What is bone China? What's the difference between it and ordinary ceramics?

The so-called bone China was invented by the British in 1794. It is named after adding the ashes of herbivores such as cattle and sheep (preferably bovine bone powder) to its clay, and it is an environmentally friendly green consumer product.

form

The formation of bone China mainly depends on silica, alumina and calcium oxide. The higher the content of calcium oxide, the better the color. In nature, there are not many sources of calcium oxide, so animal bone meal is chosen as the source of calcium oxide. ? ? British high-grade bone China

The color of bone China is a natural milky white unique to natural bone powder. Generally speaking, porcelain containing 25% bone powder in raw materials can be called bone China, and internationally recognized bone powder content is above 40%. The best bone China generally contains 5 1% of high-quality bovine bone powder. Among them, bone powder accounts for more than 40%, and the color of the appliance is milky white, which belongs to high-grade bone porcelain. More than 40% of the top European standard bone China tableware costs several thousand yuan. There are not many brands that export high-quality bone China.

Edit the basic features of this paragraph.

The two basic characteristics of bone China are the fundamental basis for distinguishing bone China from other porcelains. Feature 1: the content of bone charcoal is above 36% (national standard); Feature 2: secondary firing (plain firing and glaze firing).

Edit this piece of modern bone China

The origin of bone China? Bone China is the only kind of porcelain invented by westerners in the world, and it has been highly valued. In fact, the appearance of bone China is purely accidental. Strictly speaking, it is an unexpected result of unsuccessful imitation. ? The history of China in Cambridge describes the invention of bone China as follows:? China ancient ceramics are very valuable in the west, and its export history can even be traced back to two thousand years ago. In Europe, the imitation of ceramics has never stopped, and the real breakthrough is attributed to the development of Venice glass industry. ? Today, we know that ceramics are composed of enamel layer, bonding layer and internal clay layer. One of the most difficult to imitate is the enamel layer. Lead glass was invented by Venetians in the15th century, and many attempts have been made in this field since then. It has been found that the enamel layer of ceramics is somewhat similar to glass. ? /kloc-Around the 7th century, thin-walled porcelain from Jingdezhen, China was introduced to Europe, which was a shocking invention. China's history book "Ji Tao" says that this kind of porcelain is "as thin as paper, as white as jade, as bright as a mirror and as loud as a chime". Europeans say: "thinner than paper, whiter than milk, and more transparent than glass." ? This kind of porcelain is priceless in Europe. A piece of porcelain can even be exchanged for an army. What is even more amazing is that this kind of porcelain can even be made into a lamp, but it has a more fantastic effect than a glass lamp. ? In order to get the effect of "more transparent than glass", 1794, the British inventor william watson added animal bone powder to clay. Calcium oxide can be obtained from bone powder at high temperature, which is a very mature technology in glass technology. In order to get the warm milky white of thin-walled porcelain, he added some aluminum powder. ? Today's technology tells us that calcium oxide is one of the most important fluxes in glass manufacturing, which can effectively reduce the softening temperature of silicon dioxide and form glassy substances more easily. Alumina is a commonly used opacifying agent, which can even make glass appear opaque milky white. ? Soon, a European ceramic was invented. Although it is difficult to reach the thickness of thin-walled porcelain around 1mm-2mm until today, and the color is slightly red, it can't really achieve high white, but it is the only kind of porcelain invented in the West, and its appearance is revolutionary. This kind of ceramic is called "bone" because a large amount of animal bone powder is added during firing. China ",that is, bone China. ? Today's bone China has been improved many times. The basic formula is six ashes and four porcelain stones, and later it gradually developed into fifty ashes, twenty-five porcelain stones and twenty-five mud, which has been regarded as the standard formula in Britain until today. ? ? Guci home decoration

Like the standard of artificial crystal, according to international standards, ceramics with more than 25% calcium oxide content can be called bone porcelain. ? Because it was founded in Britain, the output of early bone porcelain was very low, so it has long been a special porcelain for the British royal family and is highly respected. Today, due to the needs of industrialization and the development of science and technology, people no longer put animal bone powder, but use a compound formula of calcium oxide and alumina, so that bone China can be owned by more people. However, the production of a few high-grade bone China still uses some raw materials such as bone powder, and the value is generally several hundred kilograms or even higher. ? Observing bone China in a bright place, bone China products with meticulous composition, light transmission and no impurities are the first choice. Bone China, like ceramics, is graded, usually depending on the texture of the material, manufacturing technology and painting design. The higher the number of bone China, the more difficult it is to make and the more expensive the finished product is.

Edit the characteristics of bone China in this paragraph.

1? Beautiful appearance: porcelain is delicate and transparent, with beautiful and elegant shape, jade-like color and colorful flowers. 2? High-grade: produced in Britain, it has long been a special porcelain for the British royal family and nobles. It is the only recognized high-grade porcelain species in the world at present, which has dual values of use and art, is a symbol of rights and status, and is known as the king of porcelain. ? 3? Health products: calcium oxide is mainly used to make bone China. The floral decoration and glaze of bone China are integrated, and lead and cadmium are not harmful to human body. Can be called "celadon", long-term use is beneficial to human health. ? 4? Process: secondary firing, complicated process, only produced in Britain, South Korea, China, Japan, Germany, Russia and Thailand. Bone China is light, fine and hard (twice as hard as domestic porcelain), and it is not easy to wear and break. It does not crack after heat exchange in water at 180℃ and 20℃, and its water absorption is less than 0.003%.

Edit this brief introduction of bone China

Bone China was originally called bone powder porcelain, or bone China for short. The so-called bone China is a kind of porcelain clay mixed with bone powder and timely, which is light in texture and milky white. Porcelain can be vaguely transparent when placed under a lamp. Bone China is made by adding animal bone powder in the production process, which is internationally recognized as high-quality bone China (fine? Bones? China). ? Bone meal is made from cattle, sheep, pig bones, etc .............................................................................................................................................................. This component can increase the hardness and transparency of porcelain, and its strength is higher than that of ordinary porcelain, so it can be thinner than ordinary porcelain. The greater the bone content, the easier it is to burn during the production process, so the finished product is more expensive. The finished bone China is light, thin and hard (twice as hard as daily-use porcelain), not easy to wear and break, with moderate light transmittance and heat preservation, and its color is natural ivory or slightly ivory.

This paragraph edits the past life of bone China.

summary

Bone China has exquisite materials, fine production and strict standards, and requires extremely high physical and chemical indexes such as regularity, whiteness, transparency and thermal stability. At the end of 17 and the beginning of 18, porcelain was always a patent in China. After the industrial revolution, modern Europe gradually formed its own porcelain-making technology in the development of Venetian glass technology. They not only copied blue-and-white porcelain and colored porcelain from China, but also developed a variety of high-quality porcelain. ? ? Bone China coffee set

In 1980s, Tangshan, China successfully fired the first batch of internationally recognized bone China products and exported them in large quantities. Chinese and western tableware with bone China has become an essential choice for upgrading major star-rated hotels with its high quality, high style and high taste. Well-known catering units such as Shangri-La Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Quanjude Hotel, Sheraton Suzhou Hotel, Hadmen Hotel and Zhongnanhai State Guesthouse in Beijing have all adopted bone China products, which are well received by consumers. In recent years, bone China tea sets, coffee sets, household tableware and bone China handicrafts have become ideal appliances for companies of all sizes and middle-class families, and even the best gifts for relatives and friends. Bone China has gradually become the main consumer of high-grade porcelain in China. ? However, there is still a certain gap between bone China and the real China thin-tire high-white glaze porcelain.

trait

Fine porcelain: white and soft, with strong light transmission, showing different texture and brightness from ordinary porcelain, emitting noble temperament. ◆ The shape of the vessel is regular: the picture is bright and the glaze texture is good. ◆ Good thermal insulation: Compared with traditional porcelain, bone porcelain has better thermal insulation, and you will feel more when drinking coffee or making tea. ◆ Environmental protection porcelain: Bone porcelain is mostly low-lead or lead-free products. Because it is the basic guarantee of European and American society, the product quality is comparable to that of Europe and America. Better strength, thinner matrix and lighter specific gravity: Bone China can be thinner, tougher and more wear-resistant because of its different composition from ordinary porcelain, but it is difficult to form at high temperature, so the forming rate is higher, which objectively leads to high price. Bone China is milky white and soft as jade. If you don't believe me, you can take a bone China cup or bowl and put it under the lamp. The exquisiteness and transparency of porcelain will definitely amaze you. The glaze of bone China is smooth and crystal clear, and ordinary daily tableware is not comparable to bone China at all; If you put a bone China bowl flat on your hand and flick it with your thumb and middle finger, you will hear a crunchy "ding" sound, just like the beautiful sound played by an instrument. Bone China is light and noble because of its thin quality.

Pay attention to your health

1: Select "? Porcelain and crystal? "Dishwasher with washing function. ? 2. Don't microwave the porcelain decorated with gold and platinum edges. ? Bone China products

3: The PH value of the lotion must be between1111.5, and the water temperature should not exceed 80℃ when washing with clean water. ? 4. Don't directly immerse the hot cup in cold water, so as not to damage the porcelain due to the rapid temperature change. ? 5: If there are scratches, you can polish them with toothpaste. ? 6: If there are tea stains, you can wash them with lemon juice or vinegar. ? Real high-grade bone China tableware is absolutely not allowed to have so-called obvious spots, slag, deformation and other defects, please pay attention to the identification of buyers.

distinguish

1? The raw materials used are different. Bone China adds more than 40% bone powder, but new bone China does not add bone powder? 2? Bone China is fired many times, and new bone China is fired once. 3? Bone China is softer than new bone China, with higher transparency, lighter porcelain and better appearance? 4. To sum up, the new bone China is not a new variety of bone China, but a name. Cheap and attractive, so many people are cheated. One bitch and three loves. This is the world, there is no way.

Edit this passage in English.

Bones? China? :? Bone China? How are you? Bones? China:? It's also bone China, but after the bone China market was chaotic, some exporters took it as? How are you? Bones? China? To distinguish, to show quality differences? Fake bone China? For what? New? Bones? China? Or? Imitation? Bones? China? Bones? China and a fine? Bones? Porcelain means real bone China. Bone is commonly used in spoken English? China When making base labels and stickers, customers usually ask finebone? China ? New? Bones? It is not good to translate porcelain into fake bone China, but now it is generally translated into imitation bone China. ? (Century Golden Flower) This is a very popular tableware with various colors. Beautiful flowers are sure to be loved by young women. Japanese style is also very unique, all of which show the nobility of the owner.

Edit this piece of bone China production

The formation of bone China mainly depends on silica, alumina and calcium oxide. The higher the content of calcium oxide, the better the color. In nature, there are not many sources of calcium oxide, so animal bone meal is chosen as the source of calcium oxide. ? ? Bone China tableware

In fact, the so-called bone China is made of the ashes of herbivores (mainly Ca3(PO4)2), with high-quality kaolin, timely and other accessories, and glazed at 1280℃. Generally speaking, bone China can be called bone China when 25% bone powder is added to the raw materials, but it is recognized that the bone China with the best texture in the world today is bone powder content of 45%-5 1%, and cow bone is the best. ? Its manufacturing process includes grouting, mold pressing, gypsum mold dehydration, primary firing, glaze firing, decal paper baking and other processes. After high temperature firing, it becomes porcelain with high whiteness, high transparency and fine porcelain quality. In the firing process of bone China, the requirements for its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high, resulting in a high rejection rate. Because of its exquisite materials, fine production and strict standards, its value is higher than other porcelain types. ? The unique firing process and the addition of bone carbon have eliminated the impurities in porcelain mud. Bone porcelain is whiter, more delicate, transparent, lighter, with fewer defects and thinner than ordinary porcelain. It has a special sense of cleanliness visually, and its strength is higher than that of ordinary porcelain and twice that of daily-use porcelain. The higher the content of bone powder, the lower the clay content, and the easier it is to burn and crack in the production process. It requires higher technology in molding, which increases the difficulty of firing, so it is more precious. ? Someone has done such an experiment, putting four bone China cups under a Rolls-Royce wheel. These four crystal cups are enough to support the weight of the RV! ? High-grade porcelain includes shell porcelain and pearl china, which are similar to bone porcelain. Because of its high cost and almost no industrial production, bone China is recognized as the highest-grade porcelain in the world. ? (Imperial Garden) Fully display the master's domineering spirit and enjoy the glory of the emperor, even in the dark, it can't stop its noble light? Play with treasure:? 1. The British royal family and the upper-middle class in the United States drink tea and use bone China cups. The moment I met bone China, the aristocratic temperament in her bones was inadvertently revealed ...? 2. Ceramics originated in China, but bone China originated in England. It used to be a long-term special porcelain for the British royal family, and it was beautiful. Even now, bone China is a symbol of the owner's identity and status. ? A person who collects bone China once said that we should communicate with bone China through touch, sight and hearing. If you don't understand, hold the bone China in your hand, observe the transparency of the bone China under the light, feel the delicacy and hardness of the bone China with your hands, and then flick it with your index finger and thumb, and you will hear the crunchy sound of the bone China. ? When eating is not just full, when eating becomes a way of life, what to eat is no longer our concern, but where to eat becomes a self-evident judgment, a taste, an emotional appeal, a kind of enjoyment and an identity. Royal favorite? Bone China cups used by the British royal family and the upper middle class in the United States for drinking tea have been favored by the British royal family for more than 200 years. Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles and Princess Diana are all their distinguished guests. ? The moment she met bone China, the aristocratic temperament contained in her bones was inadvertently revealed. Since the enlightenment of18th century, bone China has been shining brilliantly among the royal families in Europe, becoming an exquisite bone on the dining table of nobles. Bone China has been used by the British royal family for nearly 250 years, Russia? Bone China tableware

Queen Kesha Rose Sebert Lin is also a loyal supporter of bone China. She once owned 952 pieces of bone China. From the banquet hosted by President Roosevelt at the White House in 1902, to the maiden voyage of the luxury cruise ship Queen Mary in 1935, and then to the coronation ceremony of Queen Elizabeth in 1953, bone China tableware has always been proudly listed in the history books. In ordinary people who pay attention to the quality of life in Europe, it is easy to see elegant hostess brewing scented tea with bone China. The gentle Phnom Penh just outlines the details of a perfect life. There are many bone China favored by the royal family, casting their reputation. When you hold the bone China cup and watch the light penetrate the soft milky white, you may wish to integrate your meticulous life into the stunner in your hand and achieve another story that has been circulated for a hundred years. ? One? Definition of bone China: Bone China is short for bone China. It is a kind of porcelain made of animal bone charcoal, clay, feldspar and timely, which is fired twice by high-temperature plain firing and low-temperature glaze firing. ? Two? Characteristics of bone China:? 1? Beauty: Porcelain is delicate and transparent, with beautiful and elegant shape, jade-like color surface and colorful flower surface. ? 2? High-grade: produced in Britain, it has long been a special porcelain for the British royal family and nobles. It is the only recognized high-grade porcelain species in the world at present, which has dual values of use and art, is a symbol of rights and status, and is known as the king of porcelain. ? 3? Health products: Bone charcoal from animals is the main choice for making bone China. The floral decoration and glaze of bone China are integrated, and it does not contain lead and cadmium harmful to human body. It can be called real "green porcelain", and long-term use is beneficial to human health. ? 4? Process: secondary firing, complicated process, only produced in Britain, China, Japan, Germany, Russia and Thailand. Bone China is light, fine and hard (twice as hard as domestic porcelain), and it is not easy to wear and break. It does not crack after heat exchange in water at 180℃ and 20℃, and its water absorption is less than 0.003%.

Edit the material selection and technical requirements of bone China in this section.

One? Selection and maintenance of bone China? Put the cup on the light bulb? (? Of course, you can also face the light, ok? )? Strong light transmission and soft color are top grades? Bone China teacup

2? The whole body is ivory, the glaze is smooth, and the porcelain is light and thin. 3? Beating with a porcelain spoon or flicking with your fingers is crisp and loud, just like Hong Zhong. ? B bone China maintenance:? 1.？ Be sure to wash it by hand, not in the dishwasher. If you really don't want to wash by hand, choose a dishwasher with "porcelain crystal" washing function. ? 2.？ Phnom Penh tableware should not be put into the microwave oven to avoid corrosion. ? 3.？ The washing PH must be between11-11.5. ? 4.？ When washing with clean water, the water temperature shall not exceed 80℃. ? 5.？ Do not immerse the hot cup directly in cold water, lest the temperature change too fast and damage the porcelain. ? 6.？ If there are scratches, you can polish them with toothpaste. ? 7.？ If there are tea stains, you can clean them with lemon juice or vinegar. ? 8.？ It is best not to use it in case of sudden high temperature, so as not to burst. ? 9.？ Don't burn it directly with an open flame? Two? What are the technical requirements for making bone China? 1. The whiteness is not less than 80%. ? 2. The content of tricalcium phosphate in porcelain tire is not less than 36%? 3. The water absorption does not exceed 0.5%? 4. Thermal stability: Does it crack after one heat exchange at 20℃ water 140℃? 5. Weight error of 5%? 6? Each product shall have no more than four kinds of defects and shall not be too dense.

Edit the difference between this bone China and the new bone China.

The so-called new bone China? Its essence is just a kind of white porcelain. By adding calcium oxide with mineralizer similar to bone powder into porcelain blank, the firing temperature, deformation, water absorption and light transmittance of traditional porcelain are affected, and a new material with similar appearance quality to bone porcelain is formed. Although it seems to be as white and delicate as bone China, it is very different from bone China in essence and material. ? Many businesses will deliberately omit the word "new". It seems that a set of bone China products can be done as long as 1000-2000 yuan, but buyers have bought new bone China. ? It's not that the new bone China is not good. It all depends on personal preference. However, the word difference is completely different for people who want to buy bone China ~ ~

Edit this picture of bone China and compare it with the new bone China.

Hand-painted bone China series? European standard high-quality bone China with bone powder content above 45%? ?

Modern simple new bone China series tableware? Although white porcelain, new bone porcelain and bone porcelain are not the same kind of products, they can also be made with rich and beautiful pictures and low prices, which can meet the needs of different levels of people and are also good choices for daily-use porcelain.