Want to know: Where are the Yangping Pass and the Xiegukou outside the pass during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China?

1. Guancheng is Yang'ankou, but it is not ancient Yangpingguan.

Mr. Huang Shengzhang's article "Yangping Pass and Its Evolution" ("Collection of Historical Geography") only inferred the time when "Guancheng" appeared in historical records to the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. So before that, was there a place called Guancheng that was different from ancient Yangpingguan? The answer is yes. There are several pieces of evidence:

1. The Jin Dynasty documents cited in "Shui Jing Zhu" describe ancient Yangping Pass and Guancheng separately, which proves that Guancheng and ancient Yangpingguan are not the same place.

"Shui Jing Zhuan 27 Mianshui" records: "Yu Zhongyong said: This water (now the western source of Han River) reaches Guancheng in the south and joins the western Han River (now Jialing River). Han River And northeast, Hejukou... The Mian River flows eastward to Baima Shunan, and the Haishui River flows into Yan. It goes to Dizhong, the capital of Wu, to the north, and to the east of Zhanglu City in the south... The Haishui River flows south to Zhangluzhidong, and on the west side of the water there is a mountain. Zhang Tianshi Hall was built today. Yu Zhongyong called the mountain Baimasai, and the hall was facing Baima City in the east, and it was named Yangpingguan. Sichuan, the intersection of the two rivers on the city side, so it is also called Xunkou City..."

After comparing the ancient and modern terrain, it can be confirmed that ancient Yangping Pass was roughly located near Wuhou Town, Mian County, Shaanxi Province. Guancheng is located south of the present western source of Han River. "Shui Jing Zhuan 20 Yang Shui" also records: "Yu Zhongyong also said that the Han River (today's western source of Han River) comes from Wusuichuan, enters Mange Valley in the south, cross-country cattle, all the way to Guancheng and joins the Western Han River (today's Han River) Jialing River) "The Han River flows to the south of Wuxing City, and merges with Beigu Water in the southeast. The water flows out to the northeast of Wuxing City, and runs to the north of Wuxing City in the southwest. It is called Beigu Water and turns south to the east of the city, and then merges with Beigu River in the south. The water flows out of the East River, flows west to the Beigu Water, and flows south to the Han River. It flows to the southwest and flows to the north of the city. , the Tonggu Water flows out of the Tongxi River in the northeast, carries the Yangshui River, and flows to the southwest, becoming the Western Han River and the Han River to the southwest..." Wuxing is now Lueyang, Shaanxi, so Guancheng at that time should be in today's Yangpingguan Town.

Since Guancheng and Yangpingguan appear side by side in "Shui Jing Zhu" and are in different locations, then Yangpingguan and Guancheng are by no means the same place in ancient times.

Li Gu's biography in "The Biography of Li Du in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty": "He came out as Luo Ling of Guanghan, went to Baishui Pass, released the seal ribbon, and returned to Hanzhong. Dumen did not hand over personnel." Li Xian noted: ""Liangzhou" "Book of Records" says: There is Baishui Pass one hundred and eighty miles southwest of Guancheng, which was where Li Gu used to seal the seal. Therefore, Guancheng is now in the west of Jinniu County, Liangzhou. "

These notes in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" are. Written by Li Xian, son of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Daan, Liu Nayan and others. The author of "Liangzhou Ji" quoted in the annotation is Liu Chengzhi of the Southern Dynasty, which is basically the same period as the author of "Book of the Later Han". Li Xian notes that "Guancheng is now in the west of Jinniu County, Liangzhou", which clarifies the location of "Guancheng": Jinniu County in the Tang Dynasty was southwest of today's An Town, Ningqiang, Shaanxi, and it was in the west of Jinniu County, which also proves That is Yangpingguan Town today. In addition, Guancheng had been abandoned in the early Tang Dynasty, so it was called "Guancheng". In the first year of Tianbao, Sanquan County was moved to Pingguan Town in Yangyang, Ningqiang, Shaanxi Province. (See "New Book of Tang" and "Old Book of Tang").

Pei Songzhi's annotation in "Jiang Wei Biography of the Three Kingdoms" quoted from "Shu Ji" and said: "Jiang Shu was the governor of Wuxing, but he had no reputation in the matter. Shu ordered people to replace him, because Shu was left to help Hanzhong defend. Shu hated it, so he opened the city. Surrender." According to "Shu Ji", Hu Lie was already in Yinping before Jiang Shu surrendered. This is completely impossible. Firstly, Yang'ankou was on the way west from Seoul to Yinping, so it was impossible for Hu Lie to bypass it; secondly, at this time, Liao Hua's army was stationed at the Yinping Bridge, so it was impossible for Hu Lie to bypass it and reach Yinping, but there was no information about Hu Lie. Records of contact between Lie and Liao Huajun. For this reason, I think this "Yin Ping" should be mistaken for "Yang Ping"! Although the main force of Hu Lie's army was attacking Yang'ankou, he himself was still in Yangping. If this is the case, it can also be proved that "Yangping" and "Yang'an Pass" are not the same place!

2. Guancheng is the Yang'an Pass

The "Three Kingdoms Ji Han Fuchen Zan Fu Qian's Notes" quoted the "Book of Shu" Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty issued an edict: "General Fu Qian of Shu, was here before Guancheng, he refused the officers and soldiers, even to the death, and his father died in battle. How can he think that he is different from each other? "As an imperial edict, it is impossible to use abbreviations or pronouns. The "Edict of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty" explains that "Guancheng" is an independent place name, not a representative name for Gu Yangping Pass. Then Fu Qian died in Guancheng instead of Yangpingguan.

The "Three Kingdoms Chronicles of Yang Opera" is appended with the "Praise of the Assistant Minister of Ji Han": "I worshiped (Fu Xu)'s son (Fu) Qian as Zuo Zhonglang, and later the governor of Guanzhong. In the sixth year of Jingyao, he was appointed again in danger." Ze Jingyao Six years ago, Fu Qian was not in Guancheng. The so-called "order in danger" should refer to "when Zhong will march to Luogu, Deng Ai will enter Tazhong, and then he will send the right cavalry Liao Hua to Tazhong to support, the left cavalry Zhang Yi, and the general Dong of the auxiliary country. Jue waited for the pass at Anguan in Yangyang, thinking that the outsiders would help" ("Jiang Wei's Biography"). "Jiang Wei Biography" records: "Zhong Hui besieged Han and Le cities, and sent his generals to attack the pass. Jiang Shu opened the city and surrendered, and Fu Qian died in a fight." It can be seen that Fu Qian died at Yang'an Pass.

It can be seen that Yang'an Pass and Guancheng are the same place.

Yang'an County was established in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Its location should be in today's Yangpingguan Town, Shaanxi Province, and it was immediately named after Yang'an Pass.

Liangzhou Article in "The Fourth Geography of the Fourteenth Annals of the Book of Jin": Liu Bei took control of Shu, and divided Jiameng of Guanghan into four counties: Fucheng, Zitong and Baishui. Jiameng was renamed Hanshou. Hande County was also established and was called Zitong County;... In the third year of Taishi, Yizhou was divided, Liangzhou was established in Hanzhong, Hanshou was changed to Jinshou,... Later Xiaowu was divided into Zitongbei The boundary of Jinshou County was established, and it unified the four counties of Shou, Baishui, Shaohuan and Xing'an in Jin Dynasty; Zitong County moved to Zitong and left Jiange County;... During the reign of Emperor An, Xinba and Wenyang counties were established, and there were The four counties of Beixinba, Huayang, Nanyinping and Beiyinping were established, and ten counties including Baqu, Huai'an, Songxi, Baishui, Shangluo, Beishangluo, Nandanqu, Huaihan, Xinxing and Ankang were established later.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Jinshou County was changed to Jinshou County and Jinshou County was established, which governed the four counties of Jinshou, Baishui, Shaohuan and Xing'an (the same as "Song Book Volume 37" and "Nan Qi Book Volume 15"). During the reign of Emperor An, Song Xi, Baishui and other counties were reestablished.

It is under the jurisdiction of Xi County of the Song Dynasty. The "Book of Song" is named Xingle Ling, Gui'an Ling, Song An Ling, Yuanshou Ling, and Jiachang Ling (the order is the county, see Liangzhou Article in "Song Book Thirty-Seven"). "Book of Southern Qi" is composed of Xingping, Song'an, Yang'an, Yuanshou, and Jiachang (Liangzhou Article of "Book of Southern Qi, Volume 15"). It can be seen that Gui'an is "Yang'an".

It is under the jurisdiction of Baishui County, and the two books are called Jinshou, Xinba, Hande, Yichang, Xing'an and Pingzhou (see "Song Book 37" Liangzhou Article, "Nan Qi Book 15" 》Liangzhou Article).

It can be seen that Jinshou, Baishui, and Xing'an in Jinshou County were originally owned by Baishui County, and Shao Huan did not know where they belonged. Or renamed.

According to the article on Liangzhou in "Song Book Thirty-seven", "The prefect of Song Xi,... went to the state for seven hundred; went to Kyoto for nine thousand eight hundred." "The prefect of Jinshou,... ....1,200 for land in the state; 10,000 for water in Kyoto." According to the same book, the four counties under the control of Hanzhong prefects are Nanzheng Ling, Chenggu Ling, Mianyang Ling and Xixiang Ling. The Xijun of Song Dynasty is located to the north of Jinshou and to the south of Mianyang. The northernmost part of Baishui County should be Xing'an. "Sui Shu Volume 29" records that "Miangu was called Xing'an in the past" and its location was in Guangyuan City, Sichuan today ("Chinese Historical Atlas, Sui and Bahan Counties"). Then Yang'an County should be further north of Guangyuan, and its location should be in today's Yangpingguan Town, Shaanxi Province. Yang'an County may also be Shaohuan County of the former Jinshou County.

Most people today believe that ancient Yangping Pass was the Yang'an Pass. There are three bases for this:

First, according to the "Zhonghui Biography of the Three Kingdoms", "it will make the guard Xun Kai and the former general Li The auxiliaries commanded tens of thousands of people, and Kai besieged Hancheng and Lecheng. He passed by and left Yang'ankou in the west. He sent people to sacrifice Zhuge Liang's tomb and sent the guard Hu Lie and others to the front to attack Guancheng and obtain the storehouses and valleys." According to this record, since Zhonghui has left Yang'ankou, Yang'ankou has been captured. Later, it is said that people were sent to attack Guancheng, which proves that Yang'ankou and Guancheng are not the same place.

The first is "The Biography of Jiang Wei in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" "Zhong Hui besieged the two cities of Han and Le, and sent his generals to attack the pass. Jiang Shu opened the city and surrendered, and Fu Qian died in a fight." and "Shu" quoted by Pei Zhu. "Jiang Shu" said: "Jiang Shu was the governor of Wuxing, but he was incompetent. Shu ordered people to replace him. Because Shu hated it, he surrendered at the gate." It should be very close to Hanzhong.

First, it is believed that the main force of Zhonghui marched from Hanzhong to Jiange along the Jinniu Road route of the Ming and Qing Dynasties through present-day Ningqiang County, Guangyuan and Zhaohua, and did not need to pass through Guancheng. Therefore, Yang'ankou and Guancheng both refer to Yangping Pass.

For the first point, the key is the understanding of the word "out". If it is understood as "coming out of..." and expressing the starting point, then Yang'an Pass has been captured.

But the word "out" can also be understood as "out to...", indicating the destination. For example, the "Biography of Lord Wu" says: "In the ninth month of autumn, Wei Nai ordered Cao Xiu, Zhang Liao, and Zang Ba to leave the cave entrance, Cao Ren to leave Ruxu, Cao Zhen, Xia Houshang, Zhang He, and Xu Huang to encircle Nanjun. Quan sent Lu Fan and others to supervise the five armies. , Zhuge Jin, Pan Zhang, and Yang Can rescued Nanjun with the Zhou army, and Zhu Huan refused Ren with the help of Ruxu. "Obviously, the entrance of the cave and Ruxu are the direction in which Cao's army marched, not the starting point. Another example is "Book of Jin Wu Di Ji": "In November, a large-scale attack was launched on Wu. Generals of the Zhenjun Army and Wang Nian of Langxie were sent out of Tuzhong, General Wang Hun of Andong was sent out of Jiangxi, General Wang Rong of Jianwei was sent out of Wuchang, and Pingnan was General Hu Fen left Xiakou, Zhennan General Du Yu left Jiangling, Longxiang General Wang Jun and Guangwu General Tang Bin led the soldiers of Bashu down the river..." Tuzhong, Jiangxi, Wuchang, Xiakou and Jiangling are all It is a territory belonging to Soochow, and the word "out" also means "toward". Because Zhong Hui "attacked Lecheng but could not defeat it" ("Jiang Wei Biography"), he passed through the two cities of Han and Le and marched to Yang'ankou in the west. On the way, he worshiped Zhuge Liang's tomb on Dingjun Mountain. Then the faction general, namely Hu Lie, attacked Guancheng. "When you hear that the pass has been passed, you drive forward." ("Jiang Wei Biography") This record actually proves that Yang'ankou is Guancheng. On the other hand, heading west from Han and Lecheng to Yang'ankou, one must pass through the place where Yangping Pass is located, but no battle occurred or was even mentioned. It is suspected that after Zhuge Liang built Han City, Yangping Pass was abandoned because it was close to Yangping Pass. Or Jiang Wei suggested withdrawing the sieges in Hanzhong and abandoning the defenses when retreating to the two cities of Han and Le.

Regarding the second point, the key is to understand the meaning of "Hanzhong" in "helping Hanzhong defend".

Gu Yangping Pass guarded the west entrance of the Hanzhong Basin, and its defensive role was very significant against enemies coming from the old route to the west. Cao Cao was trapped here when he was conquering Zhang Lu and wanted to retreat. Jiang Wei suggested that after the sieges in Hanzhong were withdrawn, Hanzhong's defense system would only rely on the two cities of Han and Le. Guyang Pingguan is just west of Seoul and is close to Seoul. There won't be two defensive points set up at such a close distance. Therefore, Yangping Pass should also be withdrawn. After the construction of Seoul, although it replaced the strategic defense role of Yangping Pass to a certain extent, because Seoul is located further east than Yangping Pass, its strategic position is actually not as good as Yangping Pass. Therefore, a strategic stronghold was needed to strengthen Hanzhong's defense by blocking enemies from the west. Yang'an Pass can play this role. Therefore, Jiang Shu was indeed "helping Hanzhong defend" at Yang'ankou, but "Hanzhong" did not refer to the Hanzhong county, but to the defense system of the entire Hanzhong county. In addition, even if the defense system of Hanzhong or Wudu is broken, Yang'ankou can also play a defensive role against attacks going south from Wudu along the Jialing Road (i.e. the old road) and westward from Hanzhong along the Jinniu Road, preventing the Wei army from advancing westward. Enter or go south. The role of Yang'ankou for Hanzhong and Shuzhong is similar to the role of Yinping Bridge for Yinping and Shuzhong. For this reason, the bridgehead and pass occupy a prominent and important position in Jiang Wei's defense-counterattack strategic concept.

In addition, from "Ji Zhong will head towards Luogu, Deng Ai will enter Tazhong, and then he will send the right chariot Liao Hua and Tazhong to support, and the left chariot Zhang Yi and the general of Fuguo It can be seen from the record that Dong Jue and others went to Yang'an Pass to help the surrounding areas" ("Jiang Wei Biography"). It can be seen that Yang'an Pass actually played the role of "foreign aid" in Hanzhong's defense system, and also explained that "helping Hanzhong defend" the true meaning of.

As for the third point, it is clear that Zhong Hui must have passed through the present-day Yangpingguan Town.

"Zhong Hui Zhuan" records:

"Jiang Wei returned from Tazhong and arrived at Yinping. He gathered the scholars and wanted to go to Guancheng. Before he arrived, he heard that it had been destroyed and retreated. Qu Baishui, together with Shu generals Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and others, guarded the sword pavilion and refused to meet. "

"Deng Ai pursued Jiang Wei to Yinping, and Jian selected the best. He wanted to enter Jiangyou from Deyang in Han Dynasty and reach Mianzhu on Zuo Dan Road. He went to Chengdu and traveled with Zhuge Xu. Xu Yiben accepted Jiang Wei's invitation and marched westward to Baishui to meet up with him. Before reaching a hundred miles, Zhang first broke through the three ambushes of Shu, and Ai sent Zhang first, so he and Xu's army marched forward towards Jiange..."

Zhong Hui's army must have arrived at Baishui, and Zhuge Xu must have arrived. Only then can the army go to Baishui to meet with Zhonghui. Zhong Hui's army may have followed Jiang Wei's army who "retired to Baishui" to Baishui, and then divided his troops into Tian Zhang's first group to cooperate with Deng Ai's army on the west route. Of course, Zhong Hui did not think that there would be a breakthrough in this army at the time, and most of the troops (including the former ones) Zhuge Xujun who came to meet up) went south to Jiange. On the premise that Hanshou has not yet been conquered, Zhong Hui's army must pass through Pingguan Town in Yangyang, Ningqiang today, from Hanzhong to Baishui.

In fact, Baishui County, Baishui Pass and Guanjun were the same thing during the Three Kingdoms era. On the bank of Jialing River near Shazhou Town and Yingpan Township, Qingchuan County, Sichuan Province today. Regarding the historical evolution of Baishui Pass, I made an analysis in "Baishui Pass and Its Historical Evolution", please refer to it. /forum/thread-104340-1-2.html

In fact, before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the main line of Shiniu Road had to pass through Baishui Pass. Please refer to Li Zhiqin's "Changes and Optimization of the Northern Section of Jinniu Road" (Chinese Historical Geography Series, Volume 19, Issue 2, June 2004), I won’t go into details here.

Two points need to be added here:

First, Jiang Wei’s route from Yinping to Baishui before reaching Guancheng proves that Baishui is the main road from Baishui to Hanzhong, and there is no need to go south around Hanzhong life.

"Zhong Hui Zhuan" records: "Jiang Wei returned from Ta Zhong and arrived at Yin Ping. He gathered the scholars and wanted to go to Guancheng. Before he arrived, he heard that it had been broken, so he retreated to Baishui and met Zhang Yi, the Shu general. , Liao Hua and others jointly guarded the sword pavilion and refused to meet. "

We have determined the location of Baishui. Jiang Weijun plans to rescue "Guancheng" from Yinping. Assuming that Yinping must go south to Hanshou to go to Guancheng, there are two possibilities: If Jiang Wei gets the news of the fall of Guancheng before passing Baishui, then he can only change his destination. Jiange, but the direction of the advance is still towards Baishui and Hanshou, and it cannot be said to be "retreating to Baishui"; if Jiang Wei gets news of the fall of Guancheng after passing Baishui, then Jiang Wei's army is heading towards Jiange, and can only continue heading south without turning around. Go north and "retreat to Baishui". Therefore, Jiang Wei's journey from Yinping to Guancheng must not have been south to Hanshou.

If Jiang Wei followed the route of Shazhou Town (Baishui) - Guangping Town - Pingqiu Town - Yangpingguan Town (Guancheng) in Qingchuan County today, then he would have "returned to Baishui". It is very reasonable - that is, Jiang Wei's army has passed Baishui from Yinping to the northeast, and after receiving the news that Guancheng has fallen, he turned around and returned to the southwest, that is, "retired to Baishui". After passing Baishui again, he turned southeast and headed towards Hanshou and Jiange. Retreat troops in the direction. (See Figure 1) In other words, the route from Yinping to "Guancheng" is not to go around Hanshou in the south, but directly from Baishui to the northeast. Also refer to Zhuo's article "Reexploration of Jiang Wei's Retirement Route (Continued)" (/forum/viewth... 3Ddigest#pid2007178).

Figure 1 Jiang Wei's retreat route (Yinping to Jiange)

Text description:

(1) Want to go to Guancheng. Before arriving, I heard that it was broken and retreated to Bai Shui

(2) Yi and Juefu arrived at Hanshou, Wei and Hua also left Yinping and retreated

(3) Sui and Yi , Jue combined, they all retreated to Bao Jiange to refuse the meeting

(4) Deng Ai chased Jiang Wei to Yinping, and selected the best. He wanted to enter Jiangyou from Han Deyang, Zuo Dan Road to Mianzhu, interesting Chengdu, and Zhuge Xu is ready to go. Xu Yiben accepted Jiang Wei's invitation from Jiedu, but it was not according to Benzhao's order to travel westward, so he marched towards Baishui to meet up with him.

(5) Whether the meeting can be overcome or not, the grain transportation is far away from the county, so the meeting will be returned

Secondly, from an archaeological point of view, Shaanxi Mian County - Da'an Town - Yangpingguan Town - Along the route Pingqiu Town - Guangping Town - Shazhou Town, Qingchuan County, Sichuan - Sandui Town - Zhaohua Town, Guangyuan, there are many Han Dynasty ruins. The most representative ones are the Zilongshan ruins in Yang Pingguan Town, Ningqiang and Pingqiu Town. Zaolinba ruins.

"China Cultural Relics Atlas Shaanxi Branch" Ningqiang County: Zilongshan Site is located on Zilongshan Mountain, covering an area of ??about 75,000 square meters, and the cultural layer is 0.5- 1.5 meters. Collected are copper and iron caltrops, copper arrowheads, tiles with the inscription "Dangwang Tianming" and corded tube tiles and slab tile fragments. In 1962, the pit tomb was exposed, and pottery figurines, pottery bowls, pottery cups, etc. were unearthed.

"The ancient settlement site of Zaolinba is located on the secondary platform of Zaolinba about 1 km southwest of Qianqiu Town, Ningqiang County today, bordering the Jialing River in the north and Yangguang Highway in the south. It is about 45 km from east to west. meters, about 10 meters wide from north to south. There are a small number of ceramic pieces on the surface of the platform. There are a large number of Han Dynasty muddy gray pottery pieces 1 meter away from the surface, mainly with string patterns, followed by blue patterns 3 meters below the surface. There are sand-filled red pottery and clay red pottery fragments from the Neolithic period in the depths, and porcelain fragments from the Tang and Song Dynasties were also found in Da'an Town and Guangping Town. Tombs of the Han Dynasty.

("China Cultural Relics Atlas Shaanxi Branch" Ningqiang County)

In addition, in 1954, due to the construction of the Baocheng Railway, the gold seal of "The Queen Mother's Seal of King Shuoning" was found under the ancient bricks in Yangpingguan Town, Ningqiang today. One now exists in the Chongqing Museum. According to records, "King Shuoning" was the title given to Weixiao by Gongsun Shu in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. According to historical records, Wei Xiao never entered Shu. This seal was probably left at today's Yangping Pass when Wang Yuan went to Shu to ask for help after Wei Xiao was defeated. It shows that the vicinity of Yangpingguan today is at the hub of Longshu. ("Li Haizhang, a young worker who built the Baocheng Railway, discovered the seal of the Queen Mother Shuoning of the Han Dynasty", see "Cultural Relics", Issue 7, 1954, page 140)

No Han Dynasty ruins have been found on the main line of Jinniu Road in later generations. Or tombs, most of which date from the Ming and Qing dynasties. It shows that Mian County, Shaanxi Province - Da'an Town - Yangpingguan Town - Pingqiu Town - Guangping Town - Shazhou Town, Qingchuan County, Sichuan Province was the main road popular in the Han Dynasty. No wonder Mr. Liu Lin also believed that before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, this line was the main line of the Jinniu Road in Mian County (Mianyang) and Guangyuan Zhaohua Town (Hanshou) ("Huayang Guozhi Collector's Notes", Bashu Publishing House, 1984).

2. New understanding of the changes in Hanzhong’s defense system in the late Shu Han Dynasty

The strategic status of ancient Yangping Pass has declined after Zhuge Liang built Han and Le cities.

After searching the historical records of the Three Kingdoms, "Yangping" can be found in various records. It began in the 20th year of Jian'an (February 17, 215 ~ February 5, 216) when Cao Cao conquered Zhang Lu. "Zhang Lu envoy My younger brother Wei and his general Yang Ang and others occupied Yangping Pass and built a city for more than ten miles across the mountain" ("Records of Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms"). Finally, "(Jianxing) five years (February 4, 227 AD - February 22, 228 AD) In the spring, Prime Minister Liang came out to camp in Hanzhong and camped in Mianbei Yangping Shima" ("The Main Biography of the Later Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms"). It was in the seventh year of Jianxing that Zhuge Liang built the Han Dynasty and Le Ercheng was in the seventh year of Jianxing - "In the spring of the seventh year, Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wu. Du, Yinping, and then conquered the two counties. In winter, Liang moved his camp to the lower plains of Nanshan and built the cities of Han and Le. It is suspected that the Yinping in "Shu Ji" was mistaken for Yangping), and Yang'an Pass began to appear.

From this inference, before the construction of Han and Lecheng, the ancient Yangping Pass was separated from Nanzheng, the seat of Hanzhong. It is relatively far, with a distance of 60 kilometers along the national highway. It plays an obvious role in the defense of Hanzhong. Other sieges such as Xingshi and Huangjin also correspond to Ziwu Valley and Luo Valley in the Qinling Mountains. After the construction of Han and Le cities, Zhuge Liang. The distance between Seoul and ancient Yangping Pass was only about 8 kilometers, so there was no need to set up a defensive stronghold at such a close distance. In other words, Seoul took over the defensive position of Yangping Pass. After the strategic adjustment, the main forces were concentrated in Longxi, and the forces in the east were insufficient. It was more difficult to "defend the sieges by mistake", so relatively unimportant sieges could only be withdrawn, but Hanzhong was not just the two cities of Han and Le. , other prosperity and golden sieges far away from the two cities may still exist - "Huayang Guozhi Volume 11 Hou Xian Zhi Liu Yin" records: "Liu Yin... moved to the golden siege capital in Hanzhong, In the sixth year of Jingyao's reign, General Zhong Hui of Wei Zhenxi attacked Shu and entered Hanchuan River. He surrounded and defended it many times, but Hui Bie's generals could not attack it. After surrendering, they ordered him to retreat. Yes."