in the style of study." Others said: "Being an official is nothing but worthy of the name. Today, the length of a prefecture, state and county is known by its name. It's about mountains and rivers, customs, money valley, criminal names, civil and military classics, calligraphy and painting, etc. , is not what insight, also don't need to be ignorant! I don't know anything about it, but I don't want to collect it. How should I know? Then national history is more important than ambition. " Others think that compiling local chronicles is to make a statement for the place, "make a statement together, the history of a big country, the city of a small city, the past and the future." It is precisely because they attach so much importance to the role of county chronicles in managing, preserving history and educating people that they enthusiastically lead and participate in the compilation of local chronicles during their term of office, which is another factor that prompted Chongyang to compile local chronicles many times.

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Due to historical reasons, most of the old records have been lost. At present, the county only keeps one copy of Gan Long Xin You Zhi, one copy of Tong Zhi Bing Yin Zhi, and several copies of Kang Xi Geng Xu Zhi. Although these documents are limited by the times and classes and retain many wrong views and feudal dross, they record the natural and social situation of Chongyang in the past two thousand years, providing us with ancient materials for understanding Chongyang's past, understanding and revitalizing Chongyang today, and leaving precious historical materials for us to compile the new socialist county annals. In this way, we can not only explore today's mirrors, but also forget our ancestors. Think about the source of drinking water. Today, can we not thank the pioneers of Chongyang local records? Can you not thank the sages who worked hard to compile county records in the past? Can you not thank the local shepherd who was enthusiastic about compiling records at that time? They * * * are the heritage of county annals left by Chongyang people, and they are rare spiritual wealth. It will benefit hundreds of generations and make great contributions to the future.

Eternal Civilization Destroyed —— The Rise and Fall of jincheng mountain

Ruda people

Twenty miles east of Chongyang County, south of Wuchang Highway and southwest of Baini Town, there is a beautiful hill-jincheng mountain. It looks like an ancient city, with golden color, hence the name jincheng mountain. On the east side of the mountain, the Baini River turns back to the west. On the river, there is a fish ridge bridge built by Liu Rifu (the son of Liu Jingshao, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, the official to the capital), with wooden beams and stone piers, and cool houses on both sides for pedestrians to rest. It was transformed into a cement bridge. To the west of the mountain, Baishi Port flows through the foothills, and there is the Yu 'en Bridge (i.e. Liu Jia Bridge) built by Liu Jingshao. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was bombed by the Japanese, and now it has moved to the vicinity of Baishigang Village, and it has also been changed into a cement bridge. The East-West River and the East-West Bridge set each other off in an interesting way, which complements Tan Wei's idiom couplet "Two Rivers Reflect in the Mirror, Two Bridges Fall in the Rainbow".

The top of the mountain is empty and flat, covering an area of about six acres. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Li, the leader of Jiangxi Poetry School and a great calligrapher, who was also called "the four sons of Sumen" with Zhang (107) and Qin Guan, married Bai Niyan's aunt in Chongyang. In her childhood, she climbed the mountain, looked around the mountains and enjoyed the beautiful forest. Studying in the valley near the pond, I often wash my pens and inkstones under the rubble in the middle reaches of Baishi Port. This is the "Golden City Magic Deer Horse", which is known as one of the eight scenic spots of Chongyang.

Legend has it that when the valley went to worship, it left a big inkstone. Later, there was an ill-intentioned king county magistrate. When he saw this inkstone, his mouth was watering. He stole it when he left office. The ship sailed for Luxi, and it was very rough and bumpy. The passengers were called on to throw away all the heavy objects. When the inkstone was pushed into the river, the wind and waves suddenly calmed down. This custom is called "Neptune Suobao".

In addition, there are many beautiful legends that are still enduring today. It is said that when the valley is studying late at night, the frog sometimes giggles and it is hard to hear clearly, so it catches the mountain frog and points a little on it with a brush. In this way, a hundred frogs will gather together soon, and the sound in their ears will calm down. There is a red dot on the top of the toad in Cash City Mountain, which is the remains lit by a brush.

These are attached to myths and legends and later generations, but we can see that Huang Gu's spirit of hard study is amazing. On the other hand, it deified the Yellow Valley and showed the high respect of Chongyang people.

After Gu went, Chongyang people rebuilt Haoran Hall, a thatched cottage where they studied, into Gu Academy in memory of him. Sages from the countryside have been giving lectures here. Tan, Fu Huiyou and others have all served as lecturers. The elites of Chongyang all learned from here. During the Song and Ming Dynasties, people began to learn from Wen Wei, most of whom came from Valley Academy. In the northeast of the Academy, there is Wenchang Pavilion. The pavilion is divided into three floors, with portraits of the Yellow Valley and poems written by poets. It is immersive and awe-inspiring. Outside the pavilion, the word "Wenchang Pavilion" is written vertically on the upper floor, and the banner "Valley Reading Room" is hung on the top of the lower door, with vigorous and simple handwriting. Academies and attics are hidden in green trees and bamboos, which are quiet and lovely on cloudy days. Cao, a magistrate of a county, wrote in the poem "Moluma in Jincheng": "The former sages rest in peace, and the white clouds flatter the bamboo." The beauty of its scenery can be seen.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination was abolished and the school flourished. People with lofty ideals took the lead in expanding the academy into a "Jincheng institution of higher learning". The school building is large (as shown in the attached figure) and magnificent, which can accommodate more than 100 students, that is, one class in grade five and one class in grade six. Those who are eager to learn and those who are unwilling to learn from teachers are all concentrated here. Jin Huazhou, a national revolutionary soldier who participated in the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, is a graduate of this school. In the sixth year of the Republic of China, he and Liu organized a people's club in Jincheng, where Mr. Liu gave a lecture on teaching the moon. The sincerity of the students was enough to add color to the mountain.

During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese invaders fell and jincheng mountain fell. The enemy stationed at Bainiqiao took this mountain as a military stronghold and built (109 page) sentries, bunkers and communication trenches. Civilizations throughout the ages have been destroyed; The cradle of Chongyang culture has become the base for Japanese to kill people. It's a heinous crime! After the Japanese invaders surrendered, only rubble, weeds and thorns remained on Jincheng Mountain, which was shocking.

General situation of private schools in Chongyang

Literature and history collection section

Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, I studied in the government. Since Confucius gave lectures in private schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and trained 3,000 disciples and 70 sages, private schools flourished in the Warring States Period. Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Guan (Zhang Zai), Min (Zhu), Lian (Zhou Dunyi), Luo (Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao) and others, each with his own school, have always enjoyed a high reputation in the history of China. This private school system has existed for more than 2000 years. In the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it was not only taken seriously, but also developed more widely. Generally, private school libraries have only one teacher and adopt individual teaching methods. No textbooks are required, and no study time is limited. Among them, there are differences between Confucian classroom and Mongolian classroom. The Mongolian Pavilion is a learning stage for students' enlightenment. At first, they read Sheng Amethyst, Hundred Family Names, Money, Beijing, Daughter Beijing, Five Characters and Six Characters. These books are simple in style, easy to read, easy to remember and easy to memorize. And write in red. During the Republic of China, many students studied Chinese, while others taught simple arithmetic and abacus. On the basis of reading the Mongolian Museum, the Confucian Classics Museum began to read the Five Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Book of Changes, Rites, Spring and Autumn), the Four Books (The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University, the Doctrine of the Mean) or Youxue Qionglin, Donglai Boyi and China's View on Ancient Literature. Besides, I copy calligraphy every noon. Some teachers also teach arithmetic by the way Most of the students in the Bible study hall are young people, usually three or eight sections of texts (writing questions are given to students every Wednesday and Sunday of every month). They attend classes during the day and study by themselves at night.

Before the abolition of the imperial examination, there were four main types of private schools in Chongyang: Yi School, Xiang School, Clan School and Teacher School. After the abolition of the imperial examination, they were collectively called Confucian classrooms and Mongolian classrooms.

I. Yi Shu

In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), Jinyunmen, a county magistrate, set up four instrument schools in four townships. In the 29th year (1849), Yao Guozhen, a magistrate of a county, founded Zengcheng Zhong Yi School. The old Yi-ology in the city set up Xicheng Backstreet, and the new Yi-ology set up Shangjuxian Temple in Cheng Nan (named after the word Juxian in Jinyun Gate); Dongxiang Yi Xue has a Huilongguan and a Baini (Ni) Bridge. Nanxiang Yi Xue set up Tang Fengsi; Xixiang Yi Xue set up Luohan Temple.

Second, township schools.

Gaudi Library was founded by Wang Gong's Ming Hong's opinion at the foot of Yushan Mountain (1488— 1505).

Longtan Yishu, located in Baoshengshan Temple in Qingshan, was founded by Chen Zhixin's former students.

The sixth brand of Ten Things, Zixi Yishu, was advocated by Xiong in Ming Dynasty.

Fifteen easy Shu, fifteen simple.

Merrill Lynch Art Villa, Tian Fei brand public building.

Bitian Yi Shu, Bitian Fan Gongjian.

Four Shengs Yi Shu, Four Shengbao, Xiong Hongyi, Wang Guotai, Chen Qifang and Chen Qingquan advocated the construction.

The book Dayuan, founded by Lin Guixuan, has Tian Shuxue.

Stone houses, newly-built township schools and sloping roofs that magistrate Gao likes to see. Attached separately:

Gaoshi

I rode for ten years for greedy cranes.

Without Pan Hua's shame, I am lucky to live with Tao Liuyan.

Clouds climb close to the phoenix, and thunderstorms soar to plant fish in advance.

Shijia fertile land, good boy, what contribution did you make for the monthly report?

Fu Xie dingheshi

The name of the branch strives for philosophers, and the planting base begins with teenagers.

Integrity and eternal knowledge, poetry and books win the field.

Look up at the list, smile at the sky, and look at the world with a whip.

Who is the leader of the lecture hall? Sishan Li Tao is Gong Yan.

In addition, Fu Xieding also wrote the following preface for Poems Five and Tian Fei Er Yi:

Stone houses and fertile fields will be guaranteed, new rural schools will be set up, and texts will be taught every month. After that, the public property will accumulate permanently, which is in line with the public schools and good deeds in Fan Wenzheng. Bitian and Dayuan will follow suit. Since then, compared with the string songs of every household, people have a strong cultural awareness, and the wind of kindness has spread all over the country. It is fortunate that the ancient road can be restored. People in the city please board the volunteer boat and write poems about their affairs. I am very happy to hear this, and I especially hope that the children in the school will encourage each other, and the articles will be honest and brilliant, not with special titles, but with increased expectations to comfort them.

Third, home school.

Peng Jiayi Shu, at the gate.

On Caijiadun Well Survey in the book Gan Jia.

Fourth, poetry books.

Kansai tree, in Biyun Peak, formerly known as Biyun Temple. Electronic bird donation field founded by Yang Yi.

Liu Yishu was founded by Liu Fang's descendants in Leiluofan in 1863.

Chen Yishu, in Yanglinfan.

Deng's Yi Shu,No. Ling, is in Chenghuang Temple.

Ehrlich, in Wu Shifan.

Ding Shiyi Shu was founded in Luolouwan by the descendants of Ding Zhishan.

Wang Yishu was founded in Fuxi Bridge by Wang Zigui, a descendant of Changshui Wang.

Guoyu Yi-ology merged with Yunology Yi-ology in the east and west banks of Shell Head, and the son of National Day was founded in Qianjin.

County school in Qing Dynasty was not a real literacy school, but only a place to worship Confucius and teach yamen. The so-called Yi Shu is a school where students are exempt from paying teachers' tuition. However, there are only 20 voluntary schools in urban and rural areas of the county. There are only a few children enrolled in the county, which is in short supply and useless.

According to the old people in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, during the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, the population of Chongyang once claimed to be 300,000 (approximate figure based on family name genealogy), and the education of children of this 300,000 population mainly relied on various private schools in the county. At that time, there were some private schools in the countryside, which read only evening classes, read full-time books, read miscellaneous words, read rural practical writing, read the Five Classics and Four Books, and the years were not good, and they were not disturbed by floods and droughts all the year round, teaching children and young adults. To sum up, there are two categories: Mongolian learning halls and Confucian classics halls. The children of farmers in the former can receive primary literacy education, while the latter is specially set up for wealthy families. There is also a special museum, which is a rich family or a wealthy businessman, and specially invites Mr. Wang to teach children. In this kind of museum, no one's children can attend except Mr. Wang Can who takes his children to study. The types of private schools mentioned above are really varied.

After Sun Yat-sen led the revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, he repeatedly put forward the idea of popularizing compulsory education, and called for the promotion of compulsory education with the assistance of private schools. Since then, private school education has developed rapidly. According to the statistics in the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), there are 69 private schools in the county with 1274 students, ranging in age from six to eighteen. According to the survey, many famous teachers taught in private schools inside and outside the city during the Republic of China, such as Wang Zanying (born in Lin, located in Ximen), Liu Yuqun (scholar, Shangcheng family school in Ximenling), Chen Yaojie (scholar, East Backstreet), Wu Yulin (scholar, North Gate) and Liu (scholar, Liu). Simon), Zeng Hehou (South Gate), Wu Xiangui (East Gate Huang Yongxing), Fu Zhenhuan (South Gate Shen Shi Bookstore), Huang (Old County Gate), Liu (Scholar, Cao Chong Temple outside the North Gate), Xiong Yinzu (Bagong, on the revetment), Zhou Yonggao (Fuxi Bridge), Wang Yongyu (Scholar), Dajishan).

Among these teachers, teacher Liu Yuqun is the most famous and has considerable income. At that time, the students who learned from him, such as Gan Xian Gou, Wang Yanguo, Yao Zushun, Zhou Zhangwu, Wang Wenqing and Gong Guangguo, were all the best in the county. Except for gifts in general, August and twelfth lunar month, the tuition fee paid by each person is more than 80 to 100 yuan per year, but the tuition fee paid by students from poor families is not much. "Once on the Dragon Gate, it is worth ten times", so Liu Rui He, Li Shaohuai, Pan Zihuai, Wang Ronghuai, the secretary of the old county government, and Mao, the weights and measures technician, are all disciples of Mr. Liu. Mr. Wang is self-disciplined, rigorous in study and cheerful and humorous. Every time after class, he talks and laughs with his classmates. He often asked Ding Qi, an expensive person, to distribute broad beans, peanuts, sweets and cakes sent by some big businesses in his hometown and town to students, and he didn't put on airs as a teacher at all. There is a deep affection between teachers and students.

After Sun Yat-sen's death, the National Government improved private schools. The improved Interim Measures stipulates that both existing private schools and future private schools must be declared to the government before they can be established; 2. No school shall be established within two miles of a public or private school; Third, the minimum equipment of private schools must have the portrait and will of the Prime Minister; 4. Teachers must graduate from private school teacher training courses and have diplomas. Since then, Chongyang private school has rapidly declined. According to the statistics of 1947, the number of private schools in Chongyang dropped to 3 1 school, with only 755 students. Last year, in the thirty-eighth year of the Republic of China (1949), Chongyang private school developed again, from 3 1 in1in 1947 to 7 1, and the number of students increased from 755 to 1265.

After the founding of New China, Chongyang County Committee of the Communist Party of China followed the policy of giving consideration to both public and private interests of the state and the Ministry of Education. According to the needs of national construction, it generally adopted the policy of maintaining, strengthening leadership and gradually improving private schools, and implemented the policy of encouraging urban private schools and encouraging the masses to run schools in rural areas. Thus, a large number of private schools have been maintained, and the enthusiasm of the masses for running schools has been greatly improved, from 7 1 institute before liberation to 195 1 year.

195 1 year, the Central Committee of the China Production Party Committee put forward the policy of continuing to carry out education to serve the country's construction, insisting that education should serve the workers, peasants and soldiers, opening schools at all levels to workers and peasants, and conscientiously implementing the policy of giving consideration to both public and private interests. As a result, the number of private schools in Chongyang has decreased year by year, and the number of public primary schools and private primary schools has increased year by year.