How did the Ming government receive the activities of the Japanese trade delegation in China?

Due to the tribute characteristics of the maritime ban and consignment trade in Ming dynasty, the Ming government made strict regulations on this. It not only set up special institutions to receive and inspect consignment trade delegations, but also strictly restricted their activities in China, for example, they were restricted to engage in trade activities in specific places. Provisions on Consignment Trade and Activities of Japanese Trade Missions In the third year of Hongwu, the Ming government set up urban berthing offices in Mingzhou and Quanzhou, among which Zhejiang berthing office was a specialized institution to manage Japanese tribute trade. This institution was once abolished and resumed at the beginning of Yongle. It is named the Municipal Shipping and Promotion Bureau, which is subordinate to the Chief Secretary. This department has one member from grade five, two associate members from grade six, and one official member from grade nine, who is responsible for cracking down on trade affairs. Later, he became the boss of this company. Zhejiang Botiju Company is located in Ningbo, and Anyuan Post Office, which receives foreign tribute messengers, is nearby. Japanese trade delegations come in and out of the port, where they stop and board ships. When the Japanese-American investigation trade ship arrives in Dinghai, Dinghai Inspection Bureau will send a ship to check its political views. If it has no credentials, it will not be allowed to enter the port. This was not the case before the Ming Dynasty. This entry procedure was formed after the establishment of diplomatic investigation and trade relations between the Ming Dynasty and Japan Yongle. Because at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, when the enemy situation was serious, there were five ships and ten ships along the coast of Kyushu, and the Japanese ambassador entered Daming and plundered the coastal counties. Therefore, people who don't hold Japanese books can't guard against the seal. This border thief is also prohibited here. The inspection procedures of Dinghai inspection department are complicated. Take the Japanese investigation and trade ship led by Toyo Peng Yun in Jingtai as an example: on April 6, the ship arrived at Putuo Mountain, and on April 7, the ship came to investigate and reported the envoys, officials, tributes, the number of people on board and the departure date to Ningbo Navigation Administration. The Municipal Maritime Bureau sent a boat to ask which king sent it, when the survey was conducted, whether there were any credentials, and how many boats came? What kind of things to pay tribute to, the names of envoys, sergeants, monks, etc. Some businessmen, some sailors, some knives, guns, armor, some horses, and whether there are late ships and ship names behind them. After checking and comparing according to the investigation papers, they are allowed to sail into Ningbo Port. On June 5th, at 438+00, Liu, a coastal general in eastern Zhejiang, led 100 floats to greet and present gifts. Adults give a boat of drinking water and adults give a bottle of wine. 12, when the ship arrived in shenjiamen, people from Niu Daren, Ma Daren and Liu Heji painted paint on the ship, and played trumpets and drums on the ship to welcome them. After disembarking, the Japanese delegation, led by officials from the Lifting Department, rested at the Yijia Hotel in Yiyuan. Room 1 is the ambassador, room 2 is the secretary and seat, followed by officials. The rest of the merchants, shippers, etc. Find accommodation nearby to distribute food, vegetables and grains. Then, the officials of the lifting department check the tributes, goods, etc. Fill in the questionnaires one by one and collect them in Dong Si Library. Finally, the promotion department reported to the Ming government step by step, waiting for the approval of the people and time who came to Beijing. There were about 300 to 350 people in Beijing at the beginning. During Hongzhi and American rule, the number of people killed by mission members with knives was limited to 50. The promotion department held two banquets for the delegation before waiting for the notice that they would not come to Beijing. After the approval of the Ministry of Rites, the personnel entered Beijing as required. Horses, gold and silver vessels, treasures and other valuables. In 2004, the tribute was transported to Beijing. Bulk goods such as hematoxylin, pepper, sulfur and copper. All records are reported and then transported to Nanjing warehouse. In addition, some incidental items are also shipped to Beijing for trade, and

After the price of the tribute is determined, it is necessary to start trading and buy the goods attached to it. After the transaction, we will leave and return to Ningbo the same way. Japanese trade delegations buy goods in Beijing, sometimes a lot. When the Toyo Peng trade delegation entered Beijing, it used 75 vehicles to load cloud goods and attached goods. When we left Beijing, there were only 120 cars, excluding donkeys and horses. It can be seen that the turnover of the trading section is very large. On the way back to Ningbo, you can also trade at any time. Toyo Peng and his party received 30,000 eunuchs from Suzhou to Hangzhou, 30,000 eunuchs from Hangzhou and 30,000 eunuchs from Hangzhou to Ningbo. After the Japanese trade delegation arrived in Ningbo, the company held another banquet. After a short rest, the company distributed enough rice to sail at sea for 30 days, and then the company boarded the ship. From entering Ningbo to returning to China, the Japanese trade mission not only provided rations, grain and gold, but all the support needed by the attackers was supplied by the Ming government, and even the rations on the way home were distributed. Does not include gifts from time to time from the government. To sum up, the daily supply alone, calculated by 300 people, is about 380 per month. Each round-trip trade takes an average of one year, and the Ming government spends about 5,000 yuan per month, which is equivalent to the total cost of raising three trade ships in Japan. The Ming government gave such generous and thoughtful hospitality to the trade delegation of the Japanese Kamikaze team. Nan, a member of the delegation who was admitted to the Ming Dynasty twice, lamented that the Ming Dynasty was really a rare good country. The trade mission of the Kamikaze Team of the Japanese Ministry of Trade and Industry in Beijing is the accommodation for the Ming government to receive foreign tribute envoys and trade envoys to meet the emperor in Beijing. Similarly, foreign missions are not allowed to enter and leave the market at will. There are municipal medical and trading regulations in the museum. Foreign businessmen must trade in the lobby according to regulations. According to the regulations of Peng Yun's entry into the Tang Dynasty, foreign tribute trade missions will conduct a five-day trade in Huitong Pavilion after entering Beijing. All dental shops enter the warehouse and trade with foreign investors on an equal footing, and money and goods are not on credit. If foreign businessmen are not allowed to leave because of intentional breach of contract, they will be convicted and sentenced to January cangue. Private transactions are not allowed. If foreign businessmen illegally enter private transactions, the goods will not be handed over to the official; Foreign businessmen who violate the regulations are not allowed to enter Beijing. In conjunction with the four Zhou Junmin outside the museum, it is not allowed to buy goods instead of foreigners. Otherwise, the offenders will be imprisoned and deported in January. According to the regulations, the Japanese trade delegation will conduct a five-day trade in the museum after entering the museum. However, in order to facilitate foreign envoys to visit the city, Huitong Pavilion is open every five days. In order to prevent foreign businessmen from taking the opportunity to trade outside the conference hall, the above third point is set up. Although the regulations are stricter, Japanese businessmen can still make use of the price difference between the north and the south of the Ming Dynasty to make huge profits through speculation. For example, during the Jingtai period, the price of silver in Beijing has always been one or two copper, two copper in Nanjing and three copper in Ningbo. As a result, the Japanese Mission Congress bought silver in Beijing, sold it in the south and gained three times the profit, and then used the money to buy silk and return to China, earning several times the profit. Silk is a commodity imported from Japan. In Japan, a kilo of silk costs five pence, a load of steel costs ten pence, and a load of copper can be exchanged for two kilos of silk. In the Ming dynasty, a pack of copper can be exchanged for eight to ten Jin of silk, which can be sold for forty or fifty Jin according to the Japanese silk price, and the profit is four to five times. If you buy with gold, you will also make a profit; Japanese twelve taels of gold are worth thirty crowns, and you can only buy six catties of silk. In the Ming dynasty, you can exchange 24 to 30 Jin of silk. According to the Japanese price, it can be sold to 120 to 100 dollars.

Due to the tribute characteristics of the maritime ban and consignment trade in Ming dynasty, the Ming government made strict regulations on this. It not only set up special institutions to receive and inspect consignment trade delegations, but also strictly restricted their activities in China, for example, they were restricted to engage in trade activities in specific places.

Regulations on Trade Investigation and Activities of Japanese Trade Delegation

In the third year of Hongwu, the Ming government set up a city with offices in Mingzhou and Quanzhou, among which Zhejiang set up a Beijing office to manage Japanese tribute trade. This institution was once abolished and resumed at the beginning of Yongle. It is named the Municipal Shipping and Promotion Bureau, which is subordinate to the Chief Secretary. This department has one member from grade five, two associate members from grade six, and one official member from grade nine, who is responsible for cracking down on trade affairs. Later, he became the boss of this company. Zhejiang Botiju Company is located in Ningbo, and Anyuan Post Office, which receives foreign tribute messengers, is nearby. Japanese trade delegations come in and out of the port, where they stop and board ships.

When the Japanese-American investigation trade ship arrives in Dinghai, Dinghai Inspection Bureau will send a ship to check its political views. If it has no credentials, it will not be allowed to enter the port. This was not the case before the Ming Dynasty. This entry procedure was formed after the establishment of diplomatic investigation and trade relations between the Ming Dynasty and Japan Yongle. Because at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, when the enemy situation was serious, there were five ships and ten ships along the coast of Kyushu, and the Japanese ambassador entered Daming and plundered the coastal counties. Therefore, people who don't hold Japanese books can't guard against the seal. This border thief is also prohibited here. The inspection procedures of Dinghai inspection department are complicated. Take the Japanese survey ship led by Toyo Peng Yun in Jingtai as an example:

On April 6th, the ship arrived at Putuo Mountain. On the 7th, the ship came to inquire and reported the envoys, officials, tributes, the number of people on board and the departure date to Ningbo Bos. The Municipal Maritime Bureau sent a boat to ask which king sent it, when the survey was conducted, whether there were any credentials, and how many boats came? What kind of things to pay tribute to, the names of envoys, sergeants, monks, etc. Some businessmen, some sailors, some knives, guns, armor, some horses, and whether there are late ships and ship names behind them. After checking and comparing according to the investigation papers, they are allowed to sail into Ningbo Port. On June 5th, at 438+00, Liu, a coastal general in eastern Zhejiang, led 100 floats to greet and present gifts. Adults give a boat of drinking water and adults give a bottle of wine. 12, when the ship arrived in shenjiamen, people from Niu Daren, Ma Daren and Liu Heji painted paint on the ship, and played trumpets and drums on the ship to welcome them.

After disembarking, the Japanese delegation, led by officials from the Lifting Department, rested at the Yijia Hotel in Yiyuan. Room 1 is the ambassador, room 2 is the secretary and seat, followed by officials. The rest of the merchants, shippers, etc. Find accommodation nearby to distribute food, vegetables and grains.

Then, the officials of the lifting department check the tributes, goods, etc. Fill in the questionnaires one by one and collect them in Dong Si Library.

Finally, the promotion department reported to the Ming government step by step, waiting for the approval of the people and time who came to Beijing. There were about 300 to 350 people in Beijing at the beginning. During Hongzhi and American rule, the number of people killed by mission members with knives was limited to 50.

The promotion department held two banquets for the delegation before waiting for the notice that they would not come to Beijing. After the approval of the Ministry of Rites, the personnel entered Beijing as required. Horses, gold and silver vessels, treasures and other valuables. In 2004, the tribute was transported to Beijing. Bulk goods such as hematoxylin, pepper, sulfur and copper. All records are reported and then transported to Nanjing warehouse. In addition, some incidental projects were also shipped to Beijing.

After arriving in Beijing, he lived in Huitong Hall, hosted a banquet and appeared before the emperor in Fengtian Hall, such as Ma Gong. When the emperor visited Ma at Fengtianmen, he held a banquet. There will be tribute envoys from various countries in the museum, and they often exchange visits. According to the Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty, more than 65,438+000 people from South Manchuria, Java and other countries exchanged with Japanese missions. Many foreign envoys attended the visit when the people of Fengtian presented their tributes. It's winter now, and the Ming government gave everyone a winter coat. Go to Fengtian Temple to attend the wedding. After understanding the past, Japanese envoys discussed the price of tribute and trade in the Ministry of Rites. Negotiations sometimes need to be repeated many times to make a decision. After the price of the tribute was determined, the bonus transaction and buying leaves to drive the cattle began. After the transaction, we will leave and return to Ningbo the same way. Japanese trade delegations buy goods in Beijing, sometimes a lot. When the Toyo Peng trade delegation entered Beijing, it used 75 vehicles to load cloud goods and attached goods. When we left Beijing, there were only 120 cars, excluding donkeys and horses. It can be seen that the turnover of the trading section is very large. On the way back to Ningbo, you can also trade at any time. Toyo Peng and his party received 30,000 eunuchs from Suzhou to Hangzhou, 30,000 eunuchs from Hangzhou and 30,000 eunuchs from Hangzhou to Ningbo.

After the Japanese trade delegation arrived in Ningbo, the company held another banquet. After a short rest, the company distributed enough rice to sail at sea for 30 days, and then the company boarded the ship.

From entering Ningbo to returning to China, the Japanese trade mission not only provided rations, grain and gold, but all the support needed by the attackers was supplied by the Ming government, and even the rations on the way home were distributed. Does not include gifts from time to time from the government. To sum up, the daily supply alone, calculated by 300 people, is about 380 per month. Each round-trip trade takes an average of one year, and the Ming government spends about 5,000 yuan per month, which is equivalent to the total cost of raising three trade ships in Japan.

The Ming government gave such generous and thoughtful hospitality to the trade delegation of the Japanese Kamikaze team. Nan, a member of the delegation who was admitted to the Ming Dynasty twice, lamented that the Ming Dynasty was really a rare good country.

Japanese trade and American kamikaze trade delegation in Beijing

Huitong was the residence where the Ming government received foreign tribute envoys and trade envoys to visit the emperor in Beijing. Similarly, foreign missions are not allowed to enter and leave the market at will. There are municipal medical and trading regulations in the museum. Foreign businessmen must trade in the lobby according to regulations. According to the tang dynasty allow peng into:

After the foreign tribute trade mission entered Beijing, it conducted a five-day trade in Huitong Pavilion.

All dental shops enter the warehouse and trade with foreign investors on an equal footing, and money and goods are not on credit. If foreign businessmen are not allowed to leave because of intentional breach of contract, they will be convicted and sentenced to January cangue.

Private transactions are not allowed. If foreign businessmen illegally enter private transactions, the goods will not be handed over to the official;

Foreign businessmen who violate the regulations are not allowed to enter Beijing. In conjunction with the four Zhou Junmin outside the museum, it is not allowed to buy goods instead of foreigners. Otherwise, the offenders will be imprisoned and deported in January.

According to the regulations, the Japanese trade delegation will conduct a five-day trade in the museum after entering the museum. However, in order to facilitate foreign envoys to visit the city, Huitong Pavilion is open every five days. In order to prevent foreign businessmen from taking the opportunity to trade outside the conference hall, the above third point is set up. Although the regulations are stricter, Japanese businessmen can still make use of the price difference between the north and the south of the Ming Dynasty to make huge profits through speculation. For example, during the Jingtai period, the price of silver in Beijing has always been one or two copper, two copper in Nanjing and three copper in Ningbo. As a result, the Japanese Mission Congress bought silver in Beijing, sold it in the south and gained three times the profit, and then used the money to buy silk and return to China, earning several times the profit. Silk is a commodity imported from Japan. In Japan, a kilo of silk costs five pence, a load of steel costs ten pence, and a load of copper can be exchanged for two kilos of silk. In the Ming dynasty, a pack of copper can be exchanged for eight to ten Jin of silk, which can be sold for forty or fifty Jin according to the Japanese silk price, and the profit is four to five times. If you buy with gold, you will also make a profit; Japanese twelve taels of gold are worth thirty crowns, and you can only buy six catties of silk. In the Ming dynasty, you can exchange 24 to 30 Jin of silk. At the price of Japan, it can be sold to 120 to 150 kronor, which is also a huge profit of 4 to 5 times. In this way, Japanese businessmen bought silver and copper in Beijing, silk in the south and trafficked them back to China, making a lot of money. Therefore, Ye Xiren, a prisoner who had a second experience in the Ming Dynasty, later recalled that the Tang Dynasty had no advantage over raw silk. This situation is one of the important reasons why all members of the Japanese mission want to go to Beijing.